A Continuum Model for Slip-Twinning Interactions in Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys

Due to their high specific strength and low density, magnesium and magnesium-based alloys have gained great technological importance in recent years. However, their underlying hexagonal crystal structure furnishes Mg and its alloys with a complex mechanical behavior because of their comparably smaller number of energetically favorable slip systems. Besides the commonly studied slip mechanism, another way to accomplish general deformation is through the additional mechanism of deformation-induced twinning. The main aim of this thesis research is to develop an efficient continuum model to understand and ultimately predict the material response resulting from the interaction between these two mechanisms.

The constitutive model we present is based on variational constitutive updates of plastic slips and twin volume fractions and accounts for the related lattice reorientation mechanisms. The model is applied to single- and polycrystalline pure magnesium. We outline the finite-deformation plasticity model combining basal, pyramidal, and prismatic dislocation activity as well as a convexification based approach for deformation twinning. A comparison with experimental data from single-crystal tension-compression experiments validates the model and serves for parameter identification. The extension to polycrystals via both Taylor-type modeling and finite element simulations shows a characteristic stress-strain response that agrees well with experimental observations for polycrystalline magnesium. The presented continuum model does not aim to represent the full details of individual twin-dislocation interactions, yet it is sufficiently efficient to allow for finite element simulations while qualitatively capturing the underlying microstructural deformation mechanisms.

Theoretical research on noncollinear match conditions of the type I optical parametric process

Broad bandwidth group match conditions are reported for a noncollinear type I optical parametric process. The theoretical calculations corresponding to two special situations in practice were made, respectively, which are in accordance with the published experimental results. Furthermore, we provide a method to not only achieve maximal parametric bandwidth output but also match the group velocities between three waves. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Optical setup and analysis of disk-type photopolymer high-density holographic storage

A relatively simple scheme for disk-type photopolymer high-density holographic storage based on angular and spatial multiplexing is described. The effects of the optical setup on the recording capacity and density are studied. Calculations and analysis show that this scheme is more effective than a scheme based on the spatioangular multiplexing for disk-type photopolymer high-density holographic storage, which has a limited medium thickness. Also an optimal beam recording angle exists to achieve maximum recording capacity and density. (C) 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Analysis on a new type magneto-optical disk for blue lasers

The conventional TbFeCo magneto-optical (MO) medium has a relatively smaller Kerr rotation angle in the blue region than in the red. With the recording wavelength gradually moving to the short wavelength, if TbFeCo is still used as recording medium, the conventional MO disk structure must be optimized to get a larger carrier to noise ratio (CNR). Sabi et al. have found that adding a metal layer attached to the TbFeCo film as thermal control layer is a useful way to get a high CNR. In this paper, we proved this through calculation, and carried out optimization of the new type of disk. Calculation results showed that the new structure is useful in preventing an excessive temperature increase, and has a better thermal response. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical analysis and comparison of three metal-oxide-type super-resolution near field structures

Based on the Fresnel-Kirchkoff diffraction theory, we build up a Gaussian diffraction model of metal-oxide-type super-resolution near field structure (super-RENS), which can describe far field optical properties. The spectral contrast induced by refractive index and the structural changes in AgOx, PtOx and PdOx thin films, which are the key functional layers in super-RENS, are studied by using this model. Comparison results indicate that the spectral contrast intensively on laser-induced distribution and change of the refractive index in the metal-oxide films. The readout mechanism of the metal-oxide-type super-RENS optical disc is further clarified. This Gaussian diffraction model can be used as a simple and effective method for choosing proper active materials in super-RENS.

Ciência, Natureza e normatização institucional do parto.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender os símbolos atribuídos às tecnologias utilizadas na atenção obstétrica, como também conhecer as práticas femininas na busca por cuidados médicos na assistência ao parto. Para tanto, analisamos os relatos de 16 gestantes atendidas pelo setor privado e os de 13 gestantes assistidas pelo setor público. O estudo combinou duas técnicas qualitativas: a observação etnográfica e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A pesquisa encontrou, entre outros, os seguintes resultados: 1-a maioria das mulheres observadas expressou a preferência pelo parto normal. 2- o nascimento, independente do tipo de parto desejado, está associado a categorias de medo, tensão e risco. 3- o discurso médico, segundo as gestantes atendidas pela rede privada, reforça a ansiedade e medo feminino e de sua família na medida em que associa o parto normal à dor e ao risco de morte. A cesariana, por outro lado, é descrita como um parto seguro. 4- na maternidade pública, as mulheres e seus acompanhantes vivenciaram o parto normal de maneira sofrida e passiva. 5- práticas profissionais compatíveis com a humanização do parto e as orientadas pelo modelo médico hegemônico, isto é, centrado na tecnologia na atenção ao nascimento, coexistem na rede pública. Contudo, a abordagem normativa ainda está presente em ambas as práticas. 6- a participação das parturientes nas decisões sobre o parto é escassa na rede pública. Em suma, concluímos que mulheres e médicos compartilham a visão de parto normal enquanto categoria de risco e a cesariana como prática segura.

The prevalence of diabetes-related complications and multimorbidity in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Basque Country

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a diverse range of pathologies. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of diabetes-related complications, the prevalence of coexistent chronic conditions and to report multimorbidity in people with type 2 diabetes living in the Basque Country. Methods: Administrative databases, in four cross sections (annually from 2007 to 2011) were consulted to analyse 149,015 individual records from patients aged >= 35 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The data observed were: age, sex, diabetes-related complications (annual rates of acute myocardial infarction, major amputations and avoidable hospitalisations), diabetes-related pathologies (prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, renal failure, stroke, heart failure, peripheral neuropathy, foot ulcers and diabetic retinopathy) and other unrelated pathologies (44 diseases). Results: The annual incidence for each condition progressively decreased during the four-year period: acute myocardial infarction (0.47 to 0.40%), major amputations (0.10 to 0.08%), and avoidable hospitalisations (5.85 to 5.5%). The prevalence for diabetes-related chronic pathologies was: ischaemic heart disease (11.5%), renal failure (8.4%), stroke (7.0%), heart failure (4.3%), peripheral neuropathy (1.3%), foot ulcers (2.0%) and diabetic retinopathy (7.2%). The prevalence of multimorbidity was 90.4%. The highest prevalence for other chronic conditions was 73.7% for hypertension, 13.8% for dyspepsia and 12.7% for anxiety. Conclusions: In the type 2 diabetes mellitus population living in the Basque Country, incidence rates of diabetes complications are not as high as in other places. However, they present a high prevalence of diabetes related and unrelated diseases. Multimorbidity is very common in this group, and is a factor to be taken into account to ensure correct clinical management.

Common Fixed Points of Generalized Rational Type Cocyclic Mappings in Multiplicative Metric Spaces

The aim of this paper is to present fixed point result of mappings satisfying a generalized rational contractive condition in the setup of multiplicative metric spaces. As an application, we obtain a common fixed point of a pair of weakly compatible mappings. Some common fixed point results of pair of rational contractive types mappings involved in cocyclic representation of a nonempty subset of a multiplicative metric space are also obtained. Some examples are presented to support the results proved herein. Our results generalize and extend various results in the existing literature.

Study of crystal structure and phase transition studies in perovskite-type oxides using powder-diffraction techniques and symmetry-mode analysis.

251 p.

A narrativa na e sobre a clínica na atenção primária: uma reflexão sobre o modo pensar e agir dirigido ao diálogo, à integralidade e ao cuidado em saúde

A incorporação do sujeito que adoece e suas expectativas de cuidado é um apelo que acompanha as propostas de mudança da prática clínica no campo da APS. Esta perspectiva implica em um novo modo de ver o processo de adoecimento que procura romper com o reducionismo biomédico onde a clínica e sua ação são, praticamente, independentes do discurso do paciente. Este trabalho usou a narrativa, aplicada como uma ferramenta conceitual e prática na clínica na APS, para investigar as possibilidades de ampliar o universo discursivo e interpretativo, isto é, a competência narrativa do médico, para além de um modelo biomédico restritivo. Foi realizada uma busca, não sistemática, na literatura médica e de ciências sociais procurando identificar os aspectos conceituais, significados e perspectivas que podem ser assumidos para substantivar a narrativa como um conceito/idéia e suas possíveis interfaces e aplicações na clínica. Esta apropriação da narrativa instrumentalizou a observação participante nos módulos do Programa Médico de Família de Niterói, assim como a realização e análise dos resultados de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com seus médicos. Observou-se que a formação da identidade e da legitimidade profissionais do médico de família é dirigida, principalmente, pelo arranjo organizacional promovido pelo modelo de atenção e não pelo desenvolvimento de um saber que o diferencie e qualifique. Identificou-se que as capacidades dialógicas desenvolvidas nas experiências com a clínica na APS eram compreendidas e assumidas pelos médicos como habilidades pessoais e/ou como aspectos morais. Percebeu-se que este modo de pensar dá margem a uma tensão, externada por um discurso ambíguo e fragmentado, entre a proximidade, o vínculo e o diálogo com o paciente e a estruturação do saber e da prática clínica. A limitação dos médicos em incorporar novos saberes a partir de suas vivências, associada à forma como a racionalidade biomédica dirige a clínica, se constituem como obstáculos epistemológicos e práticos para a ampliação da competência narrativa e interpretativa médica. Estas são condições que dificultam o desenvolvimento de um estilo de pensamento médico que reflita, desenvolva e integre o saber prático e os saberes não biomédicos como algo legítimo, sistematizável, avaliável e reprodutível no âmbito da clínica.

Coincidence and common fixed point theorems for Suzuki type hybrid contractions and applications

Coincidence and common fixed point theorems for a class of Suzuki hybrid contractions involving two pairs of single-valued and multivalued maps in a metric space are obtained. In addition, the existence of a common solution for a certain class of functional equations arising in a dynamic programming is also discussed.