Robotic Outcome Assessment in a Non-Human Primate Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke

Stroke is a prevalent disorder with immense socioeconomic impact. A variety of chronic neurological deficits result from stroke. In particular, sensorimotor deficits are a significant barrier to achieving post-stroke independence. Unfortunately, the majority of pre-clinical studies that show improved outcomes in animal stroke models have failed in clinical trials. Pre-clinical studies using non-human primate (NHP) stroke models prior to initiating human trials are a potential step to improving translation from animal studies to clinical trials. Robotic assessment tools represent a quantitative, reliable, and reproducible means to assess reaching behaviour following stroke in both humans and NHPs. We investigated the use of robotic technology to assess sensorimotor impairments in NHPs following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Two cynomolgus macaques underwent transient MCAO for 90 minutes. Approximately 1.5 years following the procedure these NHPs and two non-stroke control monkeys were trained in a reaching task with both arms in the KINARM exoskeleton. This robot permits elbow and shoulder movements in the horizontal plane. The task required NHPs to make reaching movements from a centrally positioned start target to 1 of 8 peripheral targets uniformly distributed around the first target. We analyzed four movement parameters: reaction time, movement time (MT), initial direction error (IDE), and number of speed maxima to characterize sensorimotor deficiencies. We hypothesized reduced performance in these attributes during a neurobehavioural task with the paretic limb of NHPs following MCAO compared to controls. Reaching movements in the non-affected limbs of control and experimental NHPs showed bell-shaped velocity profiles. In contrast, the reaching movements with the affected limbs were highly variable. We found distinctive patterns in MT, IDE, and number of speed peaks between control and experimental monkeys and between limbs of NHPs with MCAO. NHPs with MCAO demonstrated more speed peaks, longer MTs, and greater IDE in their paretic limb compared to controls. These initial results qualitatively match human stroke subjects’ performance, suggesting that robotic neurobehavioural assessment in NHPs with stroke is feasible and could have translational relevance in subsequent human studies. Further studies will be necessary to replicate and expand on these preliminary findings.

The Influence of the Family in the Development of Talent in Sport

The purpose of the present study was to describe patterns in the dynamics of families of talented athletes throughout their development in sport. Four families, including three families of elite rowers and one family of an elite tennis player were examined. The framework provided by Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch- Römer (1993) to explain expert performance served as the theoretical basis for the study. Ericsson et al. suggested that the acquisition of expert performance involves operating within three types of constraints: motivational, effort, and resource. In-depth interviews were conducted with each athlete, parent, and sibling to explore how they have dealt with these three constraints. A total of 15 individual interviews were conducted. Results permitted the identification of three phases of participation from early childhood to late adolescence: the sampling years, the specializing years, and the investment years. The dynamics of the family in each of these phases of development is discussed

Contagious Disease Hospital

Built 1914; removed 1956. Tennis courts removed 1955. Located where east wing of Medical Science I is now. On verso: Hospital, University. Contagious Disease Hospital, August, 1950

Museum

William L. Jenney, architect. Originally University Museum, built 1880-1881. Roof replaced 1894. Museum moved in 1928. Housed Department of Romance Languages after 1928. Building razed in 1958. Old University Hall on left.

Women's Volleyball Team, 1994, UM

Front Row: athletic trainer Keli Coughlin, Julie Scherer, Linnea Mendoza, Jane Stevens, Erin McGovern, Meg Akehi, Chereena Tennis, Emily Carr, Berit Volstad, asst. coach Jennifer Dhaenen

Back Row: head coach Greg Giovanazzi, Shareen Luze, Shannon Brownlee, Suzy O'Donnell, Darlene Recker, Aimee Smith, Colleen Miniuk, Sarah Jackson, Ramona Cox, asst. coach Mora Kanim.

Not pictured: Kristen Ruschiensky.

Women's Volleyball Team, 1995, UM

Front Row: Colleen Miniuk, Sarah Jackson, Darlene Recker, Shannon Brownlee, Suzy O'Donnell, Ramona Cox, Kristen Ruschiensky, administrative assistant Susan McAvoy

Back row: Meg Akehi, assistant coach Amy Verhoeven, Chereena Tennis, head coach Greg Giovanazzi, Shareen Luze, Karen Chase, Linsey Ebert, Jeanine Szczesniak, Jane Stevens, Erin McGovern, Linnea Mendoza, assistant coach Mora Kanim, athletic medicine Keli Coughlin.

Women's Volleyball Team, 1996, UM

Front Row: athletic trainer Keli Coughlin, assistant coach Irene Renteria, head coach Greg Giovanazzi, assistant coach Mora Kanim, student trainer Suzanne Dolembo.

Middle Row: Erin McGovern, Ramona Cox, Sarah Jackson, Colleen Miniuk, Shareen Luze, Darlene Recker, Kristen Ruschiensky, Jane Stevens, Chereena Tennis, Linnea Mendoza, Meg Akehi.

Back Row: Carrie Ricker, Kiley Hansen, Shari Turner, Linsey Ebert, Anne Poglits, Jennifer Allen, Karen Chase, Maggie Cooper, Jeanine Szczesniak.

Women's Volleyball Team, 1997, UM

Front Row: Sarah Jackson, Darlene Recker, Linnea Mendoza.

Second Row: athletic trainer Keli Coughlin, assistant coach Irene Renteria, Missy Akey, Chereena Tennis, Shawna Olson, Jane Stevens.

Third Row: assistant coach Aimee Smith, Jenny Schroeder, Sarah Behnke, Linsey Ebert, Karen Chase, Maggie Cooper, Alija Pittenger.

Back Row: Jeanine Szczesniak, C.C. Pryor, Joanna Fielder, Anne Poglits, Annie Maxwell, Shari Turner.

Not pictured: Carrie Ricker.

Women's Volleyball Team, 1998 UM

Front Row: Nicole Kacor, Amy DeCinces, Jenny Lachapelle, Shannon Melka.

Middle Row: student athletic trainer Anna Napolitano, Jeanine Szczesniak, Chereena Tennis, Jane Stevens, Linsey Ebert, Karen Chase, Maggie Cooper, athletic trainer Joel Pickerman

Back Row: assistant coach Aimee Smith, Irene Renteria - assistant coach, Alija Pittenger, C.C. Pryor, Sarah Behnke, Katrina Lehman, Anne Poglits, Joanna Fielder, Annie Maxwell, Carrie Ricker, Shawna Olson, undergraduate assistant coach Ramona Cox, head coach Greg Giovanazzi

The works of Thomas Middleton, now first collected,

Imperfect: frontpiece wanting. cf. v.1, p. 4211.

Stories for boys,

The reporter who made himself king.--Midsummer pirates.--Richard Carr's baby.--The great Tri-club tennis tournament.--The jump at Corey's slip.--The Van Bibber baseball club.--The story of a jockey.

Romance Languages Building

State Street side of building (front). Tennis Court to right. William L. Jenney, architect. Originally University Museum, built 1880-1881. Roof replaced 1894. Museum moved in 1928. Housed Department of Romance Languages after 1928. Building razed in 1958. Image includes tennis courts. On verso: From Michigan Historical Collections, University of Michigan, 168 Rackham Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Newberry Residence

Kahn & Wilby, architects. Built in 1915. G.E. Christman Co., contractor. First dormitory for women opened for summer session 1915. Gift of Truman H. and John S. Newberry and Mrs. Henry Newberry Joy.

The Newberry Residence

Kahn & Wilby, architects. Built in 1915. G.E. Christman Co., contractor. First dormitory for women opened for summer session 1915. Gift of Truman H. and John S. Newberry and Mrs. Henry Newberry Joy.

Plan of quarter section with two neighborhood centers

Ink on linen. Street plan with parks and centers, pools, footpaths, tennis courts, gardens. Signed. 97 cm. 84 cm. Scale: 1' = 120' [from photographic copy by Lance Burgharrdt]