La jerarquía normativa urbana especial como referencial de política pública de planeación urbana en Colombia

A partir de la pregunta de investigación ¿Cuál es la política pública de planeación urbana de la ciudad de Medellín? el artículo presenta la denominada jerarquía normativa urbana especial como parte del referencial que ha dado y sigue dando lugar a la citada política pública. Para ello, inicialmente se reseña la figura de política pública dentro de la cual se definen las categorías de referencial de política y flujo decisional, propuestas en el modelo de análisis de Pierre Muller, desde las cuales se legitima la naturaleza pública de una política y se diferencia de la política de Estado o de gobierno. Seguidamente se abordan los componentes que conforman la jerarquía normativa urbana especial, comenzando por los desarrollados por la Corte Constitucional en su jurisprudencia; posteriormente los propuestos por la doctrina, frente a la cual se plantea la modificación de su esquema a partir de la derogación del artículo 7 de la Ley 388 de 1997, la actual composición de la función administrativa urbana desde la dispersión de competencias territoriales conferidas por ley, y el anacrónico rol de las áreas metropolitanas en materia urbana.

Evaluation of Urban Spaces from the Perspective of Universal Design Principles: The Case of Konya/Turkey

During the process of accessing services provided within urban interior and outer spaces the elderly and disabled individuals encounter with a myriad of problems due to the limitations posed by structured environments. This limitation hinders elderly and disabled individuals from mobility without assistance, which in turn negatively affects their full participation to urban and social life. Rearrangement of urban spaces to meet the needs of elderly and disabled individuals would correspondingly bolster life quality of the entire range of users. Within the scope of present research, as mandated by universal design principles to stick to plans and designs approaches inclusive for all users, it is aimed to conduct evaluations on the use of urban outer spaces situated within Konya City Center. In the hypothetical and theoretical part of this paper, the perception of disability throughout historical process has been examined from a sociological perspective. In addition, concept of universal design, its principles and gravity have also been elaborated. In the part dealing with the case study, outer spaces within Konya City Center have been analyzed with respect to universal design principles and a range of suggestions have been developed.

The impact of social housing on health in Glasgow and Baltimore, 1930-1980

This dissertation seeks to discern the impact of social housing on public health in the cities of Glasgow, Scotland and Baltimore, Maryland in the twentieth century. Additionally, this dissertation seeks to compare the impact of social housing policy implementation in both cities, to determine the efficacy of social housing as a tool of public health betterment. This is accomplished through the exposition and evaluation of the housing and health trends of both cities over the course of the latter half of the twentieth century. Both the cities of Glasgow and Baltimore had long struggled with both overcrowded slum districts and relatively unhealthy populations. Early commentators had noticed the connection between insanitary housing and poor health, and sought a solution to both of these problems. Beginning in the 1940s, housing reform advocates (self-dubbed ‘housers') pressed for the development of social housing, or municipally-controlled housing for low-income persons, to alleviate the problems of overcrowded slum dwellings in both cities. The impetus for social housing was twofold: to provide affordable housing to low-income persons and to provide housing that would facilitate healthy lives for tenants. Whether social housing achieved these goals is the crux of this dissertation. In the immediate years following the Second World War, social housing was built en masse in both cities. Social housing provided a reprieve from slum housing for both working-class Glaswegians and Baltimoreans. In Baltimore specifically, social housing provided accommodation for the city’s Black residents, who found it difficult to occupy housing in White neighbourhoods. As the years progressed, social housing developments in both cities faced unexpected problems. In Glasgow, stable tenant flight (including both middle class and skilled artisan workers)+ resulted in a concentration of poverty in the city’s housing schemes, and in Baltimore, a flight of White tenants of all income levels created a new kind of state subsidized segregated housing stock. The implementation of high-rise tower blocks in both cities, once heralded as a symbol of housing modernity, also faced increased scrutiny in the 1960s and 1970s. During the period of 1940-1980, before policy makers in the United States began to eschew social housing for subsidized private housing vouchers and community based housing associations had truly taken off in Britain, public health professionals conducted academic studies of the impact of social housing tenancy on health. Their findings provide the evidence used to assess the second objective of social housing provision, as outlined above. Put simply, while social housing units were undoubtedly better equipped than slum dwellings in both cities, the public health investigations into the impact of rehousing slum dwellers into social housing revealed that social housing was not a panacea for each city’s social and public health problems.

A house, not a home? Examining the use of the private rented sector to resolve homelessness in Scotland

Changes to homelessness legislation in post-devolution Scotland have resulted in an expansion of rights for homeless households seeking formal assistance from local authorities. These changes have led to Scotland’s homelessness arrangements being considered among the most progressive in Europe. In recent years, however, the Scottish Government has increasingly promoted homelessness prevention and Housing Options approaches as a means by which homelessness might be avoided or resolved without recourse to statutory rights. As part of that, they have promoted greater use of the private rented sector (PRS) as a key housing option, with the potential to meet the needs of homeless households. The arguments made to support use of the PRS have much in common with arguments for privatisation in other areas of social policy, notably greater choice for the individual promoting better welfare outcomes, and competition among providers encouraging improvements in quality of service provision. Critics have argued that such benefits may not be realised and that, on the contrary, privatisation may lead to exclusion or act to worsen households’ outcomes. This thesis considers the extent to which the PRS has been utilised in Scotland to accommodate homeless households, and the consequences of this for their welfare. The thesis uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. To examine trends in the use of the PRS, it presents quantitative analysis of the data on the operation of the statutory system and Housing Options arrangements, and of data from a survey of local authority homelessness strategy officers. To examine the consequences of this for homeless households, the thesis uses qualitative research involving face-to-face interviews with 35 homeless households across three local authority areas. This research considers the extent to which households’ experiences of homelessness, housing need and the PRS reflect the arguments presented in the literature, and how settled accommodation has impacted on households’ ability to participate fully in society. The research found an increasing but still limited role for the PRS in resolving statutory homelessness in Scotland, with indications that the PRS is being increasingly used as part of the Housing Options approach and as a means of resolving homelessness outside the statutory system. The PRS is being utilised to varying degrees across different local authority areas, and a variety of methods are being used to do so. While local authorities saw clear advantages to making greater use of the sector, a number of significant barriers including affordability, available stock and landlord preferences - made this difficult in practice. Research with previously homeless households in the PRS similarly found broadly positive experiences and views of the sector, particularly with regard to enabling households to access good quality accommodation in desirable areas of their choosing, with many households highlighting improvements relating to social inclusion and participation. Nevertheless, concerns around the security of tenure offered by the sector, repairs, service standards and unequal power relations between landlord and tenant persisted. As such, homeless households frequently expressed their decision to enter the sector in terms of a trade-off between choice and security.

The Mobility Turn in the Social Science

The paper describes the latest upsurge in the interest in the different forms of mobility in the contemporary world. In the social science this process is often called the mobility turn. In the text it is argued that theoretical underpinnings of the mobility turn are rooted mainly in the different variants of theories of globalization. The text describes: mobility as one of the key elements in the varying concepts of globalization; ways in which mobility was analyzed in the globalization literature; main sources of the mobility turn; crucial arguments in favor of introducing “mobilities” as a separate field of research; and the most important critical remarks concerning the mobility turn.

REFUGEES AND RESETTLEMENT: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF REFUGEE INTEGRATION THROUGH SOCIAL & SUPPORT SERVICES

This dissertation studies refugee resettlement in the United States utilizing the Integration Indicator’s framework developed by Ager and Strang for the U.S. context. The study highlights the U.S. refugee admissions program and the policies in the states of Maryland and Massachusetts while analyzing the service delivery models and its effects on refugee integration in these locations. Though immigration policy and funding for refugee services are primarily the domain of the federal government, funds are allocated through and services are delivered at the state level. The Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), which operates under the Department of Health and Human Services, was established after the Refugee Act of 1980 to deliver assistance to displaced persons. The ORR provides funds to individual states primarily through The Refugee Social Service and Targeted Assistance Formula Grant programs. Since the inauguration of the ORR three primary models of refugee integration through service delivery have emerged. Two of the models include the publicly/privately administered programs, where resources are allocated to the state in conjunction with private voluntary agencies; and the Wilson/Fish Alternative programs, where states sub-contract all elements of the resettlement program to voluntary agencies and private organizations —in which they can cease all state level participation and voluntary agencies or private organizations contract directly from the ORR in order for all states to deliver refugee services where the live. The specific goals of this program are early employment and economic self-sufficiency. This project utilizes US Census, state, and ORR data in conjunction with interviews of refugee resettlement practitioners involved in the service delivery and refugees. The findings show that delivery models emphasizing job training, English instruction courses, institutional collaboration, and monetary assistance, increases refugee acclimation and adaptation, providing insight into their potential for integration into the United States.

Mind the gap! An exploration of the role of lifelong learning in promoting co-production and citizenship within social care for older people

Contemporary themes in public policy have emphasised co-productive approaches within both the access and provision of support services to older people. This paper provides a cross disciplinary exploration from its respective authors perspectives on social work and educational gerontology to examine the potential for lifelong learning and learning interventions from which co-production with those using social care services in later life might be better facilitated. Using an example from the UK, we specifically elicit how co-produced care can enhance the horizon of learning and learning research. The synthesis of ideas across these two disciplines could enrich understanding and provide essential levers for moving towards empowerment and emancipation by engaging with a more co-productive approach in social care for older people. (DIPF/Orig.)

Finanças, fundo público e financiamento da seguridade social no Brasil

O artigo analisa os efeitos produzidos pela hegemonia neoliberal das finanças sobre o financiamento tributário da política pública de Previdência Social, Saúde e Assistência Social durante o governo Lula no Brasil. Utilizou referencial teórico de tradição marxista e analisou os dados do Orçamento Geral da União retirados do sistema SIGA Brasil do Senado Federal sobre as fontes de recursos da seguridade social. Conclui que os trabalhadores contribuíram mais do que os capitalistas no financiamento tributário da seguridade social no governo Lula. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

Exclusão social e projetos habitacionais. Um estudo sobre conjuntos habitacionais, segregação e exclusão social em Natal/RN

In Natal s urban growth process it is given that the performance period of the National Housing Bank (BNH, 1964-1986) was marked by the intense expansion of the urban grid and configuration of outskirts, through the construction of social housing developments. Implanted in segregated areas of the existing formal city, the population installed in these complexes was also excluded from their rights, considering that the housing defines itself not only by the physical dwelling, but also by its access to urban infrastructure, facilities, services, and others. From this reality and the verification of the city s exclusion and sociospatial segregation processes, we aimed to quantitatively demonstrate levels of social exclusion in Natal, based on the methodology developed by Sposati (2000) and adapted by Genovez (2002), which relates IBGE s (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) database underlying variables such as income, schooling and dwelling s quality. The research unveiled some spatial patterns promoted by the social housings: in these areas islands were developed with higher indicators than surrounding areas, revealing internal hierarchies in the city s outskirts

La construction des attitudes envers les Roms : le cas français

Représentant entre 10 et 12 millions d’individus en Europe, les Roms sont confrontés à des discriminations et à l’exclusion sociale. 40% des Européens refusent d’avoir des Roms comme voisins, alors que 70% de ceux-ci n’entretiennent même pas de contact direct avec eux dans leur vie. Face à la problématique qu’offrent ces statistiques, cette étude entend observer les mécanismes de construction des attitudes envers les Roms. Je propose d’analyser la production de ces attitudes au sein de deux milieux similaires, mais où les politiques d’intégration locales envers les Roms divergent, rendant ainsi les conditions des contacts intergroupes différent. Cette analyse part des postulats scientifiques selon lesquels l’intégration des migrants est un enjeu d’action publique locale, et que les interactions sociales de qualité structurent les attitudes des uns par rapport aux autres. Ainsi, à partir d’entrevues semi-dirigées réalisées dans les communes françaises de La Courneuve et d’Ivry-sur-Seine, je teste de manière empirique quatre théories dominantes dans le domaine des relations intergroupes: la théorie du contact, l’effet halo, l’impact des politiques locales d’intégration des immigrants et l’influence des médias.

La prise en compte de l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques publiques de verdissement (2005-2015) : le cas de Montréal

Les connaissances scientifiques sur le changement climatique (CC) évoluent rapidement. Toutefois, des incertitudes persistent sur l’étendue de ses conséquences, particulièrement dans les milieux urbains, qui subiront des impacts différents de ceux vécus par les milieux ruraux. Les autorités publiques ont récemment commencé à élaborer des politiques publiques d’adaptation au changement climatique (ACC) qui visent à en limiter les conséquences indésirables. En milieu urbain, la littérature suggère qu’un des outils que devraient privilégier ces politiques est le verdissement. Des auteurs signalent que les actions visant l’ACC peuvent se greffer dans des politiques existantes. L’ACC, comme enjeu public, peut donc être réalisée par l’entremise de sa prise en compte dans les politiques publiques de verdissement. Cette prise en compte devrait affecter le contenu (quoi?) et le pilotage (comment?) des différentes étapes des politiques. Le cas de la politique publique de verdissement de la Ville de Montréal, au Québec, nous a permis d’étudier cette prise en compte. En utilisant un cadre d’analyse des politiques publiques développé par Knoepfel et al. (2015), qui porte entre autres sur la mobilisation des ressources par différents acteurs concernés par ces politiques, nous montrons que cette dernière s’est opérée de quelques façons. Premièrement, il y a eu un changement dans l’argumentaire pour le verdissement, outil qui vise à lutter contre les îlots de chaleur urbains et assurer une meilleure gestion des eaux pluviales. Ensuite, le choix de l’échelle d’agglomération pour la prise en compte de l’ACC a entraîné un changement d’échelle dans la gestion du verdissement. La publication d’un plan d’action majeur de verdissement urbain pour l’agglomération, et dont le leitmotiv est l’ACC, le démontre. Quelques modifications réglementaires et l’inclusion de nouveaux acteurs dans la politique témoignent aussi que la prise en compte a eu lieu. Finalement, le plan d’action fournit un cadre pour la mise en œuvre du verdissement dans les zones les plus vulnérables au CC en plus d’une structure de partage des coûts. Cependant, la mise en oeuvre du verdissement dans une visée d’ACC n'a pas été évaluée dans la présente étude. Nous avons aussi noté que la biodiversité est un enjeu d’importance qui va de pair avec l’ACC dans la politique de verdissement. Il y a donc une prise en compte, partielle, de l’ACC dans la politique publique de verdissement à Montréal (avec certains écueils). Nous arguons que l’enjeu de l’ACC sert peut-être d’argument supplémentaire pour verdir la ville plutôt que d’être un véritable moteur de transformation de la politique de verdissement.

Assisted reproductive technology – IVF treatment in Ireland: A study of couples with successful outcomes

Human Fertility 17(3):165-9 This article describes the experiences of twelve Irish couples who had successful IVF treatment in Ireland. Irish Medical guidelines specify that IVF may only be used when no other treatment is likely to be effective. This article is based on data drawn from a longitudinal research study by Cotter (2009) which tells the stories of 34 couples who sought fertility treatment. Initially, the women assumed that they would become pregnant when they stopped using contraception. As a couple, it was the ‘right time’ for them to have a child - they were ready, socially and financially. For several months they were patient, hoping it would happen naturally. With envy and some despair they watched as their friends had babies. Infertility came as a shock to most of them. They were reluctant to talk about it to anyone, and over time their anxieties were accompanied by feelings of regret, stigma and social exclusion. They finally sought medical treatment. The latter involved a series of diagnostic treatments, which eventually culminated in IVF which offered them a final chance of having a ‘child of their own’. While IVF can be clinically assessed in terms of cycle success rates, their stories showed treatment as a series of discoveries, as an extensive range of diagnostic tests and procedures helped to reveal to them where their problems might lie. They described their treatments as a series of sequential ‘hurdles’ that they had to overcome, which further strengthened their resolve to try IVF. Much more knowledgeable at that stage, they embraced IVF as a final challenge with single minded dedication while drawing on all their psychological and biological resources to promote a successful outcome. Of the 34 couples who took part in the study, twelve got pregnant. Unfortunately, two children died shortly after birth but eighteen babies survived (see Table I). The findings suggest that health policy should raise awareness of infertility, and advise women to become aware of it just as in the past, when health policy addressed contraception. Increased public knowledge would reduce the stigma attached to the inability to have a baby. In the Irish case, infertility diagnosis should be reviewed with a view to giving eligible couples earlier access to IVF.  

La construction des attitudes envers les Roms : le cas français

Représentant entre 10 et 12 millions d’individus en Europe, les Roms sont confrontés à des discriminations et à l’exclusion sociale. 40% des Européens refusent d’avoir des Roms comme voisins, alors que 70% de ceux-ci n’entretiennent même pas de contact direct avec eux dans leur vie. Face à la problématique qu’offrent ces statistiques, cette étude entend observer les mécanismes de construction des attitudes envers les Roms. Je propose d’analyser la production de ces attitudes au sein de deux milieux similaires, mais où les politiques d’intégration locales envers les Roms divergent, rendant ainsi les conditions des contacts intergroupes différent. Cette analyse part des postulats scientifiques selon lesquels l’intégration des migrants est un enjeu d’action publique locale, et que les interactions sociales de qualité structurent les attitudes des uns par rapport aux autres. Ainsi, à partir d’entrevues semi-dirigées réalisées dans les communes françaises de La Courneuve et d’Ivry-sur-Seine, je teste de manière empirique quatre théories dominantes dans le domaine des relations intergroupes: la théorie du contact, l’effet halo, l’impact des politiques locales d’intégration des immigrants et l’influence des médias.

La prise en compte de l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques publiques de verdissement (2005-2015) : le cas de Montréal

Les connaissances scientifiques sur le changement climatique (CC) évoluent rapidement. Toutefois, des incertitudes persistent sur l’étendue de ses conséquences, particulièrement dans les milieux urbains, qui subiront des impacts différents de ceux vécus par les milieux ruraux. Les autorités publiques ont récemment commencé à élaborer des politiques publiques d’adaptation au changement climatique (ACC) qui visent à en limiter les conséquences indésirables. En milieu urbain, la littérature suggère qu’un des outils que devraient privilégier ces politiques est le verdissement. Des auteurs signalent que les actions visant l’ACC peuvent se greffer dans des politiques existantes. L’ACC, comme enjeu public, peut donc être réalisée par l’entremise de sa prise en compte dans les politiques publiques de verdissement. Cette prise en compte devrait affecter le contenu (quoi?) et le pilotage (comment?) des différentes étapes des politiques. Le cas de la politique publique de verdissement de la Ville de Montréal, au Québec, nous a permis d’étudier cette prise en compte. En utilisant un cadre d’analyse des politiques publiques développé par Knoepfel et al. (2015), qui porte entre autres sur la mobilisation des ressources par différents acteurs concernés par ces politiques, nous montrons que cette dernière s’est opérée de quelques façons. Premièrement, il y a eu un changement dans l’argumentaire pour le verdissement, outil qui vise à lutter contre les îlots de chaleur urbains et assurer une meilleure gestion des eaux pluviales. Ensuite, le choix de l’échelle d’agglomération pour la prise en compte de l’ACC a entraîné un changement d’échelle dans la gestion du verdissement. La publication d’un plan d’action majeur de verdissement urbain pour l’agglomération, et dont le leitmotiv est l’ACC, le démontre. Quelques modifications réglementaires et l’inclusion de nouveaux acteurs dans la politique témoignent aussi que la prise en compte a eu lieu. Finalement, le plan d’action fournit un cadre pour la mise en œuvre du verdissement dans les zones les plus vulnérables au CC en plus d’une structure de partage des coûts. Cependant, la mise en oeuvre du verdissement dans une visée d’ACC n'a pas été évaluée dans la présente étude. Nous avons aussi noté que la biodiversité est un enjeu d’importance qui va de pair avec l’ACC dans la politique de verdissement. Il y a donc une prise en compte, partielle, de l’ACC dans la politique publique de verdissement à Montréal (avec certains écueils). Nous arguons que l’enjeu de l’ACC sert peut-être d’argument supplémentaire pour verdir la ville plutôt que d’être un véritable moteur de transformation de la politique de verdissement.

Climate Adaptation Finance Mechanisms: New Frontiers For Familiar Tools

Demands for mechanisms to pay for adaptation to climate risks have multiplied rapidly as concern has shifted from greenhouse gas mitigation alone to also coping with the now-inevitable impacts. A number of viable approaches to how to pay for those adjustments to roads, drainage systems, lifeline utilities and other basic infrastructure are emerging, though untested at the scale required across the nation, which already has a trillion-dollar deferred maintenance and replacement problem. There are growing efforts to find new ways to harness private financial resources via new market arrangements to meet needs that clearly outstrip public resources alone, as well as to utilize and combine public resources more effectively. To date, mechanisms are often seen through a specific lens of scale, time, and method, for example national versus local and public versus market-based means. The purpose here is to integrate a number of those perspectives and also to highlight the following in particular. Current experience with seemingly more pedestrian needs like stormwater management funding is in fact a learning step towards new approaches for broader adaptation needs, using re-purposed but existing fiscal tools. The resources raised from new large-scale market approaches for using catastrophe- and resiliency-bond-derived funds will have their use embodied and operationalized in many separate local and state projects. The invention and packaging of innovative projects—the pre-development phase—will be pivotal to better using fiscal resources of many types. Those efforts can be greatly aided or hindered by larger national and especially state government policy, regulatory and capital market arrangements. Understanding the path to integration of effort across these scales deserves much more attention. Examples are given of how federal, state and local roles are each dimensions of that frontier, how existing tools can apply in new ways and how smart project creation plays a role.