A temporal hierarchy for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans.

The ability to discriminate conspecific vocalizations is observed across species and early during development. However, its neurophysiologic mechanism remains controversial, particularly regarding whether it involves specialized processes with dedicated neural machinery. We identified spatiotemporal brain mechanisms for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans by applying electrical neuroimaging analyses to auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in response to acoustically and psychophysically controlled nonverbal human and animal vocalizations as well as sounds of man-made objects. AEP strength modulations in the absence of topographic modulations are suggestive of statistically indistinguishable brain networks. First, responses were significantly stronger, but topographically indistinguishable to human versus animal vocalizations starting at 169-219 ms after stimulus onset and within regions of the right superior temporal sulcus and superior temporal gyrus. This effect correlated with another AEP strength modulation occurring at 291-357 ms that was localized within the left inferior prefrontal and precentral gyri. Temporally segregated and spatially distributed stages of vocalization discrimination are thus functionally coupled and demonstrate how conventional views of functional specialization must incorporate network dynamics. Second, vocalization discrimination is not subject to facilitated processing in time, but instead lags more general categorization by approximately 100 ms, indicative of hierarchical processing during object discrimination. Third, although differences between human and animal vocalizations persisted when analyses were performed at a single-object level or extended to include additional (man-made) sound categories, at no latency were responses to human vocalizations stronger than those to all other categories. Vocalization discrimination transpires at times synchronous with that of face discrimination but is not functionally specialized.

Spatial variation in the temporal change of male and female melanic ornamentation in the barn owl.

Because the magnitude of selection can vary between sexes and in space and time, sexually antagonistic selection is difficult to demonstrate. In a Swiss population of barn owls (Tyto alba), a heritable eumelanic colour trait (size of black spots on ventral feathers) was positively selected with respect to yearling survival only in females. It remains unclear whether the absence of negative selection in males is typical in this species. To tackle this issue indirectly, we measured the size of black spots in 1733 skin specimens collected by museums from 1816 to 2001 in seven European countries and in the Middle-East. The temporal change in spot size was sex- and country-specific. In males, spots became smaller particularly in three countries (Middle-East, Italy and Switzerland). In females, the size of spots increased significantly in two countries (UK and Spain) and decreased in two others (Germany and Switzerland). Because migration and phenotypic plasticity cannot explain these results, selection is the most likely cause. The weaker temporal change in spot size in females than males may be because of the combined effect of strong genetic correlation between the sexes and stronger negative selection in males than positive selection in females. We thus suggest that in the barn owl, spot size (or genetically correlated traits) is sexually antagonistically selected and that its pattern of selection may account for the maintenance of its variation and sexual dimorphism.

Front dynamics in the presence of spatio-temporal structured noises

Front dynamics modeled by a reaction-diffusion equation are studied under the influence of spatiotemporal structured noises. An effective deterministic model is analytical derived where the noise parameters, intensity, correlation time, and correlation length appear explicitly. The different effects of these parameters are discussed for the Ginzburg-Landau and Schlögl models. We obtain an analytical expression for the front velocity as a function of the noise parameters. Numerical simulation results are in a good agreement with the theoretical predictions.

Análise espaço-temporal de componentes do balanço hídrico em um Latossolo

O monitoramento das variáveis que constituem a equação do balanço hídrico do solo em campo cultivado é necessário para avaliar com confiabilidade os períodos de déficits hídricos durante o ciclo das culturas, manejar a irrigação e quantificar perdas de nutrientes por lixiviação. Os componentes da equação do balanço hídrico podem variar no espaço e no tempo, e o estudo da estabilidade temporal da variabilidade espacial desses componentes é essencial para determinar quais são os pontos de observação no campo (locais) para monitorar a água do solo com precisão e esforço amostral reduzido. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os componentes do balanço da água (especificamente a variação de armazenamento de água do solo, drenagem interna e evapotranspiração real) de plantas de milho em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo e analisar a variabilidade espacial e temporal, por meio da técnica de estabilidade temporal. O estudo foi realizado em uma área do Campus da ESALQ/USP, município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O relevo da área experimental, que tem 1.500 m², é plano. Nessa área foram instalados 60 tubos de alumínio para acesso de uma sonda de nêutrons e 120 tensiômetros com manômetro de mercúrio (60 na profundidade de 0,75 m e 60 na profundidade de 0,85 m). Isso permitiu estimar a densidade de fluxo de água do solo na profundidade de 0,80 m por meio da equação de Darcy-Buckingham e o armazenamento de água na camada de 0,0-0,80 m, ao longo do ciclo da cultura. A precipitação pluvial foi medida por meio de um pluviômetro instalado no centro da área experimental, e a evaporação real foi considerada como desconhecida da equação do balanço hídrico. A pesquisa foi realizada dividindo o ciclo de cultivo em 13 períodos (P1 a P13). O uso da estatística descritiva foi feito para evidenciar a variação do comportamento dos dados após a remoção dos pontos discrepantes, que representaram entre 0,0 e 3,9 % dos pontos amostrais por período. O uso da estatística descritiva foi útil por ter apresentado a mudança no comportamento dos dados, após a retirada de valores discrepantes e extremos em alguns períodos. A técnica da estabilidade temporal é viável para avaliação do balanço hídrico no espaço e no tempo. Os coeficientes de correlação de Spearman entre os períodos indicaram estabilidade temporal para a armazenagem da água independentemente do teor de umidade do solo, mas não expressaram confiabilidade para a avaliação da drenagem interna e a evapotranspiração real da cultura. A evapotranspiração oscilou ao longo do ciclo da cultura mantendo-se praticamente constante nos períodos P5 a P9, em que houve maior desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas.

Real-time motion correction in navigator-gated free-breathing double-oblique submillimeter 3D right coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was the investigation of the impact of real-time adaptive motion correction on image quality in navigator-gated, free-breathing, double-oblique three-dimensional (3D) submillimeter right coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Free-breathing 3D right coronary MRA with real-time navigator technology was performed in 10 healthy adult subjects with an in-plane spatial resolution of 700 x 700 microm. Identical double-oblique coronary MR-angiograms were performed with navigator gating alone and combined navigator gating and real-time adaptive motion correction. Quantitative objective parameters of contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and vessel sharpness and subjective image quality scores were compared. RESULTS: Superior vessel sharpness, increased CNR, and superior image quality scores were found with combined navigator gating and real-time adaptive motion correction (vs. navigator gating alone; P < 0.01 for all comparisons). CONCLUSION: Real-time adaptive motion correction objectively and subjectively improves image quality in 3D navigator-gated free-breathing double-oblique submillimeter right coronary MRA.

Ruling out coronary artery disease in primary care: development and validation of a simple prediction rule.

BACKGROUND: Chest pain can be caused by various conditions, with life-threatening cardiac disease being of greatest concern. Prediction scores to rule out coronary artery disease have been developed for use in emergency settings. We developed and validated a simple prediction rule for use in primary care. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional diagnostic study in 74 primary care practices in Germany. Primary care physicians recruited all consecutive patients who presented with chest pain (n = 1249) and recorded symptoms and findings for each patient (derivation cohort). An independent expert panel reviewed follow-up data obtained at six weeks and six months on symptoms, investigations, hospital admissions and medications to determine the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. Adjusted odds ratios of relevant variables were used to develop a prediction rule. We calculated measures of diagnostic accuracy for different cut-off values for the prediction scores using data derived from another prospective primary care study (validation cohort). RESULTS: The prediction rule contained five determinants (age/sex, known vascular disease, patient assumes pain is of cardiac origin, pain is worse during exercise, and pain is not reproducible by palpation), with the score ranging from 0 to 5 points. The area under the curve (receiver operating characteristic curve) was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83-0.91) for the derivation cohort and 0.90 (95% CI 0.87-0.93) for the validation cohort. The best overall discrimination was with a cut-off value of 3 (positive result 3-5 points; negative result <or= 2 points), which had a sensitivity of 87.1% (95% CI 79.9%-94.2%) and a specificity of 80.8% (77.6%-83.9%). INTERPRETATION: The prediction rule for coronary artery disease in primary care proved to be robust in the validation cohort. It can help to rule out coronary artery disease in patients presenting with chest pain in primary care.

Caracterização das chuvas erosivas em Urussanga, SC, com relação ao padrão de distribuição temporal

O estudo da distribuição temporal de chuvas é realizado com objetivo de caracterizar o padrão de chuva mais frequente. O conhecimento das características físicas das chuvas com relação aos padrões de precipitação permite realizar modelagem matemática de eventos hidrológicos em condições mais próximas às condições reais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as chuvas erosivas em Urussanga, SC, com relação aos padrões hidrológicos de distribuição temporal. Foram usados os pluviogramas da estação meteorológica de Urussanga (latitude 28,31º S, longitude 49,19º W e altitude de 49 m) relativos ao período de outubro de 1980 a março de 2012. As chuvas erosivas foram classificadas em padrões avançado, intermediário e atrasado, se a maior intensidade ocorre no terço de duração inicial, intermediário e final, respectivamente. Foram determinadas as características de altura pluvial, duração da chuva, energia cinética, intensidade máxima em 30 min, erosividade e frequência de chuvas mensais de cada padrão de chuva. Verificou-se a ocorrência de 1.221 chuvas erosivas, das quais 651 com perfil avançado; 416, intermediário; e 154, atrasado. A duração média das chuvas erosivas é de 14,4 h. A média total de intensidade média para as chuvas erosivas foi de 17,4 mm h-1. A maior concentração de chuvas (32,9 %) foi observada no intervalo de duração de 6 a 12 h. Para duração inferior a 18 h, ocorre maior frequência de chuvas do padrão avançado; já para acima de 18 h, as frequências de chuvas do padrão avançado e intermediário são semelhantes.

Pulmonary-artery pressure and exhaled nitric oxide in bolivian and caucasian high altitude dwellers

Rapport de synthèse : Plusieurs études suggèrent que les populations vivant en haute altitude sont mieux protégées contre l'hypertension pulmonaire hypoxique que celles originaires de la plaine. Cependant, les mécanismes sous jacents ne sont pas bien compris. Chez les Tibétains, la synthèse augmentée par le système respiratoire de monoxyde d'azote (NO) atténue l'hypertension pulmonaire hypoxique. Il a été spéculé que ce mécanisme pourrait représenter un mode généralisé d'adaptation à la haute altitude, mais il n'existe pas de preuve directe qui consume cette hypothèse. Nous avons donc mesuré la pression artérielle pulmonaire (par échocardiographie Doppler) ainsi que la concentration du NO dans l'air exhalé chez 34 Boliviens en bonne santé, nés et ayant toujours vécus en haute altitude (3600 m) et chez 34 Caucasiens apparentés pour l'âge et le sexe, nés en basse altitude mais vivant depuis de nombreuses années à cette même haute altitude (3600 mètres). La pression artérielle pulmonaire (24.3±5.9 vs. 24.7±4.9 mm Hg) et le NO exhalé (19.2±7.2 vs. 22.5±9.5 ppb) étaient similaires chez les Boliviens et les Caucasiens. Il n'y avait aucune corrélation entre la pression artérielle pulmonaire et le NO respiratoire dans les deux groupes. Ces résultats ne fournissent donc aucune évidence que les Boliviens nés en haute altitude sont mieux protégés contre l'hypertension pulmonaire hypoxique que les Caucasiens nés à basse altitude. Cela suggère que l'atténuation de l'hypertension pulmonaire par une synthèse accrue de NO respiratoire ne représente pas un mode universel d'adaptation des populations à la haute altitude. Abstract : There is evidence that high altitude populations may be better protected from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension than low altitude natives, but the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. In Tibetans, increased pulmonary respiratory NO synthesis attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. It has been speculated that this mechanism may represent a generalized high altitude adaptation pattern, but direct evidence for this speculation is lacking. We therefore measured systolic pulmonary-artery pressure (Doppler echocardiography) and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) in 34 healthy, middle-aged Bolivian high altitude natives and in 34 age- and sex-matched, well-acclimatized Caucasian low altitude natives living at high altitude (3600 m). The mean ± SD systolic right ventricular to right arterial pressure gradient (24.3 ± 5.9 vs. 24.7 ± 4.9 mmHg) and exhaled NO (19.2 ± 7.2 vs. 22.5 ± 9.5 ppb) were similar in Bolivians and Caucasians. There was no relationship between ,pulmonary-artery pressure and respiratory NO in the two groups. These findings provide no evidence that Bolivian high altitude natives are better protected from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension than Caucasian low altitude natives and suggest that attenuation of pulmonary hypertension by increased respiratory NO synthesis may not represent a universal adaptation pattern in highaltitude populations.

Clinical assessment of fluorescence cytoscopy during transurethral bladder resection in superficial bladder cancer.

The prognosis of superficial bladder cancer in terms of recurrence and disease progression is related to bladder tumor multiplicity and the presence of concomitant "plane" tumors such as high-grade dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. This study in 33 patients aimed to demonstrate the role of fluorescence cystoscopy in transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer. The method is based on the detection of protoporphyrin-IX-induced fluorescence in urothelial cancer cells by topical administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid. The sensitivity and the specificity of this procedure on apparently normal mucosa in superficial bladder cancer are estimated to be 82.9% and 81.3%, respectively. Thus, fluorescence cytoscopy is a simple and reliable method for mapping the bladder mucosa, especially in the case of multifocal bladder disease, and it facilitates the screening of occult dysplasia.