Stückgutförderung von Mikroteilen mit der Schwingrinne

Der vorliegende Beitrag greift das Auftreten von Größeneffekten auf, welche auf dem WGTL-Kolloquium 2006 vorgestellt worden sind und nun Gegenstand tiefer gehender Forschung sind. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Wechsel von Sekundäreffekten zu Primäreffekten, ausgelöst durch das Downscaling der Bauteildimensionen und somit eines veränderten Verhältnisses von der Masse zur Oberfläche. Es werden erste Ergebnisse aus der Abschätzung der Kräfte vorgestellt, und die Auswirkungen dieser Kräfte auf den Fördervorgang diskutiert.

Verfügbarkeit intralogistischer Systeme

Bei der Entwicklung und Auslegung komplexer Materialflusssysteme bilden heutzutage die Erreichung einer hohen Leistungsfähigkeit bei vergleichsweise niedrigen Kosten und einem hohen Servicegrad die maßgeblichen Zielkriterien. In zweiter Reihe eng damit verbunden ist der Kennwert Verfügbarkeit, der das Verhältnis zwischen der Ausfall- und der theoretischen Nutzungszeit dieser Systeme beschreibt. Der Kennwert Verfügbarkeit wird für technische Systeme allgemein in einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Richtlinien und Normen definiert. Einige davon sind speziell auf den Bereich der Materialflusssysteme ausgerichtet und dokumentieren auch Berechnungsansätze für die Verfügbarkeit. Trotz dieser Anleitungen ist die Analyse und Bewertung von Verfügbarkeitskennwerten bei der Entwicklung und Inbetriebnahme von Materialflusssystemen wiederholt Gegenstand von Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Kunden und Lieferanten. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert diese Situation und skizziert Lösungsansätze.

Größeneffekte in der Mikrologistik

Obwohl die Mikrosystemtechnik (MST) als „Schlüsseltechnologie des 21. Jahrhunderts“ bezeichnet wird, bleibt der erwartete Durchbruch noch aus. Der vorliegende Artikel geht auf die Herausforderungen für die technische Logistik ein, die mit dem Herunterskalieren der Bauteildimensionen einhergehen. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse einer Studie präsentiert, die der Lehrstuhl MTL in Unternehmen der MST durchgeführt hat, um die vorherrschende Materialflusstechnik genauer zu untersuchen und Defizite aufzudecken.

Prevention of bone loss in paraplegics over 2 years with alendronate

To assess the effects of long-term treatment of bone loss with alendronate in a group of paraplegic men, 55 patients were evaluated in a prospective randomized controlled open label study that was 2 years in duration comparing alendronate and calcium with calcium alone. Bone loss was stopped at all cortical and trabecular infralesional sites (distal tibial epiphysis, tibial diaphysis, total hip) with alendronate 10 mg daily.

Long-term changes in bone metabolism, bone mineral density, quantitative ultrasound parameters, and fracture incidence after spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional observational study in 100 paraplegic men

To study the time course of demineralization and fracture incidence after spinal cord injury (SCI), 100 paraplegic men with complete motor loss were investigated in a cross-sectional study 3 months to 30 years after their traumatic SCI. Fracture history was assessed and verified using patients' files and X-rays. BMD of the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), distal forearm (ultradistal part = UDR, 1/3 distal part = 1/3R), distal tibial diaphysis (TDIA), and distal tibial epiphysis (TEPI) was measured using DXA. Stiffness of the calcaneus (QUI.CALC), speed of sound of the tibia (SOS.TIB), and amplitude-dependent SOS across the proximal phalanges (adSOS.PHAL) were measured using QUS. Z-Scores of BMD and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) were plotted against time-since-injury and compared among four groups of paraplegics stratified according to time-since-injury (<1 year, stratum I; 1-9 years, stratum II; 10-19 years, stratum III; 20-29 years, stratum IV). Biochemical markers of bone turnover (deoxypyridinoline/creatinine (D-pyr/Cr), osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase) and the main parameters of calcium phosphate metabolism were measured. Fifteen out of 98 paraplegics had sustained a total of 39 fragility fractures within 1,010 years of observation. All recorded fractures were fractures of the lower limbs, mean time to first fracture being 8.9 +/- 1.4 years. Fracture incidence increased with time-after-SCI, from 1% in the first 12 months to 4.6%/year in paraplegics since >20 years ( p<.01). The overall fracture incidence was 2.2%/year. Compared with nonfractured paraplegics, those with a fracture history had been injured for a longer time ( p<.01). Furthermore, they had lower Z-scores at FN, TEPI, and TDIA ( p<.01 to <.0001), the largest difference being observed at TDIA, compared with the nonfractured. At the lower limbs, BMD decreased with time at all sites ( r=.49 to.78, all p<.0001). At FN and TEPI, bone loss followed a log curve which leveled off between 1 to 3 years after injury. In contrast, Z-scores of TDIA continuously decreased even beyond 10 years after injury. LS BMD Z-score increased with time-since-SCI ( p<.05). Similarly to DXA, QUS allowed differentiation of early and rapid trabecular bone loss (QUI.CALC) vs slow and continuous cortical bone loss (SOS.TIB). Biochemical markers reflected a disproportion between highly elevated bone resorption and almost normal bone formation early after injury. Turnover declined following a log curve with time-after-SCI, however, D-pyr/Cr remained elevated in 30% of paraplegics injured >10 years. In paraplegic men early (trabecular) and persistent (cortical) bone loss occurs at the lower limbs and leads to an increasing fracture incidence with time-after-SCI.

Real-time Human Motion Capture with Simple Marker Sets and Monocular Video

In this paper we present a hybrid method to track human motions in real-time. With simplified marker sets and monocular video input, the strength of both marker-based and marker-free motion capturing are utilized: A cumbersome marker calibration is avoided while the robustness of the marker-free tracking is enhanced by referencing the tracked marker positions. An improved inverse kinematics solver is employed for real-time pose estimation. A computer-visionbased approach is applied to refine the pose estimation and reduce the ambiguity of the inverse kinematics solutions. We use this hybrid method to capture typical table tennis upper body movements in a real-time virtual reality application.

XSAMPL3D: An Action Description Language for the Animation of Virtual Characters

In this paper we present XSAMPL3D, a novel language for the high-level representation of actions performed on objects by (virtual) humans. XSAMPL3D was designed to serve as action representation language in an imitation-based approach to character animation: First, a human demonstrates a sequence of object manipulations in an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) environment. From this demonstration, an XSAMPL3D description is automatically derived that represents the actions in terms of high-level action types and involved objects. The XSAMPL3D action description can then be used for the synthesis of animations where virtual humans of different body sizes and proportions reproduce the demonstrated action. Actions are encoded in a compact and human-readable XML-format. Thus, XSAMPL3D describtions are also amenable to manual authoring, e.g. for rapid prototyping of animations when no immersive VR environment is at the animator's disposal. However, when XSAMPL3D descriptions are derived from VR interactions, they can accomodate many details of the demonstrated action, such as motion trajectiories,hand shapes and other hand-object relations during grasping. Such detail would be hard to specify with manual motion authoring techniques only. Through the inclusion of language features that allow the representation of all relevant aspects of demonstrated object manipulations, XSAMPL3D is a suitable action representation language for the imitation-based approach to character animation.