The effect of nitrate fertilization on the distribution of exported 14c-photosynthate in nodulated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants

Soybean (Glycine ~ (L.) Merr. cv. Harosoy 63) plants inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum were grown in vermiculite in the presence or absence of nitrate fertilization for up to 6 weeks after planting. Overall growth of nodulated plants was enhanced in the presence of nitrate fertilization, while the extent of nodule development was reduced. Although the number of nodules was not affected by nitrate fertilization when plants were grown at a light intensity limiting for photosynthesis, at light intensities approaching or exceeding the light saturation point for photosynthesis, nitrate fertilization resulted in at least a 30% reduction in nodule numbers. The mature, first trifoliate leaf of 21 day old plants was allowed to photoassimi1ate 14C02. One hour after·· the initial exposure to 14C02, the , plants were harvested and the 14C radioactivity was determined in the 80% ethanol-soluble fraction: in. o:rider to assess· "the extent of photoassimilate export and the pattern of distribution of exported 14C. The magnitude of 14C export was not affected by the presence of nitrate fertilization. However, there was a significant effect on the distribution pattern, particularly with regard to the partitioning of 14C-photosynthate between the nodules and the root tissue. In the presence of nitrate fertilization, less than 6% of the exported 14C photosynthate was recovered from the nodules, with much larger amounts (approximately 37%) being recovered from the root tissue. In the absence of nitrate fertilization, recovery of exported 14C-photosynthate from the nodules (19 to 27%) was approximately equal to that from the root tissue (24 to 33%). By initiating- or terminating the applications of nitrate at 14 days of age, it was determined that the period from day 14 to day 21 after planting was particularly significant for the development of nodules initiated earlier. Addition of nitrate fertilization at this time inhibited further nodule development while stimulating plant growth, whereas removal of nitrate fertilization stimulated nodule development. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that nodule development is inhibited by nitrate fertilization through a reduction in the availability of photosynthate to the nodules.

Photograph - Dorothy Rungeling and Governor-General's Silver Cup, 1953

A photograph of Dorothy Rungeling with the Silver Cup, the caption reads "Dorothy Rungeling, Canadian woman flier, holds Governor-General's Silver Cup, which she won, as well as a cheque for $500 for winning the Governor-General's Race at the National Air Show held in Toronto last September."

Photograph - Margaret Julia Woodruff Band in a Wedding Dress, in Silver Frame

Black and white photograph, 12 cm x 9 cm, of Margaret Julia Woodruff Band in a seated position, wearing a wedding dress and veil. The photo was taken by Dudley Hoyt of New York. The photo is encased within an ornate, silver frame which is engraved with the initials “M.J.W.”.

Silver Jubilee Hinged Tin from Cadbury

A box commemorating King George V's silver jubilee in 1935.

Silver Pocket Knife

A silver pocket knife with the initials W.K.C. [William Knapp Cleveland]. The knife measures 15 cm in length when opened and 8 1/2 cm in length when closed. There is no silver mark on the knife, but the word "coin" is printed on the blade.

Intramolecular Direct Functionalization of Cyclopropanes via Silver-Mediated, Palladium Catalysis

Au cours de la dernière décennie, le domaine de la fonctionnalisation directe des liens C–H a connu un intérêt croissant, en raison de la demande de processus chimiques moins dispendieux, plus efficaces et plus écologiques. . Les cyclopropanes représentent un motif structural souvent retrouvé dans des agents biologiquement actifs importants et dans des intermédiaires de synthèse permettant l'accès à des architectures complexes. Malgré leur valeur intrinsèque, la fonctionnalisation directe des cyclopropanes n’a pas été largement explorée. Ce mémoire traitera de deux méthodologies liées, mais tout aussi différentes, impliquant la fonctionnalisation directe des liens C–H cyclopropaniques impliquant des réactions intramoléculaires catalysées par un complex de palladium et assistées par l’argent. Le premier chapitre présentera d’abord un bref survol de la littérature sur les fondements de la fonctionnalisation directe ainsi que les contributions majeures réalisées dans ce domaine. L’accent sera notamment mis sur la fonctionnalisation des centres sp3 et sera souligné par des exemples pertinents. Les découvertes clés concernant le mécanisme et les cycles catalytiques de ces processus seront discutées. Le second chapitre décrira comment les 2-bromoanilides peuvent être utilisés pour accéder à des motifs particuliers de type spiro 3,3’ oxindoles cyclopropyliques. L'optimisation et l’étendue de la réaction seront abordés, suivis par des études mécanistiques réfutant l’hypothèse de la formation d’un intermédiaire palladium-énolate. Ces études mécanistiques comprennent une étude cinétique de l'effet isotopique ainsi que des études sur épimérisation; celles-ci ont confirmé que la réaction se produit par arylation directe. Sur la base des résultats obtenus dans le deuxième chapitre, nous aborderons ensuite la fonctionnalisation directe des benzamides cyclopropyliques lesquels, après une ouverture de cycle, donneront de nouveaux produits benzo [c] azépine-1-ones (chapitre trois). Après avoir présenté une brève optimisation et l’étendue de la réaction, nous discuterons des études mécanistiques impliquées à déduire l'ordre des événements dans le cycle catalytique et à déterminer le rôle des réactifs. Celles-ci permetteront de conclure que la fonctionnalisation de l’unité cyclopropyle se produit avant l’ouverture de cycle et que l'acétate est responsable de la déprotonation-métalation concertée. Le dernier chapitre (chapitre quatre) traitera en rétrospective de ce qui a été appris à partir de deux méthodologies divergentes et connexes et de comment ces résultats peuvent être exploités pour explorer d’autres types de fonctionnalisations directes sur des cyclopropanes.

Oxidation kinetics of nickel nano crystallites obtained by controlled thermolysis of diaquabis(ethylenediamine) nickel(II) nitrate

The metal complex, [Ni(en)2(H2O)2](NO3)2 (en = ethylenediamine), was decomposed in a static furnace at 200 C by autogenous decomposition to obtain phase pure metallic nickel nanocrystallites. The nickel metal thus obtained was studied by XRD, IR spectra, SEM and CHN analysis. The nickel crystallites are in the nanometer range as indicated by XRD studies. The IR spectral studies and CHN analyses show that the surface is covered with a nitrogen containing species. Thermogravimetric mass gain shows that the product purity is high (93%). The formed nickel is stable and resistant to oxidation up to 350 C probably due to the coverage of nitrogen containing species. Activation energy for the oxidation of the prepared nickel nanocrystallites was determined by non-isothermal methods and was found to depend on the conversion ratio. The oxidation kinetics of the nickel crystallites obeyed a Johnson–Mehl–Avrami mechanism probably due to the special morphology and crystallite strain present on the metal.

Thermal diffusivity of rhodamine 6G incorporated in silver nanofluid measured using mode-matched thermal lens technique

Dual beam mode-matched thermal lens method has been employed to measure the heat diffusion in nanofluid of silver with various volumes of rhodamine 6G, both dispersed in water. The important observation is an indication of temperature dependent diffusivity and that the overall heat diffusion is slower in the chemically prepared Ag sol compared to that of water. The experimental results can be explained assuming that Brownian motion is the main mechanism of heat transfer under the present experimental conditions. Light induced aggregation of the nanoparticles can also result in an anomalous diffusion behavior.

Three Component Mannich Reaction and 1,5-Benzodiazepine Synthesis Catalyzed by a Tetranitrile-Silver Complex

This manuscript describes the first example of silver ion complex of a dendritic tetranitrile ligand catalyzed one-pot three component Mannich reaction and 1,5-benzodiazepine synthesis. The catalyst can be separated from the products by a change in the solvent. The catalyst is reusable.

Dynamics of laser produced silver plasma under film deposition conditions studied using optical emission spectroscopy

Laser produced plasma from silver is generated using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Optical emission spectroscopy is used to carry out time of flight (TOF) analysis of atomic particles. An anomalous double peak profile in the TOF distribution is observed at low pressure. A collection of slower species emerge at reduced pressure below 4 X lO-3 mbar and this species has a greater velocity spread. At high pressure the plasma expansion follows the shockwave model with cylindrical symmetry whereas at reduced pressure it shows unsteady adiabatic expansion (UAE). During UAE the species show a parabolic increases in the expansion time with radial distance whereas during shock wave expansion the exponent is less than one. The angular distribution of the ablated species in the plume is obtained from the measurement of optical density of thin films deposited on to glass substrates kept perpendicular to the plume. There is a sharp variation in the film thickness away from the film centre due to asymmetries in the plume.

Prompt electron emission and collisional ionization of ambient gas during pulsed laser ablation of silver

A silver target kept under partial vacuum conditions was irradiated with focused nanosecond pulses at 1:06 mm from a Nd:YAG laser. The electron emission monitored with a Langmuir probe shows a clear twin-peak distribution. The first peak which is very sharp has only a small delay and it indicates prompt electron emission with energy as much as 60 5 eV. Also the prompt electron emission shows a temporal profile with a width that is same as that for the laser pulse whereas the second peak is broader, covers several microseconds, and represents the low-energy electrons (2 0:5 eV) associated with the laser-induced silver plasma as revealed by time-of-flight measurements. It has been found that prompt electrons ejected from the target collisionally excite and ionize ambient gas molecules. Clearly resolved rotational structure is observed in the emission spectra of ambient nitrogen molecules. Combined with time-resolved spectroscopy, the prompt electrons can be used as excitation sources for various collisional excitation–relaxation experiments. The electron density corresponding to the first peak is estimated to be of the order of 1017 cm?--3 and it is found that the density increases as a function of distance away from the target. Dependence of probe current on laser intensity shows plasma shielding at high laser intensities.

Twin peak distribution of electron emission profile and impact ionization of ambient molecules during laser ablation of silver target

Laser-induced plasma generated from a silver target under partial vacuum conditions using the fundamental output of nanosecond duration from a pulsed Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet laser is studied using a Langmuir probe. The time of flight measurements show a clear twin peak distribution in the temporal profile of electron emission. The first peak has almost the same duration as the laser pulse while the second lasts for several microseconds. The prompt electrons are energetic enough ('60 eV) to ionize the ambient gas molecules or atoms. The use of prompt electron pulses as sources for electron impact excitation is demonstrated by taking nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and argon as ambient gases.

Nonlinear optical absorption in silver nanosol

Nonlinear optical absorption in silver nanosol was investigated at selected wavelengths (456 nm, 477 nm and 532 nm) using open aperture Z-scan technique. It was observed that nature of nonlinear absorption is sensitively dependent on input fluence as well as on excitation wavelength. Besides, the present sample was found to exhibit reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and saturable absorption (SA) at these wavelengths depending on excitation fluence. RSA is attributed to enhanced absorption resulting from photochemical changes. SA observed for fluence values lower and higher than those corresponding to RSA are, respectively, attributed to plasmon bleach and saturation of RSA.