Meccanismi evolutivi dei parapoxvirus: caratterizzazione genomica di pseudocowpoxvirus e messa a punto di sistemi per lo studio delle ricombinazioni

The Poxviruses are a family of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that cause disease in many species, both vertebrate and invertebrate. Their genomes range in size from 135 to 365 kbp and show conservation in both organization and content. In particular, the central genomic regions of the chordopoxvirus subfamily (those capable of infecting vertebrates) contain 88 genes which are present in all the virus species characterised to date and which mostly occur in the same order and orientation. In contrast, however, the terminal regions of the genomes frequently contain genes that are species or genera-specific and that are not essential for the growth of the virus in vitro but instead often encode factors with important roles in vivo including modulation of the host immune response to infection and determination of the host range of the virus. The Parapoxviruses (PPV), of which Orf virus is the prototypic species, represent a genus within the chordopoxvirus subfamily of Poxviridae and are characterised by their ability to infect ruminants and humans. The genus currently contains four recognised species of virus, bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) both of which infect cattle, orf virus (OV) that infects sheep and goats, and parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ). The ORFV genome has been fully sequenced, as has that of BPSV, and is ~138 kb in length encoding ~132 genes. The vast majority of these genes allow the virus to replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected host cell and therefore encode proteins involved in replication, transcription and metabolism of nucleic acids. These genes are well conserved between all known genera of poxviruses. There is however another class of genes, located at either end of the linear dsDNA genome, that encode proteins which are non-essential for replication and generally dictate host range and virulence of the virus. The non-essential genes are often the most variable within and between species of virus and therefore are potentially useful for diagnostic purposes. Given their role in subverting the host-immune response to infection they are also targets for novel therapeutics. The function of only a relatively small number of these proteins has been elucidated and there are several genes whose function still remains obscure principally because there is little similarity between them and proteins of known function in current sequence databases. It is thought that by selectively removing some of the virulence genes, or at least neutralising the proteins in some way, current vaccines could be improved. The evolution of poxviruses has been proposed to be an adaptive process involving frequent events of gene gain and loss, such that the virus co-evolves with its specific host. Gene capture or horizontal gene transfer from the host to the virus is considered an important source of new viral genes including those likely to be involved in host range and those enabling the virus to interfere with the host immune response to infection. Given the low rate of nucleotide substitution, recombination can be seen as an essential evolutionary driving force although it is likely underestimated. Recombination in poxviruses is intimately linked to DNA replication with both viral and cellular proteins participate in this recombination-dependent replication. It has been shown, in other poxvirus genera, that recombination between isolates and perhaps even between species does occur, thereby providing another mechanism for the acquisition of new genes and for the rapid evolution of viruses. Such events may result in viruses that have a selective advantage over others, for example in re-infections (a characteristic of the PPV), or in viruses that are able to jump the species barrier and infect new hosts. Sequence data related to viral strains isolated from goats suggest that possible recombination events may have occurred between OV and PCPV (Ueda et al. 2003). The recombination events are frequent during poxvirus replication and comparative genomic analysis of several poxvirus species has revealed that recombinations occur frequently on the right terminal region. Intraspecific recombination can occur between strains of the same PPV species, but also interspecific recombination can happen depending on enough sequence similarity to enable recombination between distinct PPV species. The most important pre-requisite for a successful recombination is the coinfection of the individual host by different virus strains or species. Consequently, the following factors affecting the distribution of different viruses to shared target cells need to be considered: dose of inoculated virus, time interval between inoculation of the first and the second virus, distance between the marker mutations, genetic homology. At present there are no available data on the replication dynamics of PPV in permissive and non permissive hosts and reguarding co-infetions there are no information on the interference mechanisms occurring during the simultaneous replication of viruses of different species. This work has been carried out to set up permissive substrates allowing the replication of different PPV species, in particular keratinocytes monolayers and organotypic skin cultures. Furthermore a method to isolate and expand ovine skin stem cells was has been set up to indeep further aspects of viral cellular tropism during natural infection. The study produced important data to elucidate the replication dynamics of OV and PCPV virus in vitro as well as the mechanisms of interference that can arise during co-infection with different viral species. Moreover, the analysis carried on the genomic right terminal region of PCPV 1303/05 contributed to a better knowledge of the viral genes involved in host interaction and pathogenesis as well as to locate recombination breakpoints and genetic homologies between PPV species. Taken together these data filled several crucial gaps for the study of interspecific recombinations of PPVs which are thought to be important for a better understanding of the viral evolution and to improve the biosafety of antiviral therapy and PPV-based vectors.

Uso integrato di prove getoecniche sismiche per la caratterizzazione del sottosuolo della Laguna Veneta

Lo studio sviluppato nella tesi fa riferimento all’ampio database sperimentale raccolto presso il sito campione di Treporti (VE), nell’ambito di un progetto di ricerca finalizzato alla caratterizzazione geotecnica del complesso sottosuolo della Laguna Veneta. Il sottosuolo lagunare è infatti caratterizzato da una fitta alternanza di sedimenti a matrice prevalentemente limosa, dal comportamento intermedio fra sabbie e argille. Il progetto di ricerca prevedeva la realizzazione di una vasta campagna di indagini in sito, articolata in più fasi e integrata da un programma sperimentale di laboratorio; nell’area in esame è stato inoltre costruito un rilevato sperimentale in vera grandezza, continuamente monitorato con una sofisticata strumentazione per circa quattro anni, fino alla sua graduale rimozione. Il lavoro di tesi proposto riguarda l’analisi dei dati provenienti dalle numerose prove dilatometriche (DMT) e con piezocono (CPTU) effettuate a Treporti, con particolare riferimento alle prove di tipo sismico (SDMT e SCPTU) realizzate sia prima della costruzione del rilevato sia a seguito della rimozione dello stesso. Rispetto alla prove “tradizionali”, le prove sismiche permettono anche la misura della velocità delle onde di taglio (Vs), la cui conoscenza è richiesta anche dalle recenti Norme Tecniche delle Costruzioni e della quale è possibile risalire agevolmente al modulo di rigidezza elastico a piccolissime deformazioni (G0). L’enorme database raccolto in questo sito offre tra l’altro l’interessante ed inusuale possibilità di mettere a confronto dati ricavati da prove dilatometriche e con piezocono relative a verticali adiacenti, svolte in diverse fasi della storia di carico imposta al sottosuolo dell’area mediante la costruzione del rilevato. L’interpretazione dei dati penetrometrici e dilatometrici è stata fatta utilizzando i più recenti approcci interpretativi proposti nella letteratura del settore. È importante sottolineare che la possibilità di classificare e stimare i parametri meccanici del sottosuolo lagunare a partire da prove diverse ha permesso una valutazione critica delle procedure interpretative adottate e, in taluni casi, ha messo in evidenza i limiti di alcuni approcci, pur se limitatamente al caso specifico in esame. In alcuni casi, grazie all’uso integrato delle prove dilatometriche e penetrometriche è stato possibile mettere a punto specifiche correlazioni alternative a quelle esistenti, calibrate sui dati sperimentali di Treporti.

La caratterizzazione endofenotipica del rimuginio

Rumination, defined as the tendency to think about the negative affect evoked by stressful events, has been identified as potentially playing a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, recent studies suggest that ruminative thoughts might be mediators of the prolonged physiological effects of stress. The main goal of this research was to study the effect of rumination, evoked in the laboratory, during the subsequent 24 hours. As rumination has been associated with the activity of several physiological systems, including the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune system, we also aimed at studying the process from a psychoneuroendocrine point of view. Levels of anxiety, depression, anger, hostility, and trait rumination were assessed by the use of validated questionnaires. Impedance cardiography-derived measures, skin conductance, respiration, and beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP) were monitored continuously in 60 subjects during baseline, the Anger Recall Inteview, a reading task and two recovery periods. Half of the sample was randomly assigned to a distracter condition after the Anger Recall Inteview. Cortisol, plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, sICAM-1) were also obtained at baseline and at the end of the session. Then, all subjects were asked to wear an ambulatory BP monitor for 24 hours. Results show that the distracter was effective in stopping rumination in the laboratory but did not have a long-lasting effect in the subsequent 24 hours. Rumination was associated with prolonged sympathetic activity, vagal withdrawal, cortisol secrection, pro-inflammatory reaction and mood impairment compared to the reading task. After controlling for age and body mass index, rumination also proved to be a strong predictor of daily moods, and ambulatory HR and BP. Personality traits did not have an effect in determining the frequency or duration of daily rumination. Findings suggest that perseverative cognition can prolong stress- related affective and physiological activation and might act directly on somatic disease via the cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, and neurovisceral systems.

Caratterizzazione biomolecolare di listeria monocytogenes in suini regolarmente macellati

Listeria monocytogenes è un batterio patogeno responsabile di una malattia potenzialmente molto grave per l’uomo. L’infezione avviene soprattutto tramite l’ingestione di alimenti di origine animale contaminati, e può propagarsi per via transplacentare al feto. Il potenziale patogeno di L. monocytogenes è dovuto soprattutto a caratteristici fattori di virulenza con i quali alcuni ceppi sono in grado di attaccare la cellula dell’organismo ospite potendo aderire, invadere, moltiplicare e propagare alle cellule adiacenti. Il presente studio è rivolto al rilevamento tramite reazione polimerasica a catena (PCR) di alcuni fattori di virulenza di ceppi di L. monocytogenes isolati da campioni prelevati presso macelli suini, mediante l’identificazione dei geni responsabili della sintesi delle proteine di superficie che intervengono nel processo patogenetico, allo scopo di valutare la potenziale pericolosità di quelli isolati sia sulle carcasse, sia dal contenuto intestinale.

Cocristalli di acidi dicarbossilici: sintesi, caratterizzazione e stabilità allo stato solido

It is well-known that crystalline materials obtain their fundamental physical properties from the molecular arrangement within the solid, and altering the placement and or interactions between these molecules can impact the properties of the particular solid. Solid state chemistry looks at an attempt to alter the chemical and physical solid-state properties of APIs through many different strategies as the formation of salts, polymorphs, hydrates, solvates, and cocrystals. The final aim of this work is to study the chemical and physical propriety of new crystal structures. The work consists of three parts. The first is the cocrystallization of α,ω-alkanedicarboxylics acids with pirimidine. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of this adduct have been carried out at RT, 150 and 200 K. The cocrystals show an alteration of their melting point similar to pure acids. The two significant deviations are for the cocrystals with succinico and glutarico acids. The second object of work is the structure determination of β polymorph undecandioic acids. In literature is known the other polymorph α. We observed that the thermodynamic relation for this dimorphics system is monotropic. In the third part we synthesized and analyzed the stability of four new salts of serine and oxalic acid. This project highlights the advantage of the solid state synthesis.

Polialchiltiofeni contenenti derivati porfirinici per applicazioni in celle solari polimeriche

Il presente lavoro di tesi di laurea magistrale si è proposto di sintetizzare composti polimerici basati su un derivato del 3-esiltiofene e sulla porfirina per preparare materiali da utilizzare nelle celle fotovoltaiche. Politiofeni con queste caratteristiche sono stati sintetizzati a partire da un monomero -bromoalchiltiofenico, il 3-(6-bromoesil)tiofene (T6Br), dal quale è stato ottenuto il corrispondente derivato polimerico poli[3-(6-bromoesil)]tiofene (PT6Br). Esso è stato preparato con un metodo non regiospecifico, utilizzando la comune tecnica di polimerizzazione ossidativa in presenza di FeCl3. Il monomero T6Br è stato funzionalizzato con idrossifenil porfirina (TPPOH) per dare il 3-[5-(4-fenossi)-10,15,20-trifenilporfirinil]esiltiofene (T6TPP). Poiché la polimerizzazione diretta di questo monomero non si è mostrata una via percorribile, a causa dell’elevato ingombro del sostituente presente sulla catena macromolecolare, è stata effettuata l’eterificazione sul polimero bromurato PT6Br per ottenere il poli[3-[5-(4-fenossi)-10,15,20-trifenilporfirinil]esiltiofene] (PT6TPP). Contemporaneamente è stato sintetizzato il copolimero poli[(3-(6-bromoesil)]tiofene)-co-(3-[5-(4-fenossi)-10,15,20-trifenilporfirinil]esiltiofene)] (P(T6Br-co-T6TPP)) allo scopo di valutare l’effetto del diverso grado di sostituzione della catena polimerica sulle proprietà del polimero. Anch’esso è stato preparato con un metodo non regiospecifico, utilizzando la tecnica di polimerizzazione ossidativa in presenza di FeCl3. I prodotti sintetizzati sono stati caratterizzati mediante le comuni tecniche spettroscopiche (FTIR, NMR, UV-vis) e ne sono state determinate le proprietà termiche. I pesi molecolari medi e le relative distribuzioni sono stati determinati mediante cromatografia a permeazione su gel (GPC). Infine, con P(T6Br-co-T6TPP) e PT6Br sono state effettuate prove preliminari di preparazione e caratterizzazione di dispositivi per valutare la possibilità di un loro utilizzo come materiali per celle fotovoltaiche.

Cluster carbonilici di platino contenenti fosfine

Nel corso di questa Tesi sono state studiate le reazioni di cluster carbonil anionici di Platino con fosfine. In particolare, sono state investigate nel dettaglio le reazioni dei cluster [Pt3n(CO)6n]2– (n = 3,4) e [Pt19(CO)22]n– (n = 3,4) con PPh3. Sono state poi preliminarmente studiate anche le reazioni di [Pt24(CO)30]2– e [Pt38(CO)44]2– con PPh3. Questo ha portato alla sintesi e alla completa caratterizzazione mediante diffrazione di raggi X su cristallo singolo delle specie [NBu4]2[Pt9(CO)16(PPh3)2] e [NBu4]x[Pt22(CO)22(PPh3)6]2•yCH3CN, contenenti gli anioni [Pt9(CO)16(PPh3)2]2– e [Pt22(CO)22(PPh3)6]2–. È stato inoltre preparato un nuovo composto tentativamente formulato come [Pt19(CO)20(PPh3)2]4–, sulla base dei dati IR, 31P NMR e ESI-MS. Questi rappresentano i primi esempi di cluster carbonilici anionici di Platino contenenti fosfine. Nel caso delle reazioni di [Pt24(CO)30]2– e [Pt38(CO)44]2– con PPh3 i prodotti sono stati caratterizzati al momento solo mediante spettroscopia IR, e quindi è molto difficile ipotizzare una loro struttura. I composti [Pt9(CO)16(PPh3)2]2– e [Pt19(CO)20(PPh3)2]4– sono stati investigati mediante spettroscopia 31P NMR in soluzione a temperatura variabile. Il primo mostra un unico segnale 31P NMR, in accordo con la struttura allo stato solido, mentre [Pt19(CO)20(PPh3)2]4– è risultato essere flussionale. È stato poi studiato nel dettaglio il comportamento fotochimico dei cluster [Pt3n(CO)6n]2– (n = 3-6) in funzione della concentrazione, confermando la loro natura di “Double emitting quantum dots”. Infine è stato preparato e caratterizzato strutturalmente il sale [DAMS]2[Pt9(CO)18]•dmf, contenente il catione [DAMS]+.

Alterazioni dell'immunità umorale nei pazienti con sarcoma di Kaposi classico: caratterizzazione dei linfociti B circolanti e delle loro sottopopolazioni

Objectives: Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiological agent of Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) and it is also associated with two B cell lymphoproliferative diseases: primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and the plasmablastic form of multicentric Castelman’s disease (MCD). HHV-8 establishes persistent infection in the host with tropism for multiple cell types. In KS patients, the virus is found in tumor-spindle cells, peripheral blood monocytes, endothelial progenitor circulating cells, T and B lymphocytes. Peripheral B cells represent one of the major virus reservoir, but the consequences of HHV-8 infection of these cells have been poorly characterized. Therefore, in this study the frequency, the immunophenotypic profile and the functional activity of different peripheral B cell subsets in patients with classic KS (cKS) was analysed in order to identify potential alterations of these cells. The classic variant of KS is ideal to perform such studies, as it lacks confounding factors such as HIV or EBV infection and immunosuppression. Methods: Whole-blood samples from patients with the classical form of KS (cKS) (n=62) and healthy age and sex-matched seronegative controls (HSN) (n=43) were analyzed by multiparametric flow-cytometry to determine the frequency of B cells and their subpopulations, as well as their surface expression of immunoglobulins and activation markers. Results: The frequency of circulating B cells was significantly higher in cKS patients than in controls. In particular, the analysis of the B cell subsets revealed a higher frequency of naïve B cells (CD19+CD27-), among which transitional CD19+CD38highCD5+ and pre-naïve (CD27-CD38intCD5+ ) B cells demonstrated an expansion. Memory B cells (CD19+CD27+) did not differ between the two study groups, except from a higher frequency of CD19+CD27+IgM+IgD+ B cells, the typical phenotype of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, in cKS patients. The characterization of membrane surface activation markers showed lower levels of the activation marker HLA-DR only on CD27- B cells, while CD80 and CD86 were less represented in all the the B cells from cKS patients. Moreover, B cells from cKS patients were smaller and with less granules than the ones from controls. Conclusion: Taken together, these results clearly indicate that circulating B cells are altered in patients with cKS, showing an expansion of the immature phenotypes. These B cell alterations may be due to an indirect viral effect rather than to a direct one: the cytokines expressed in the microenvironment typical of cKS may cause a faster release of immature cells from the bone marrow and a lower grade of peripheral differentiation, as already suggested for other chronic viral infections such as HIV and HCV. Further studies will be necessary to understand how these alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of KS and, eventually, to the different clinical evolution of the disease.