A Cerenkov-ΔΕ-Cerenkov detector for high energy cosmic ray isotopes and an accelerator study of ^(40)Ar & ^(56)Fe fragmentation

This thesis has two major parts. The first part of the thesis will describe a high energy cosmic ray detector -- the High Energy Isotope Spectrometer Telescope (HEIST). HEIST is a large area (0.25 m²sr) balloon-borne isotope spectrometer designed to make high-resolution measurements of isotopes in the element range from neon to nickel (10 ≤ Z ≤ 28) at energies of about 2 GeV/nucleon. The instrument consists of a stack of 12 NaI(Tl) scintilla tors, two Cerenkov counters, and two plastic scintillators. Each of the 2-cm thick NaI disks is viewed by six 1.5-inch photomultipliers whose combined outputs measure the energy deposition in that layer. In addition, the six outputs from each disk are compared to determine the position at which incident nuclei traverse each layer to an accuracy of ~2 mm. The Cerenkov counters, which measure particle velocity, are each viewed by twelve 5-inch photomultipliers using light integration boxes.

HEIST-2 determines the mass of individual nuclei by measuring both the change in the Lorentz factor (Δγ) that results from traversing the NaI stack, and the energy loss (ΔΕ) in the stack. Since the total energy of an isotope is given by Ε = γM, the mass M can be determined by M = ΔΕ/Δγ. The instrument is designed to achieve a typical mass resolution of 0.2 amu.

The second part of this thesis presents an experimental measurement of the isotopic composition of the fragments from the breakup of high energy ⁴⁰Ar and ⁵⁶Fe nuclei. Cosmic ray composition studies rely heavily on semi-empirical estimates of the cross-sections for the nuclear fragmentation reactions which alter the composition during propagation through the interstellar medium. Experimentally measured yields of isotopes from the fragmentation of ⁴⁰Ar and ⁵⁶Fe are compared with calculated yields based on semi-empirical cross-section formulae. There are two sets of measurements. The first set of measurements, made at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac using a beam of 287 MeV/nucleon ⁴⁰Ar incident on a CH₂ target, achieves excellent mass resolution (σ_m ≤ 0.2 amu) for isotopes of Mg through K using a Si(Li) detector telescope. The second set of measurements, also made at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac, using a beam of 583 MeV/nucleon ⁵⁶FeFe incident on a CH₂ target, resolved Cr, Mn, and Fe fragments with a typical mass resolution of ~ 0.25 amu, through the use of the Heavy Isotope Spectrometer Telescope (HIST) which was later carried into space on ISEE-3 in 1978. The general agreement between calculation and experiment is good, but some significant differences are reported here.

Spatial longitudinal coherence length of a thermal source and its influence on lensless ghost imaging

The spatial longitudinal coherence length (SLCL), which is determined by the size of and the distance from the source, is introduced to investigate the longitudinal resolution of lensless ghost imaging. Its influence is discussed quantitatively by simulation. The discrepancy of position sensitivity between Scareelli et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 061106 (2006)] and Basano and Ottonello [Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 091109 (2006)] is clarified. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Wide Field-of-view Microscopes and Endoscopes for Time-lapse Imaging and High-throughput Screening

Wide field-of-view (FOV) microscopy is of high importance to biological research and clinical diagnosis where a high-throughput screening of samples is needed. This thesis presents the development of several novel wide FOV imaging technologies and demonstrates their capabilities in longitudinal imaging of living organisms, on the scale of viral plaques to live cells and tissues.

The ePetri Dish is a wide FOV on-chip bright-field microscope. Here we applied an ePetri platform for plaque analysis of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1). The ePetri offers the ability to dynamically track plaques at the individual cell death event level over a wide FOV of 6 mm × 4 mm at 30 min intervals. A density-based clustering algorithm is used to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of cell death events to identify plaques at their earliest stages. We also demonstrate the capabilities of the ePetri in viral titer count and dynamically monitoring plaque formation, growth, and the influence of antiviral drugs.

We developed another wide FOV imaging technique, the Talbot microscope, for the fluorescence imaging of live cells. The Talbot microscope takes advantage of the Talbot effect and can generate a focal spot array to scan the fluorescence samples directly on-chip. It has a resolution of 1.2 μm and a FOV of ~13 mm². We further upgraded the Talbot microscope for the long-term time-lapse fluorescence imaging of live cell cultures, and analyzed the cells’ dynamic response to an anticancer drug.

We present two wide FOV endoscopes for tissue imaging, named the AnCam and the PanCam. The AnCam is based on the contact image sensor (CIS) technology, and can scan the whole anal canal within 10 seconds with a resolution of 89 μm, a maximum FOV of 100 mm × 120 mm, and a depth-of-field (DOF) of 0.65 mm. We also demonstrate the performance of the AnCam in whole anal canal imaging in both animal models and real patients. In addition to this, the PanCam is based on a smartphone platform integrated with a panoramic annular lens (PAL), and can capture a FOV of 18 mm × 120 mm in a single shot with a resolution of 100─140 μm. In this work we demonstrate the PanCam’s performance in imaging a stained tissue sample.

Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor for multiplexed measurement with high resolution

A novel fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with a long-period grating as a linear response edge filter to convert wavelength into intensity-encoded information for interrogation. The sensor is embedded into an aluminum substrate with a larger coefficient of thermal expansion to enhance its temperature sensitivity. A large dynamic range of 110 degreesC and a high resolution of 0.02 degreesC are obtained in the experiments. The technique can be used for multiplexed measurements with one broadband source and one long-period grating, and therefore is low Cost. (C) 2004 Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers.

Design and application of three-zone annular filters

We design three-zone annular filters to be applied to optical storage system. The designed filters extend the depth of focus and realize transverse superresolution simultaneously, which will improve the performance of optical storage system greatly. And we propose two feasible schemes to improve imaging resolution of three-dimensional imaging system. One scheme depends on a complex filter formed by cascading of a three-zone phase filter and a three-zone amplitude filter. The complex filter converge the optimized transverse superresolution and the optimized axial superresolution of two different filters onto a single filter. It can improve the three-dimensional imaging performances greatly. Another scheme depends on a single three-zone complex filter. We propose a three-zone complex filter with phase shift 0.8 pi, which presents bigger design margin, better imaging quality and stronger three-dimensional superresolution capability. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Determination of electronic energy levels of molecules by 90° low energy electron scattering

A review of the theory of electron scattering indicates that low incident beam energies and large scattering angles are the favorable conditions for the observation of optically forbidden transitions in atoms and molecules.

An apparatus capable of yielding electron impact spectra at 90° with incident electron beam energies between 30 and 50 electron volts is described. The resolution of the instrument is about 1 electron volt.

Impact spectra of thirteen molecules have been obtained. Known forbidden transitions to the helium 2³S, the hydrogen b³Ʃ⁺_u, the nitrogen A³Ʃ⁺_u, B³π_g, a’π_g, and C³π_u, the carbon monoxide a³π, the ethylene ᾶ³B_1u, and the benzene ᾶ³B_1u states from the corresponding ground states have been observed.

In addition, singlet-triplet vertical transitions in acetylene, propyne, propadiene, norbornadiene and quadricyclene, peaking at 5.9, 5.9, 4.5, 3.8, and 4.0 ev (±0.2 ev), respectively, have been observed and assigned for the first time.

I. The 3.7 Å crystal structure of horse heart ferricytochrome C. II. The application of the Karle-Hauptman tangent formula to protein phasing

I. The 3.7 Å Crystal Structure of Horse Heart Ferricytochrome C.

The crystal structure of horse heart ferricytochrome c has been determined to a resolution of 3.7 Å using the multiple isomorphous replacement technique. Two isomorphous derivatives were used in the analysis, leading to a map with a mean figure of merit of 0.458. The quality of the resulting map was extremely high, even though the derivative data did not appear to be of high quality.

Although it was impossible to fit the known amino acid sequence to the calculated structure in an unambiguous way, many important features of the molecule could still be determined from the 3.7 Å electron density map. Among these was the fact that cytochrome c contains little or no α-helix. The polypeptide chain appears to be wound about the heme group in such a way as to form a loosely packed hydrophobic core in the molecule.

The heme group is located in a cleft on the molecule with one edge exposed to the solvent. The fifth coordinating ligand is His 18 and the sixth coordinating ligand is probably neither His 26 nor His 33.

The high resolution analysis of cytochrome c is now in progress and should be completed within the next year.

II. The Application of the Karle-Hauptman Tangent Formula to Protein Phasing.

The Karle-Hauptman tangent formula has been shown to be applicable to the refinement of previously determined protein phases. Tests were made with both the cytochrome c data from Part I and a theoretical structure based on the myoglobin molecule. The refinement process was found to be highly dependent upon the manner in which the tangent formula was applied. Iterative procedures did not work well, at least at low resolution.

The tangent formula worked very well in selecting the true phase from the two possible phase choices resulting from a single isomorphous replacement phase analysis. The only restriction on this application is that the heavy atoms form a non-centric cluster in the unit cell.

Pages 156 through 284 in this Thesis consist of previously published papers relating to the above two sections. References to these papers can be found on page 155.

Computational Microscopy: Breaking the Limit of Conventional Optics

Computational imaging is flourishing thanks to the recent advancement in array photodetectors and image processing algorithms. This thesis presents Fourier ptychography, which is a computational imaging technique implemented in microscopy to break the limit of conventional optics. With the implementation of Fourier ptychography, the resolution of the imaging system can surpass the diffraction limit of the objective lens's numerical aperture; the quantitative phase information of a sample can be reconstructed from intensity-only measurements; and the aberration of a microscope system can be characterized and computationally corrected. This computational microscopy technique enhances the performance of conventional optical systems and expands the scope of their applications.

From social to political. New forms of mobilization and democratization. Conference proceedings

In the recent evolution of contemporary social movements three phases can be identified. The first phase is marked by the labour movement and the systemic importance attributed to the labour conflict in industrial societies. This conflict has been interpreted as a consequence of the shortcoming of social integration mechanisms by Emile Durkheim, as a rational conflict by entrepreneurs’ and workers’ interests by Max Wener, and as a central class struggle for the transformation of society by Karl Marx. The second phase in this development was led by the new social movements of the post-industrial society of the 1960s and 1970s’ students, women and environmentalist movements. Two new analytical perspectives have explained these movements’ meaning and actions. Resource mobilization theory (McAdam and Tilly) has focuses on rational attitudes and conflicts. Actionalist sociology, in turn, has identified the new protagonists of social conflicts that replaced the labour movement in postindustrial societies. The third phase emerges in a world characterized by the ascendance of markets, the increasingly prominent role of financial capital flows, the closure of communities, and fundamentalism. In this context, human rights and pro-democratization movements constitute alternatives to global domination and the systemic conditioning of individual and groups.

Design and control of an ultraprecision stage used in grating tiling

In petawatt laser system, the gratings used to compose pulse compressor are very large in size which can be only acquired currently by arraying small aperture gratings to form a large one instead, an approach referred to as grating tiling. Theory and experiments have demonstrated that the coherent addition of multiple small gratings to form a larger grating is viable, the key technology of which is to control the relative position and orientation of each grating with high precision. According to the main factors that affect the performance of the grating tiling, a 5-DOF ultraprecision stage is developed for the grating tiling experiment. The mechanism is formed by serial structures. The motion of the mechanism is guided by flexure hinges and driven by piezoelectric actuators and the movement resolution of which can achieve nanometer level. To keep the stability of the mechanism, capacitive position sensors with nanometer accuracy are fixed on it to provide feedback signals with which to realize closed-loop control, thus the positioning precision of the mechanism is within several nanometers range through voltage control and digital PID algorithm. Results of experiments indicate that the performance of the mechanism can meet the requirement of precision for grating tiling.}

A biologia moral da atenção: a constituição do sujeito (des)atento

Esse trabalho analisa a constituição do indivíduo atento e do indivíduo desatento no interior do processo histórico de biologização moral da atenção. Em nossa tese, a história da biologia moral da atenção está dividida em três momentos principais: a segunda metade do século XVIII; a segunda metade do século XIX; as últimas três décadas do século XX. A investigação do terceiro momento está no centro da pesquisa. Nele, damos prioridade a análise da constituição do diagnóstico do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade TDAH. Nos três períodos analisados, os interesses pelos estudos da atenção se intensificaram e seu controle e gestão tornaram-se objeto das tecnologias morais, sociais, econômicas, médicas e psicológicas. Neles a capacidade de controle da atenção passou a ser o que distinguia o sábio do tolo; o indivíduo senhor de si do alienado; o sujeito ativo, mestre no controle de seu corpo e de sua vontade, do impulsivo, portador de um corpo descontrolado e de uma vontade fraca. No século XVIII, a atenção era a direção ativa da mente que possibilitava o conhecimento racional do mundo e de si. Ela deveria ser treinada, incitada e estimulada. Aos que se dedicavam à sua disciplina e mestria era concedido um lugar privilegiado. A moral da atenção se constituía. Ao vinculá-la aos conceitos de inibição e de vontade, o século XIX lhe outorgou uma outra função: o controle do comportamento. Além de ser importante para a constituição do conhecimento, a atenção tornou-se responsável pela regulação da ação. Um novo valor da atenção se constituía. O século XIX também possibilitou que sua moral fosse naturalizada, atada ao corpo e, em seguida, "cerebrizada. O século XX vinculou a atenção à moral do sucesso e da produtividade e radicalizou o processo de sua cerebrização. No processo de moralização e valorização da atenção, as histórias da constituição do sujeito (des)atento são extremamente diversas. A versão analisada em nosso trabalho dialoga com a história do sujeito cerebral. A constituição do sujeito atento e do sujeito desatento é analisada nos espaços fronteiriços criados entre a moral e a biologia cerebral da atenção.

Profissionais de enfermagem vítimas de assédio moral ou humilhação no trabalho: análise de relatos verbais

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os conteúdos dos relatos verbais de profissionais de enfermagem, vítimas de assédio moral durante o exercício de suas atividades laborais. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma amostra previamente selecionada, constituída de 31 profissionais de enfermagem, sendo todos atuantes em unidades de saúde, tanto da rede pública quanto da rede privada. Essa amostra foi extraída do universo de 3.498 profissionais de formações diversas, oriundos de vários Estados brasileiros. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, sendo utilizado, como instrumento para a coleta de dados, o questionário específico de Assédio Moral, gentilmente cedido pela pesquisadora Margarida Maria Silveira Barreto e constituído de 48 questões, abertas e fechadas. Os itens desse instrumento compreendem a caracterização dos participantes, a identificação de situações específicas de assédio moral, de fatores relacionados à empresa, a organização e comunicação no trabalho. O tratamento dos dados estatísticos foi realizado com o apoio do teste de Qui-Quadrado, e os dados qualitativos foram obtidos com base em relatos verbais, os quais foram organizados em categorias de respostas dos participantes. Os resultados quantitativos da pesquisa apontaram diferenças significativas entre enfermeiros e auxiliares de enfermagem quanto a favorabilidade em relação aos objetivos pouco claros na organização do trabalho. A partir da análise qualitativa dos dados emergiram como resultados, três categorias de respostas: Hierarquia e Relação de Poder; Organização do Trabalho; e Comunicação no Trabalho. De posse dos resultados da presente pesquisa, a meta é contribuir para a melhoria das condições de trabalho, de forma a minimizar o aparecimento de humilhações psicológicas ou assédio moral no ambiente de trabalho de enfermagem. Diante desse quadro, é de importância aprofundar estudos sobre o assédio moral, considerando-se a adoção de legislação específica e a formulação de políticas públicas para o combate dessa prática na profissão de enfermagem. O que se propõe com esse estudo é auxiliar na formulação de futuras políticas públicas, de modo a evitar conseqüências nefastas ao trabalhador, ao próprio trabalho e à sociedade de um modo geral, pois o combate ao assédio moral precisa ser intensificado, exigindo uma abordagem multidisciplinar, com a participação de todos os segmentos da sociedade.

O páthos moral da verdade: o problema do conceito da veracidade na crítica de Nietszche à moral

Na tentativa de reconstruir a crítica nietzschiana à reflexão filosófica sobre o fenômeno moral, o presente trabalho investiga os critérios utilizados pela Filosofia moral na sistematização dos conceitos de liberdade e obrigatoriedade sob a base de uma assim chamada vontade de verdade. O propósito dessa reconstrução crítica consiste em averiguar o papel desempenhado pela noção de veracidade na compreensão filosófica das ações e normas morais. Para tanto, o estudo se ocupa, em um primeiro momento, dos argumentos utilizados por Nietzsche ao conceber a interpretação filosófica em sua essência moral e ao identificar na exigência humana por sociabilidade uma das gêneses da noção de veracidade. Essas duas hipóteses são decisivas na análise das propostas hermenêuticas ocidentais referentes ao fenômeno moral, tal como Nietzsche propôs no famoso texto Sobre verdade e mentira em sentido extramoral (1873) e em sua obra tardia. Em seguida, é abordada a dificuldade que a tradição filosófica enfrentou na tentativa de fundamentação das normas e ações morais, sobretudo à luz da crise do pensamento metafísico. Por fim, procura-se apresentar a reflexão de Nietzsche sobre o fenômeno moral como o meio mais adequado para se responder à crise do pensamento metafísico, na medida em que procura substituir os pressupostos teóricos da tradição filosófica ocidental e apresentar a noção de veracidade como probidade e virtude por excelência do espírito livre.

A mediação judicial e as garantias fundamentais do processo civil brasileiro

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a contribuição dos conflitos para a evolução do Direito e das formas de solucioná-lo. Tem por finalidade estudar o desenvolvimento da jurisdição e do processo nos conhecidos Estado Liberal, Estado Social e Estado Constitucional. O estudo oferece ênfase à incidência do constitucionalismo sobre o direito, em especial ao Direito Processual. O processo justo e suas garantias, extraídas da Constituição Federal, transformaram o processo em instrumento de concretização das normas constitucionais. A crescente litigiosidade e dependência dos cidadãos relativamente a decisão adjudicada impõem uma necessária reformulação da cultura processual. Neste ponto, o empoderamento ganha destaque como meio de fomentar a utilização de meios consensuais para solução de conflitos. Tais meios são observados como complemento e instrumentos para o afastamento da crise de efetividade experimentado pela jurisdição. A introdução, no processo, de meios consensuais de solução de conflitos, como a mediação judicial, pretende fomentar o desenvolvimento do modelo cooperativo de processo. Consequentemente, a maior participação das partes no processo de construção da solução a ser aplicada ao conflito que as envolve, contribui para a maior efetividade da prestação jurisdicional. Examina-se, cautelosamente, a introdução dos meios consensuais de solução de conflitos no processo judicial de modo que as características essenciais de cada um não sejam perdidas ou transformadas, sob pena de desvirtuar-se a mediação judicial. É preciso assegurar a compatibilidade entre ambos, bem como a aplicação das garantias fundamentais do processo.

Determination of population structure and stock composition of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Russia determined with microsatellites

Variation at 14 microsatellite loci was examined in 34 chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) populations from Russia and evaluated for its use in the determination of population structure and stock composition in simulated mixed-stock fishery samples. The genetic differentiation index (Fst) over all populations and loci was 0.017, and individual locus values ranged from 0.003 to 0.054. Regional population structure was observed, and populations from Primorye, Sakhalin Island, and northeast Russia were the most distinct. Microsatellite variation provided evidence of a more fine-scale population structure than those that had previously been demonstrated with other genetic-based markers. Analysis of simulated mixed-stock samples indicated that accurate and precise regional estimates of stock composition were produced when the microsatellites were used to estimate stock compositions. Microsatellites can be used to determine stock composition in geographically separate Russian coastal chum salmon fisheries and provide a greater resolution of stock composition and population structure than that previously provided with other techniques.