Distribuição, probabilidade de ocorrência e período de retorno dos índices de erosividade EI30 e KE>25 em Seropédica - RJ

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar as características da erosividade da chuva em Seropédica (RJ), quanto à sua distribuição, probabilidade de ocorrência e período de retorno. Para isso, foi utilizada uma série mensal de dados pluviométricos referente ao período de 1973 a 2002 e, com o auxílio de modelos ajustados para a região, foi possível obter os índices mensais e anuais de erosividade EI30 e KE>25. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que: a) os valores médios anuais de EI30 e de KE>25 foram de 5.960,4 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 e de 99,2 MJ ha-1, respectivamente, e estão associados a períodos de retorno de 1,97 ano, com uma probabilidade de ocorrência de 50,82%; e b) valores anuais de EI30 da ordem de 5.995; 7.262; 7.684; 7.895; 8.022 e 8.064 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 e de KE>25 da ordem de 99,8; 122,7; 130,3; 134,1; 136,4 e 137,1 MJ ha-1, são esperados, em média, uma vez a cada 2; 5; 10; 20; 50 e 100 anos, respectivamente.

Kinetic behavior of nitrification in the post-treatment of poultry wastewater in a sequential batch reactor

A sequential batch reactor with suspended biomass and useful volume of 5 L was used in the removal of nutrients and organic matter in workbench scale under optimal conditions obtained by central composite rotational design (CCRD), with cycle time (CT) of 16 h (10.15 h, aerobic phase, and 4.35 h, anoxic phase) and carbon: nitrogen ratio (COD/NO2--N+NO3--N) equal to 6. Complete cycles (20), nitrification followed by denitrification, were evaluated to investigate the kinetic behavior of degradation of organic (COD) and nitrogenated (NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N) matter present in the effluent from a bird slaughterhouse and industrial processing facility, as well as to evaluate the stability of the reactor using Shewhart control charts of individual measures. The results indicate means total inorganic nitrogen (NH4+-N+NO2- -N+NO3--N) removal of 84.32±1.59% and organic matter (COD) of 53.65±8.48% in the complete process (nitrification-denitrification) with the process under statistical control. The nitrifying activity during the aerobic phase estimated from the determination of the kinetic parameters had mean K1 and K2 values of 0.00381±0.00043 min-1 and 0.00381±0.00043 min-1, respectively. The evaluation of the kinetic behavior of the conversion of nitrogen indicated a possible reduction of CT in the anoxic phase, since removals of NO2--N and NO3--N higher than 90% were obtained with only 1 h of denitrification.

Start-up of horizontal anaerobic reactors with sludge blanket and fixed bed for wastewater treatment from coffee processing by wet method

In this study it was evaluated the start-up procedures of anaerobic treatment system with three horizontal anaerobic reactors (R1, R2 and R3), installed in series, with volume of 1.2 L each. R1 had sludge blanket, and R2 and R3 had half supporter of bamboo and coconut fiber, respectively. As an affluent, it was synthesized wastewater from mechanical pulping of the coffee fruit by wet method, with a mean value of total chemical oxygen demand (CODtotal) of 16,003 mg L-1. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) in each reactor was 30 h. The volumetric organic loading (VOL) applied in R1 varied from 8.9 to 25.0 g of CODtotal (L d)-1. The mean removal efficiencies of CODtotal varied from 43 to 97% in the treatment system (R1+R2+R3), stabilizing above 80% after 30 days of operation. The mean content of methane in the biogas were of 70 to 76%, the mean volumetric production was 1.7 L CH4 (L reactor d)-1 in the system, and the higher conversions were around at 0.20 L CH4 (g CODremoved)-1 in R1 and R2. The mean values of pH in the effluents ranged from 6.8 to 8.3 and the mean values of total volatile acids remained below 200 mg L-1 in the effluent of R3. The concentrations of total phenols of the affluent ranged from 45 to 278 mg L-1, and the mean removal efficiency was of 52%. The start-up of the anaerobic treatment system occurred after 30 days of operation as a result of inoculation with anaerobic sludge with active microbiota.

Anaerobic-aerobic treatment of swine wastewater in uasb and batch reactors in series

In this work it was evaluated the performance of two systems of swine wastewater treatment consisting of two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, with and without post-treatment in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), fed continuously, with aerobic phase. The UASB reactors in the first stage had 908 L in the sets I and II, and in the second stage 350 and 188 L, respectively. In the set II the post-treatment was performed in a SBR of 3,000 L. The hydraulic detention times in the anaerobic treatment systems were 100, 75 and 58 h in the set I; 87, 65 and 51 h in the set II; and 240 and 180 h in the SBR. The volumetric organic load applied in the first stage UASB reactors ranged from 6.9 to 12.6 g total COD (L d)-1 in the set I and 7.5 to 9.8 g total COD (L d)-1 in the set II. The average removal efficiencies of total COD, total phosphorus (Ptotal), and Kjeldahl and organic nitrogen (KN and Norg) in the anaerobic treatment systems were similar and reached maximum values of 97%, 64%, 68%, and 98%. In the SBR, the removal efficiencies of total COD and thermotolerant coliforms were up to 62 and 92% resulting, respectively, in effluent concentrations of 135 mg L-1 and 2x10(4)MPN (100 mL)-1. For Ptotal, total nitrogen (TN) and Norg, the average removal efficiencies in the SBR were up to 58, 25 and 73%, respectively.

Performance of an anaerobic-aerobic reactor and kinetic study of organic matter removal of cattle slaughterhouse effluent

This paper sought to evaluate the behavior of an upflow Anaerobic-Aerobic Fixed Bed Reactor (AAFBR) in the treatment of cattle slaughterhouse effluent and determine apparent kinetic constants of the organic matter removal. The AAFBR was operated with no recirculation (Phase I) and with 50% of effluent recirculation (Phase II), with θ of 11h and 8h. In terms of pH, bicarbonate alkalinity and volatile acids, the results indicated the reactor ability to maintain favorable conditions for the biological processes involved in the organic matter removal in both operational phases. The average removal efficiencies of organic matter along the reactor height, expressed in terms of raw COD, were 49% and 68% in Phase I and 54% and 86% in Phase II for θ of 11h and 8h, respectively. The results of the filtered COD indicated removal efficiency of 52% and k = 0.0857h-1 to θ of 11h and 42% and k = 0.0880h-1 to θ of 8h in the Phase I. In Phase II, the removal efficiencies were 59% and 51% to θ of 11h and 8h, with k = 0.1238h-1 and k = 0.1075 h-1, respectively. The first order kinetic model showed good adjustment and described adequately the kinetics of organic matter removal for θ of 11h, with r² equal to 0.9734 and 0.9591 to the Phases I and II, respectively.

Application of response surface methodology to study the biological removal of nitrogen from effluent of cattle slaughterhouse in a sequencing batch reactor

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) on biological removal of nitrogen from cattle slaughterhouse wastewater by nitrification/denitrification processes. The effects of initial concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen were investigated at 100; 150 and 200 mg L-1 and air flow rate at 0.125; 0.375 and 0.625 L min¹ Lreactor-1 on the nitrogen compounds removal, by a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) configuration. There were variations from 9.2 to 94.9%, 4.0 to 19.6% and 20.8 to 92.0% in the conversion of ammoniacal nitrogen to nitrate and nitrite concentration and removal of total nitrogen, respectively. The increase of air flow rate and decrease of the initial concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen resulted in higher efficiencies of total nitrogen removal, as well as the conversion of ammoniacal nitrogen to nitrate. During the pre-established intervals of this study, the removal and conversion efficiencies of nitrogen compounds above 85% were achieved in air flow rate variations from 0.375 to 0.725 L min-1 Lreactor-1 and initial concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen from 80 to 200 mg L-1. On denitrification process, we obtained efficiencies from 91.5 to 96.9% on the removal of nitrite/nitrate and from 78.3 to 87.9% on the removal of organic matter.

Cassava starch extraction effluent treatment in a one phase tubular horizontal pilot reactor with support medium

The cassava starch industries generate a large volume of wastewater effluent that, stabilized in ponds, wastes its biogas energy and pollutes the atmosphere. To contribute with the reversion of this reality, this manipueira treatment research was developed in one phase anaerobic horizontal pilot reactor with support medium in bamboo pieces. The reactor was excavated into the ground and sealed with geomembrane in HDPE, having a volume equal to 33.6 m³ and continuous feeding by gravity. The stability indicators were pH, volatile acidity/total alkalinity ratio and biogas production. The statistical analyses were performed by a completely randomized design, with answers submitted to multivariate analysis. The organical loads in COD were 0.556; 0.670; 0.678 and 0.770 g L-1 and in volatile solids (VS) of 0.659; 0.608; 0.570 and 0.761 g L-1 for the hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 13.0; 11.5; 10.0 and 7.0 days, respectively. The reductions in COD were 88; 80; 88 and 67% and for VS of 76; 77; 65 and 61%. The biogas productions relatively to the consumed COD were 0.368; 0.795; 0.891 and 0.907 Lg-1, for the consumed VS of 0.524; 0.930; 1.757 and 0.952 Lg-1 and volumetric of 0.131; 0.330; 0.430 and 0.374 L L-1 d-1. The reactor remained stable and the bamboo pieces, in visual examination at the end of the experiment, showed to be in good physical conditions.

Hydrogen production from cassava processing wastewater in an anaerobic fixed bed reactor with bamboo as a support material

Attempting to associate waste treatment to the production of clean and renewable energy, this research sought to evaluate the biological production of hydrogen using wastewater from the cassava starch treatment industry, generated during the processes of extraction and purification of starch. This experiment was carried out in a continuous anaerobic reactor with a working volume of 3L, with bamboo stems as the support medium. The system was operated at a temperature of 36°C, an initial pH of 6.0 and under variations of organic load. The highest rate of hydrogen production, of 1.1 L.d-1.L-1, was obtained with application of an organic loading rate of 35 g.L-1.d-1, in terms of total sugar content and hydraulic retention time of 3h, with a prevalence of butyric and acetic acids as final products of the fermentation process. Low C/N ratios contributed to the excessive growth of the biomass, causing a reduction of up to 35% in hydrogen production, low percentages of H2 and high concentrations of CO2in the biogas.

Avaliação funcional do músculo trapézio e nervo espinhal pós-esvaziamento cervical através da eletroneuromiografia: estudo de 25 pacientes

OBJETIVO: Foram estudados 25 pacientes portadores de neoplasias malignas da cabeça e pescoço (20 de vias aerodigestivas superiores e cinco da glândula tireóide), submetidos a esvaziamentos cervicais uni ou bilaterais (33 procedimentos), sendo 15 supra-omohióideos, 11 funcionais e sete em campos alargados. MÉTODO: Através da eletroneuromiografia (ENM), foram avaliados funcionalmente o músculo trapézio e o nervo espinhal após os diferentes procedimentos, aos 30 e 180 dias. RESULTADOS: Foram aferidos para as três formas de linfadenectomia 94% de desnervação do músculo trapézio, severa em 68% e moderada 32% (p = 0,001), portanto valores significativos. Quanto à avaliação do tipo de lesão do nervo espinhal, após 30 dias observou-se lesão de axônio (axonotmese) em 31 dos 33 procedimentos. Com relação à reinervação, esta foi detectada após 180 dias, sendo boa (21%), moderada (72%) e ruim (7%) para valores de p = 0,001 de significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: A eletroneuromiografia foi um método efetivo na avaliação da unidade neuromuscular e o tipo de esvaziamento cervical conservador não foi determinante de alterações destas estruturas.

Estudo da cicatrização nas lesões traumáticas esplênicas utilizando octil-2-cianoacrilato e fio de poliglecaprone 25

OBJETIVO: Estudar comparativamente a cicatrização e a formação de aderências em baço de ratos submetidos à trauma operatório e corrigidos utilizando octil-2-cianoacrilato (DE) e fio de poliglecaprone 25 (CA). MÉTODO: 30 ratos machos Wistar foram separados em três grupos de 10 animais, anestesiados de acordo com as normas do COBEA, submetidos à laparotomia xifopúbica e com uma tesoura Metzenbaum, foi realizada uma lesão esplênica com 4mm de profundidade, na borda anti-hilar do pólo inferior do baço. No Grupo CA, suturou-se a lesão com pontos contínuos de poliglecaprone 25; no Grupo DE, com octil-2-cianoacrilato e no Grupo CO, não houve sutura. Após 14 dias, os ratos foram submetidos à eutanásia e as aderências anotadas em protocolo próprio. O estudo anatomopatológico foi realizado nas colorações hematoxilina-eosina e Picro-Sirius, sendo do tipo fechado, duplo-cego. RESULTADOS: O Grupo DE apresentou menos aderências e menor reação de cicatrização tipo corpo estranho que o CA. Ambos mostram quantidade semelhante de colágeno jovem e maduro. CONCLUSÕES: O octil-2-cianoacrilato provocou menos aderências macroscópicas que o fio de poliglecaprone corado e não induziu cicatrização com reação de corpo estranho, mostrando-se efetivo no reparo das lesões traumáticas esplênicas, em ratos.

Kaivohuoneen ohjelma 15 – 25/8. Brunns Program 15 – 25/8

Ravintolan viihdeohjelmisto. Ajalle 15.-25.8.1937. Suomen- ja ruotsinkielinen.

Kehä V – opastuksen toteutusmahdollisuuksia valtatiellä 25 ja kantatiellä 55

Tämä työ on osa vuonna 2007 alkanutta Kehä V –hanketta ja jatkoselvitys Kehä V:n opastuksen ja viitoituksen esiselvitykselle. Hankkeen taustalla vaikuttavat kaikki tien lähialueen kunnat sekä kauppakamarit. Myös kuntien elinkeinotoimet ja –yhtiöt ovat sitoutuneet hankkeeseen. Tässä selvityksessä on tutkittu tarkemmin Kehä V –viitoituksen toteutuksen mahdollisuuksia. Lähtökohtaisesti tarkoituksena oli tehdä tarkempia liittymäkuvia Kehä V -opasteista tarkempine kustannuksineen. Työn aikana jouduttiin kuitenkin myös uudelleen miettimään Kehä V –opastuksen muotoa ja luonnostelemaan sen teknistä toteutusta. Suunnittelun aikana työryhmä selvitti myös viranomaisilta Kehä V –opastuksen toteutumisnäkymiä. Tähän selvitykseen on koottu yhteen Kehä V:n viitoituksen lähtökohtia, toteutukseen liittyviä näkökohtia ja alustavaa kustannustietoa jatkotyöskentelyä varten.