Clinical investigation of bacterial species and endotoxin in endodontic infection and evaluation of root canal content activity against macrophages by cytokine production

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

18-Year Follow-up of Dens Invaginatus: Retrograde Endodontic Treatment

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Central Giant Cell Granuloma in Pediatric Maxilla: Surgical Management

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is an intraosseous lesion consisting of fibrous cellular tissue that contains multiple foci of hemorrhage, multinucleated giant cells, and occasional trabeculae of woven bone. An 8-year-old boy presented himself complaining of a painless swelling in the left maxilla that had started 1 year. Computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed a poorly defined multilocular radiolucent lesion in the left maxilla crossing the midline. The patient underwent enucleation through an intraoral approach of the lesion. The biopsy revealed multinucleated giant cells in a fibrous stroma. A CT was taken approximately 1 year postoperatively. There was no clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence. Therefore, surgical treatment of CGCG can be performed, trying to preserve the surrounding anatomic structures, which can be maintained in case the lesion does not show an aggressive clinical behavior, avoiding large surgical defects which are undesirable in children.

Spontaneous healing responses detected by cone-beam computed tomography of horizontal root fractures: a report of two cases

Horizontal root fractures (HRF) usually affect the anterior teeth as a result of trauma, and generally heal spontaneously, depending on the vitality of the pulp. Diagnosis based on clinical findings, sensitivity tests, and radiographic examination is important to determine the presence of a root fracture and to prevent a root fracture from passing unnoticed. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been used successfully for diagnosis and prognosis imaging of root fractures and has proved to be superior to other radiographic methods. This study reports two cases of dental trauma caused by a collision and a sports accident. The patients suffered horizontal root fractures in the maxillary left central incisor and in the mandibular left central incisor. The diagnosis of root fracture was confirmed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, which also demonstrated spontaneous healing of the fracture line. The repair occurred by interposition of connective tissue in the former case and by interposition of bone and connective tissue in the latter case. The final diagnoses of both cases were based on CBCT images, indicating the importance of a CBCT examination to reach a firm diagnosis and to follow the healing process of root fracture cases, avoiding unnecessary radical endodontic treatment.

Calvarial Autogenous Bone Graft for Maxillary Ridge and Sinus Reconstruction for Rehabilitation With Dental Implants

Autogenous bone grafting is the gold-standard technique for bone augmentation procedures prior to implant placement. If the amount of available intraoral donor bone is insufficient, it is necessary to harvest bone graft from extraoral sites, such as calvaria. Although this technique is well established, only a few case reports show the histological analysis of the grafted bone at the moment of implant placement. This article reports the case of a 48-year-old female patient with a critical atrophic maxillary ridge reconstructed using autogenous calvarial bone graft prior to implant placement, with clinical and histological evaluation. Bone was collected under general anesthesia from the parietal bone. The outer cortical originated the bone blocks, and the medullar bone layer between was collected to be used in the sinus augmentation procedure, together with 5 of the bone blocks triturated. Six months after bone augmentation, 8 implants were placed in the grafted area and 2 biopsies were retrieved (anterior and the posterior regions), allowing the visualization of the bone-remodeling process in the grafted areas. The patient had a stable recovery. Our results showed that although necrotic bone could still be seen in the outer layer of the grafted area, the interface between this necrotic bone and the already remodeled bone was consistent with biocompatibility. Two-year radiographic evaluation showed success of the grafts and the implants in supporting an esthetic and functionally stable prosthesis. Summarizing, calvarial bone grafts are a viable alternative for the attainment of adequate bone volume prior to implant placement.

Echocardiographic aspects of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a Persian cat: case report

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary myocardial abnormality characterized by diastolic dysfunction and congestive heart failure of unknown etiology. It is a cardiac disorder most common in cats (Felis catus), and is reported as a rare condition in dogs. There are racial, sex and age predisposition in cats. Clinical signs commonly found are anorexia, nausea, vomiting, acute dyspnea, paresis or paralysis of hind limbs. Radiographic and electrocardiographic exams are critical to understanding the disease, but Doppler echocardiographic imaging is the definitive method for diagnosis. Our objective is to report the appearance and Doppler ultrasonography in a case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a 3-year-old Persian cat.

conventional radiography and computed tomography to cervical spine study of adult horses - review

The imaging is essential to aid the diagnosis of horses that have performance decrease associated with any pain or clinical signs related to the vertebral column. Radiography is the first imaging examination performed in these cases, particularly for disorders affecting the cervical region. However, this technique has limitations when the study of subtle changes due to the overlapping of adjacent structures. Computed tomography is a new diagnostic method in Brazil for the study of bone disorders in horses, but it is of great diagnostic value associate with the radiographic examination in order to provide an accurate assessment of the study area, owing to superiority in image quality when compared to conventional radiography. The aim of this study is increase and update knowledge of diagnostic imaging available to investigate cervical disorders in horses.

Congenital bone malformation in a rainbow boa Epicrates cenchria crassus - case report

Bone malformation in snakes stems from inbreeding or temperature variations during gestation or incubation. Differential diagnosis are osteoarthropathy due to nutritional, metabolic and infectious diseases. For an accurate diagnosis of these changes, a radiographic exam is essential because it provides a general view of the skeleton and detects morphological abnormalities. This study aimed to report the clinical care of a rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria crassus) with congenital kyphosis and changes in scales, from a snake pit with controlled temperature and humidity since its gestation. Multiple dorsal deviations of the column without the presence of osteoarthrosis were seen upon radiographic examination. Studies aiming to understand the cases of congenital malformation in snakes should be performed to prevent the birth of animals with this type of change.

Vertebral spine of Tamandu-mirim Tamandua tetradactyla

Anatomical studies of the anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) are scarce and the articles that describe the vertebral column of this species have variations in the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. This study had the objective of adding data to the existing literature about the anatomical composition of an anteater's vertebral column using radiographic and tomographic exams. Based on the cadaver of a young female anteater, we observed a total of 7 cervical, 16 thoracic, 3 lumbar and 5 sacral vertebrae, which differed from the cited literature, especially with respect to the thoracic vertebrae. This demonstrates the need for studies with a larger number of individuals in order to standardize possible anatomic variations for the species.

Canine osteomyelitis caused by Leishmania sp

Leishmaniasis is a disease emerging or re-emerging worldwide distribution (Sousa, 2008), a major impact on public health. The canine visceral leishmaniasis is an infectious parasitic zoonosis of worldwide distribution (Troncarelli, 2009), caused by a flagellate protozoan called Leishmania chagasi (Costard, 2009). Osteomyelitis can develop when the parasite reaches the bone tissue of the host via blood or continuity of adjacent soft tissue infection (Baltenperger, 2004). The histopathology of the lesions has 100% specificity when viewing the amastigote form of the parasite (Feitosa et al., 2000). A dog breed poodle, female, five years, with chronic lameness four months ago was attended by a veterinary, proceeded to the general clinical examination, radiographic evaluation of the hindquarters and the laboratory tests of enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (RIFI) for Leishmania sp. On examination, besides the enlargement of lymph nodes, the animal showed pain on flexion and extension of hind limbs. In radiographic lytic bone lesions were observed in bilateral ischial board and greater trochanter of the femur, suggestive of osteomyelitis. In specific laboratory tests for diagnosis of leishmaniasis ELISA reagent and RIFI reagent 1:40. As recommended by the Ministry of Health, the animal was euthanized. No macroscopic findings were reported during the necropsy, usually associated with leishmaniasis. The ischium bone fragments were sent for histopathological examination. There was intense proliferation of mononuclear inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages and lymphocytes. Amastigotes of Leishmania sp, were identified in the cytoplasm of some macrophages and bone tissue. In endemic areas for canine leishmaniasis, dogs with a history of intermittent lameness, and radiographic lytic bone lesions suggestive of osteomyelitis should be directed to realization of the histopathology and serologic tests for the differential diagnosis of Leishmania sp. Even without evidence of cutaneous or visceral lesions, usually associated with this disease.

Achados radiográficos e ultrassonográficos em equinos com doença do navicular

The distal sesamoid bone, also known as navicular bone, is located inside the hoof, palmar (thoracic limbs) or plantar (pelvic limbs) to distal interphalangeal joint. Its extremities are fixed by collateral medial and lateral sesamoidean ligament and distal impar sesamoidean ligament. Navicular disease diagnostic is made through a thorough clinical exam, nerve blocks and imaging exams. Even though imaging exams are not conclusive, they are essential to evaluate the extension of soft tissue lesions. Radiographic projections used to evaluate navicular bone are lateromedial (LM); dorsoproximal-palmaro/plantarodistal oblíqua (D30Pr-PaDiO); dorsoproximal-palmaro/plantarodistal oblíqua (D60Pr-PaDiO) e a palmaro/plantaroproximal-palmaro/plantarodistal oblíqua (PaPr-PaDiO). This exam allows to identify number and shape alterations of synovial invaginations on the distal (foramem nutricio) in the distal margin of distal sesamoid, osteophytes, enthesophytes and periarticular lesions. There are four ultrasonographic accesses described in literature to evaluate podotroclear apparatus, they are: palmar or plantar distal do the pastern, through the heel bulbs, through coronary band and transcuneal. These images allow a beeter the evaluation of soft tissue next to the distal sesamoid, because it is more sensitive than radiographic exam to evaluate acute lesions in soft tissues and perioesteum

Diagnóstico de gestação em cadelas: aspectos radiográficos e ultrassonográficos

The modernization of image equipaments associate to the veterinary professionals qualification allowed an advance in diagnosis veterinary medicine, and, consequently, in premature pregnancy diagnosis in bitches. Currently, owners and creators search for information related to pregnancy detection, fetal development and viability and litter size determination. Through diagnosis methods as radiology and ultrasonography, associated to clinics aspects, the diagnosis of early pregnancy become more acurated and precise, allowing more quality in the accompaniment of prenatal of these bitches. Ultrasonographic exams help the accompaniment of these pregnancies through of visuals recourses, which can supply information related to pregnancy detection, embrionary and fetal development, fetal viability e litter size determination through fetals mensurations. The radiographic study has as principal indication the fetal counting, and has been the most acurated for this analyses. It may be done after the da s after the luteini ing hormone surge, when occurs the fetal mineralization. Due to its importance in the present time and in small animals clinic, the objective of this study is to discuss the main radiographics and ultrassonographics aspects of the diagnosis of pregnancy in bitches

Avaliação do uso de fantomas antropomórficos na análise experimental dos fatores que afetam o contraste de imagens radiográficas

This experimental study aimed the evaluation of the use of anthropomorphic phantoms in the analysis of the influence of the acquisition parameters in the contrast of radiographic images. The analyzed factors were the variation of the peak kilovoltage (kVp) and the product of the filament circuit by the time of exposition (mAs). The influence of these factors was verified for different anthropomorphic phantoms: foot, knee and chest. The image contrast behavior with the simulators was compared to values obtained with the use of an aluminum ladder being the behavior of this reference for analysis and discussion. To assure the reproducibility of images, quality control tests were made and evaluation of procedure conditions before the experiments. The results obtained are shown in a scale of images where it was possible to evaluate the impact in the darkness of images. Regions with different compositions were analyzed which were different in image, this way the values of optical density and contrast are represented as charts and graphics. We conclude that the use of anthropomorphic phantoms in the evaluation of the influence of tension of the tube and time of exposition in the contrast of the radiographic images is not indicated for a quantitative analysis through optical density, once they present incompatible results with the data as reference as the aluminum ladder even so these simulators present a great property in qualitative analysis regarding the differentiation of structures and subjective evaluations

Mensuração das dimensões cardíacas pelo método VHS (Vertebral Heart Size) em cães

It is imortant to be able to evaluate the cardiact size . In 1995, was proposed by Buchanan and Bücheler a new way to measure the dimensions of the cardiac silhouette. This study aims to gather several studies of the cardiac dimensions by VHS method in the right lateral recumbency of of different breeds of dogs in a single work, facilitating the assess to information. Deep chest breeds have a smaller mean VHS value than the barrel chest breeds, showing that there is a variation of the VHS values acoording to the thoracic conformation of each breed, which indicates that there is a need to recognize the specific VHS values according to the breed standard to not to interpret the cardiac measurement in a wrong way through not compatible reference values for the animal. There is the individual variation that should be taken into accont at the time of measurement. The VHS is a helper method to a radiographic evaluation of the heart, and the ultrasonography remains the gold standard for the evaluation of the cardiac chambers and other changes of the heart

Análise da densidade óssea de rádio-ulna de cães SRD utilizando o método de imersão

Imaging diagnosis is a medical specialty that uses imaging techniques to perform diagnosis. In diagnostic imaging various methods are used such as direct absorption of photons - SPA and DPA, radiographic photometry, the dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry - DEXA, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and optical densitometry in radiographic image. The dog can be considered one of the most widely used animals in the study of bone diseases and searching for a reliable diagnosis, although not an ideal model for the study of osteoporosis, because these animals tend not to develop a decrease in bone mineral density. The objective of this study was to analyze bone density in mongrel dogs from the determination of the variation of density along the radio-ulna bone and also the mean value related to gender, weight and age of individuals. The density analysis carried out showed that for this data set, there is a significant difference in the case of gender and age of the animal and may generalize according to these variables. The only significant difference was found in the weight, which increases bone mass is related to weight gain through the growth of the animal