Preferência de Bemisia tabaci biótipo B para oviposição em cultivares de algodoeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a preferência de Bemisia tabaci biótipo B para oviposição em cultivares de algodoeiro. Em teste com chance de escolha, a cultivar Deltapine Acala 90, pilosa, foi a mais preferida para oviposição (6,11 ovos/cm² de folha) em relação a Antares, glabra, (0,49 ovos/cm² de folha). A preferência para oviposição da mosca-branca não foi influenciada pelas cultivares em teste sem chance de escolha. Considerando o índice de preferência para oviposição, a cultivar Deltapine Acala 90 foi classificada como estimulante, e Antares como deterrente, demonstrando resistência do tipo não-preferência para oviposição a B. tabaci biótipo B.

Iowa Drivers Manual, 2013-2014

The rules and regulations for operating a motored vehicles in Iowa.

Iowa Motorcycle Operator's Manual, 2014

The rules and regualtions for owning and operating a motorcycle in Iowa

Identity and combinations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates influence plant resistance and insect preference

1. Accumulating evidence indicates that plant resistance against above-ground herbivores can be affected by the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in association with the host plant. Little is known, however, about how AMF composition can influence herbivore choice to feed on a particular plant. 2. Unravelling the preference-performance hypothesis in a multitrophic context is needed to expand our knowledge of complex multitrophic interactions in natural systems. If given mycorrhizal fungal genotypes increase attractiveness for a herbivore (reduced plant resistance), then the benefits of increased unpalatability provided by the mycorrhizal fungi (increased plant resistance) might be outweighed by the increased herbivore recruitment. 3. This was addressed by designing three experiments to test the effects of different AMF genotypes, inoculated either alone or in combination, to measure intraspecific AMF effects on plant resistance and insect herbivore preference. Using strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) plants that were colonised by eight different combinations of Rhizophagus irregularis isolates, we measured effects on plant growth, insect growth and survival, as well as feeding preferences of a generalist herbivore caterpillar (Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval). 4. Overall, it was found that: (i) AMF influenced plant resistance in an AMF genotype-specific manner; (ii) some AMF inoculations decreased insect performance; (iii) insects preferentially chose to feed more on leaves originating from non-mycorrhizal plants; but also that (iv) in a whole plant bioassay, insects preferentially chose the biggest plant, regardless of their mycorrhizal status. 5. Therefore, AMF-mediated trade-offs between growth and resistance against herbivores have been shown. Such trade-offs, particularly driven by plant attractiveness to herbivores, buffer the positive effects of the mycorrhizal symbiosis on enhanced plant growth.

Preferência alimentar do bicudo-do-algodoeiro por frutos de diferentes cultivares e idades

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a preferência alimentar de adultos do bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, 1843 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), por duas cultivares de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L.) com frutos de diferentes idades. Foram realizados quatro experimentos em laboratório, avaliando-se o número de orifícios de alimentação. Maçãs de 2, 8 e 12 dias de idade, das cultivares IAC-20 e Reba P288, foram oferecidas aos insetos, confinados em recipientes, com opção de escolha quanto à idade e cultivar (primeiro experimento), sem opção de escolha quanto à idade e cultivar (segundo experimento), sem opção de escolha quanto à cultivar e com opção quanto a idade (terceiro experimento) e sem opção quanto à idade e com opção de escolha quanto à cultivar (quarto experimento). Observou-se preferência por maçãs da cultivar IAC-20 com dois dias de idade, com uma redução de danos de 23,53% e 78,43%, respectivamente, aos oito e aos doze dias de idade.

Hand-disinfectant alcoholic vapors in incubators

La désinfection des mains avant d'effectuer des soins est un acte indispensable en médecine clinique pour limiter le risque de transmission de germes. Après utilisation des produits désinfectants mis à disposition dans les services de soins, il se dégage une odeur alcoolique forte et désagréable, liée directement aux alcools antimicrobiens des solutions. Une étude a montré qu'une exposition aiguë et brève aux vapeurs d'éthanol et isopropanol chez des enfants prématurés pouvait être mise en relation avec des changements hémodynamiques au niveau de la zone olfactive orbito-frontale [1]. Aucune norme réglementant les concentrations de vapeurs d'éthanol ou isopropanol auxquelles les nouveau-nés peuvent être exposés n'existe. Cette thèse avait pour but d'étudier l'exposition des nouveaux nés soignés dans des incubateurs à des vapeurs d'alcool (éthanol et isopropanol). Elle était composée de 2 parties qui ont été publiées dans 2 articles différents et qui représentent le travail de doctorat [2-3]. La 1ère partie était une étude observationnelle d'une série de cas [2], Des mesures des concentrations des vapeurs d'alcool ont été effectuées auprès de 9 nouveau-nés soignés dans des incubateurs de même modèle au sein de l'unité de néonatologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois à Lausanne. Sur 4 heures, les concentrations instantanées et moyennes ont été mesurées par deux techniques (photoionisation et respectivement chromatographic après absorption sur charbon actif). Onze analyses ont été effectuées en 2004-2005. Elles ont révélé des taux très variables d'éthanol et d'isopropanol dans les incubateurs (avec des valeurs maximales de 1982 ppm pour l'isopropanol et 906 ppm pour l'éthanol) correspondant aux introduction de mains fraîchement désinfectées dans les isolettes. Les concentrations moyennes variaient entre 9.8 ppm et plus de 61 ppm pour l'éthanol et < 0.01 ppm et 119 ppm pour l'isopropanol. La 2e partie a été réalisée en collaboration avec le PD Dr D. Vernez de l'Institut Universitaire Romand de Santé au Travail [3], Un modèle théorique prédictif des concentrations alcooliques dans des incubateurs pour nouveau-nés a été développé. Des séries de mesures standardisées des variations des concentrations alcooliques dans un incubateur sans patient ont été effectuées en changeant trois variables: 1) le renouvellement de l'air dans l'incubateur en variant le nombre de portes ouvertes, 2) la quantité de solution alcoolique versée sur les mains avant de les introduire dans l'incubateur 3) le temps de séchage des mains après désinfection et avant de les introduire dans l'incubateur. La modélisation a permis de décrire la cinétique des concentrations d'alcool dans les incubateurs et d'évaluer les pistes potentielles pour diminuer les risques d'exposition des nouveau-nés à ces vapeurs dans leurs incubateurs. En conclusion, la 1 ère partie a mis en évidence, pour la première fois, que des nouveau- nés soignés en incubateurs peuvent être exposés à des vapeurs d'alcool. Comme il η y a aucune norme d'exposition pour cette population et que les seules limites d'exposition existantes sont destinées à des travailleurs adultes, aucune conclusion précise ne peut être avancée sur les risques toxicologiques. L'exposition à des vapeurs polluantes d'un nouveau-né à terme ou prématuré, en plein développement neuro-sensoriel, devrait toutefois, à priori, être évitée. La 2ème partie permet de proposer des pistes pratiques pour diminuer les concentrations des vapeurs d'alcool dans les incubateurs: respecter le temps de séchage des mains après leur désinfection et avant de les introduire dans les isolettes et/ou préférer un désinfectant alcoolique à faible temps d'évaporation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of focal hand dystonia.

The treatment of writer's cramp, a task-specific focal hand dystonia, needs new approaches. A deficiency of inhibition in the motor cortex might cause writer's cramp. Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates cortical excitability and may provide a therapeutic alternative. In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study, we investigated the efficacy of cathodal stimulation of the contralateral motor cortex in 3 sessions in 1 week. Assessment over a 2-week period included clinical scales, subjective ratings, kinematic handwriting analysis, and neurophysiological evaluation. Twelve patients with unilateral dystonic writer's cramp were investigated; 6 received transcranial direct current and 6 sham stimulation. Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation had no favorable effects on clinical scales and failed to restore normal handwriting kinematics and cortical inhibition. Subjective worsening remained unexplained, leading to premature study termination. Repeated sessions of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex yielded no favorable results supporting a therapeutic potential in writer's cramp.

Calibration of Highway Safety Manual Work Zone Crash Modification Factors, TPF-5(081), 2014

The Highway Safety Manual is the national safety manual that provides quantitative methods for analyzing highway safety. The HSM presents crash modification factors related to work zone characteristics such as work zone duration and length. These crash modification factors were based on high-impact work zones in California. Therefore there was a need to use work zone and safety data from the Midwest to calibrate these crash modification factors for use in the Midwest. Almost 11,000 Missouri freeway work zones were analyzed to derive a representative and stratified sample of 162 work zones. The 162 work zones was more than four times the number of work zones used in the HSM. This dataset was used for modeling and testing crash modification factors applicable to the Midwest. The dataset contained work zones ranging from 0.76 mile to 9.24 miles and with durations from 16 days to 590 days. A combined fatal/injury/non-injury model produced a R2 fit of 0.9079 and a prediction slope of 0.963. The resulting crash modification factors of 1.01 for duration and 0.58 for length were smaller than the values in the HSM. Two practical application examples illustrate the use of the crash modification factors for comparing alternate work zone setups.

Diverging Cave- and River-Dwelling Newts Exert the Same Mate Preference in their Native Light Conditions

When colonizing a new habitat, populations must adapt their sexual behaviour to new ecological constraints. Because caves display drastically different conditions from surface habitats and cave animals are deprived from visual information, hypogean populations are expected to have modified their mate preference and signalling behaviour after cave colonization. Here, we experimentally examined the female preference and the sexual behaviour of brook newts Calotriton asper from different cave and river populations, either in light or in darkness. Our results suggest that females prefer large individuals in both hypogean and epigean populations, but that this preference is only expressed in the light conditions of their native habitat. Hence, some mate choice criteria would be maintained across genetically divergent populations and throughout dissimilar habitats. However, this sexual behaviour is likely to be expressed via a different sensory pathway in the different habitats, suggesting that a sensory shift has occurred in cave populations, enabling animals to communicate through a non-visual channel.

Iowa Drainage Law Manual, TR-497, 2005

The relationship between Iowa’s roads and drainage developed when rural roads were originally constructed. The land parallel to roadways was excavated to create road embankments. The resulting ditches provided an outlet for shallow tiles to drain nearby fields for farming. Iowa’s climate and terrain are nearly ideal for farming, and more than 90 percent of the land suits the purpose. Much of the land, however, needs to be artificially drained to achieve maximum productivity. Most of this drainage has been accomplished with an extensive network of levees, open ditches, and underground tiles. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that as early as 1920 approximately nine million acres of Iowa farm land had been artificially drained or needed to be. Couple this drainage system with Iowa’s extensive surface transportation system—approximately 100,000 miles of roads and streets, 90,000 on local systems— and potential for conflicts will naturally arise. This is particularly true with urban expansion resulting in residential and commercial development of rural land. This manual contains summaries of and references to the laws most relevant to drainage in Iowa. It also includes frequently asked questions about transportation agencies’ responsibilities related to drainage. Typical policies and agreement forms used by agencies to address drainage issues are illustrated and a glossary of common terms is included.

Iowa Driver's Manual 2013-2014

This manual will provide you the information needed for a general understanding of the principles of safe and lawful operation of a motor vehicle. However, it is NOT intended to serve as a precise statement of Iowa statutes concerning the operation of a motor vehicle and should not be considered as such. For further information, check the Code of Iowa, Chapters 321 through 321J, and the Iowa Department of Transportation rules contained in the Iowa Administrative Code.

Manual of Laboratory Mix Design Procedure for Cold In-Place Recycling using Foamed Asphalt (CIR-foam), TR-474, 2007

The objective is to determine the optimum percentage of water needed to produce the best foam properties for a given asphalt binder. The optimum water content is determined by achieving the maximum expansion ratio and half-life of the foamed asphalt. Expansion ratio is defined as the maximum volume over its original volume and half-life is defined as the time in seconds for foam to become a half of its maximum volume.

Between manualized treatments and principle-guided psychotherapy: illustration in the case of Caroline

My case study of "Caroline"-a 26 year old presenting with depression, PTSD symptoms, and a history of sexual abuse as a teenager-represents a "third way" between (1) a strict adherence to a manualized treatment, and (2) a principle-guided therapy, in which the therapy follows particular theoretical concepts, but depends on the therapist's clinical judgement to flexibly apply them to the individual case. Specifically, in my therapy with Caroline (Kramer, 2009), I employed Foa and Rothbaum's (1998) cognitive-behavioral, "Prolonged Exposure" (PE) manual for PTSD, but deviated from it in certain ways based upon my evaluation of Caroline's individualized goals and reactions using Grawe and Caspar's "Plan Analysis," which is a cross-theoretical model for assessment and treatment planning. In their commentaries on my case study of Caroline, Caspar (2009) and Haldimann-Balli (see Appendix in Kramer, 2009) support my use of this third way. On the other hand, the other commentators-Muller (2009) and Hembree and Brinen (2009)-critique my handling of the case, arguing that strict adherence to the Foa and Rothbaum manual would have resulted in a more cost-effective therapy. In this article, I respond to the important issues raised by the four commentators.

Iowa Bridge Backwater Software User Manual, Version 2.0, TR-564, 2010

This manual describes how to use the Iowa Bridge Backwater software. It also documents the methods and equations used for the calculations. The main body describes how to use the software and the appendices cover technical aspects. The Bridge Backwater software performs 5 main tasks: Design Discharge Estimation; Stream Rating Curves; Floodway Encroachment; Bridge Backwater; and Bridge Scour. The intent of this program is to provide a simplified method for analysis of bridge backwater for rural structures located in areas with low flood damage potential. The software is written in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. It will run under Windows 95 or newer versions (i.e. Windows 98, NT, 2000, XP and later).