Does ear C sink strength contributes to the overcoming of photosynthetic acclimation of wheat plants exposed to elevated CO2?

Wheat plants (Triticum durum Desf., cv. Regallo) were grown in the field to study the effects of contrasting [CO2] conditions (700 versus 370 μmol mol−1) on growth, photosynthetic performance, and C management during the post-anthesis period. The aim was to test whether a restricted capacity of sink organs to utilize photosynthates drives a loss of photosynthetic capacity in elevated CO2. The ambient 13C/12C isotopic composition (δ13C) of air CO2 was changed from-10.2 in ambient [CO2] to-23.6 under elevated [CO2] between the 7th and the 14th days after anthesis in order to study C assimilation and partitioning between leaves and ears. Elevated [CO2] had no significant effect on biomass production and grain filling, and caused an accumulation of C compounds in leaves. This was accompanied by up-regulation of phosphoglycerate mutase and ATP synthase protein content, together with down-regulation of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphatase protein. Growth in elevated [CO2] negatively affected Rubisco and Rubisco activase protein content and induced photosynthetic down-regulation. CO2 enrichment caused a specific decrease in Rubisco content, together with decreases in the amino acid and total N content of leaves. The C labelling revealed that in flag leaves, part of the C fixed during grain filling was stored as starch and structural C compounds whereas the rest of the labelled C (mainly in the form of soluble sugars) was completely respired 48 h after the end of labelling. Although labelled C was not detected in the δ13C of ear total organic matter and respired CO2, soluble sugar δ13C revealed that a small amount of labelled C reached the ear. The 12CO2 labelling suggests that during the beginning of post-anthesis the ear did not contribute towards overcoming flag leaf carbohydrate accumulation, and this had a consequent effect on protein expression and photosynthetic acclimation.

An Optimum Coating Colour Formula for CSWO-printing

Pigmenttipäällystyksen tarkoituksena on parantaa painopapereiden pintaominaisuuksia. Tämän työn tarkoituksena oli löytää sopiva päällystyspasta päällystetylle coldset-paperille. Kirjallisuusosassa on käsitelty coldset-painatusta ja sen ongelmia. Päällystysmenetelmän perusteita, pastan ominaisuuksia ja niiden vaikutusta päällystystulokseen on myös käsitelty. Lisäksi on esitelty joitakin päällystetyn paperin pinnantutkimusmenetelmiä. Kokeellisessa osassa on tutkittu erilaisten pastakoostumusten ja päällystemäärien sekä kalanteroinnin vaikutusta paperin painettavuuteen. Paperit on päällystetty Helicoaterilla ja joitakin pastoja on testattu myös pilot-mittakaavaisessa päällystyksessä. Selitystä paperin käyttäytymiseen painatuksessa on etsitty päällystetyn paperin pintarakenteesta. Paras painettavuus saavutetaan päällysteellä, jossa pigmenttinä on vain karbonaatti. Painojälkeä voidaan parantaa käyttämällä kalsinoitua kaoliinia yhdessä karbonaatin kanssa, mutta tämän päällysteen pintalujuus ei ole riittävä CSWO-painatukseen. Tärkkipigmentti parantaa veden ja painovärin absorptiota ja siten tekee painetun tuotteen kuivemmaksi ja miellyttävämmän tuntuiseksi, mutta aiheuttaa smearingia. Tämä johtuu liian nopeasta musteen asettuvuudesta. "Pehmeä" SB-lateksi soveltuu paremmin offset-painatukseen kuin "kova" lateksi, joka sisältää myös PVAc:ta. "Pehmeällä" lateksilla saadaan parempi pintalujuus ja painojälki kuin "kovalla" lateksilla. Paperin pölyävyyttä painatuksessa voidaan vähentää nostamalla päällystemäärää ja laskemalla pastan kuiva-ainepitoisuutta. Kalanteroinnilla ei pintalujuutta tai painojälkeä voida parantaa. Selitys tutkimuksessa käsiteltyjen papereiden painojäljelle ja painettavuudelle löydetään tutkimalla päällysteen pintarakennetta. Painojälkeen vaikuttaa eniten päällysteen peittoaste. Huonoa peittävyyttä voidaan parantaa nostamalla päällystemäärää. Pölyäminen painatuksessa johtuu pigmenteistä, jotka eivät ole sidottuja paperin pintaan. Tämä taas johtuu pastan huonosta vesiretentiosta. Hyödyllisintä tietoa näiden papereiden pintarakenteesta saadaan tutkimalla pintaa pyyhkäisyelektonimikroskoopilla (SEM), atomivoimamikroskoopilla (AFM) ja laserindusoidulla plasmaspektrometrilla (LIPS). LIPSin etuna on se, että päällystemääräjaukauma voidaan määrittää sekä x-y- että z-suunnassa samanaikaisesti samasta kohdasta. LIPSissä myös näytteen preparointitarve on hyvin vähäinen.

Development of an epidermal growth factor derivative with EGFR blocking activity.

The members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)/ErbB family are prime targets for cancer therapy. However, the therapeutic efficiency of the existing anti-ErbB agents is limited. Thus, identifying new molecules that inactivate the ErbB receptors through novel strategies is an important goal on cancer research. In this study we have developed a shorter form of human EGF (EGFt) with a truncated C-terminal as a novel EGFR inhibitor. EGFt was designed based on the superimposition of the three-dimensional structures of EGF and the Potato Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor (PCI), an EGFR blocker previously described by our group. The peptide was produced in E. coli with a high yield of the correctly folded peptide. EGFt showed specificity and high affinity for EGFR but induced poor EGFR homodimerization and phosphorylation. Interestingly, EGFt promoted EGFR internalization and translocation to the cell nucleus although it did not stimulate the cell growth. In addition, EGFt competed with EGFR native ligands, inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. These data indicate that EGFt may be a potential EGFR blocker for cancer therapy. In addition, the lack of EGFR-mediated growth-stimulatory activity makes EGFt an excellent delivery agent to target toxins to tumours over-expressing EGFR.

Retentiojärjestelmän optimointi kartonkikoneella

Diplomityössä tutkittiin kartonkikoneen retentiojärjestelmää ja eri mahdollisuuksia retention ja vedenpoiston tehostamiseen. Tavoitteena oli parantaa etenkin runkokerroksen retentiota ja vedenpoistoa. Työssä testattiin kilpailevan kemikaalitoimittajan mikropartikkelia kartonkikoneella. Lisäksi runkokerroksessa testattiin retentiotärkkelyksen vaikutus kartongin palstaumislujuuteen, suoritettiin käytössä olevan mikropartikkelin annostuksen optimointi sekä testattiin alunan käyttöä retentioainesysteemin tehoaineena. Kirjallisuusosassa tarkasteltiin pinta- ja kolloidikemian perusteita, retentioainejärjestelmiä ja niissä käytettäviä kemikaaleja sekä retentioaineilla tehtävään flokkaukseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Laboratoriokokeilla tutkittiin kokeellisessa osassa eri mikropartikkelijärjestelmien toimivuutta kartonkikoneen eri kerroksien massoilla. Toimivimmaksi osoittautuneella mikropartikkelilla suoritettiin pilot-koeajo runkokerroksen massalla. Lisäksi suoritettiin toinen pilot-koeajo, jossa tutkittiin mikropartikkelin vaikutuksia saostuman aiheuttajana. Pilot-koeajoissa saavutettiin samat retentiotasot kuin referenssisysteemillä lähes puolet pienemmällä kemikaalin kulutuksella. Kartongin laatuominaisuuksista huokoisuus, formaatio ja AKD-liiman retentio muuttuivat viiraretention mukaan. Saostumakoeajossa ei todettu retentioaineen vaikuttavan saostumien syntyyn. Täyden mittakaavan koeajossa tarkoituksena oli testata kilpailevan mikropartikkelin toimivuus kartonkikoneella. Koeajossa etsittiin optimaalinen mikropartikkelin annostus eri kerroksiin. Pintakerroksen tuhkaretentio nousi hiukan ja vedenpoisto parani. Runko- ja taustakerroksessa saavutettiin samat retentiotasot sekä vedenpoistot. Samat retentiotasot saavutettiin n. 25 % pienemmällä mikropartikkelin kulutuksella. Kartongin laatuominaisuuksista seurattiin palstautumislujuutta, formaatiota ja AKD-liiman retentoitumista. Kartongin palstautumislujuus heikkeni. Vastaavasti runko- ja taustakerroksen AKD-liiman retentio oli hiukan korkeampi koeajetulla mikropartikkelilla. Formaatiossa ei tapahtunut merkittäviä muutoksia. Jatkokokeet tehtiin kartonkikoneen runkokerroksessa. Kokeissa todettiin retentiotärkkelyksen vaikuttavan kartongin palstautumislujuuteen. Käytössä olevan mikropartikkelin annostelun optimointikokeissa ei saavutettu parannusta retentioon eikä vedenpoistoon. Mikropartikkelilla saavutetaan tietty retentiotaso, jonka jälkeen sillä ei ole enää vaikutusta retentiotasoon. Alunan annostelukokeissa ei alle yksi kg/t annosmäärällä ole vaikutusta retentioon ja vedenpoistoon.

Nutritional potential of green banana flour obtained by drying in spouted bed

This study evaluated the chemical composition of peeled and unpeeled green banana Cavendish (AAA) flour obtained by drying in spouted bed, aiming at adding nutritional value to food products. The bananas were sliced and crushed to obtain a paste and fed to the spouted bed dryer (12 cm height and T = 80 ºC) in order to obtain flour. The flours obtained were subjected to analysis of moisture, protein, ash, carbohydrates, total starch, resistant starch, fiber. The green banana flours, mainly unpeeled, are good sources of fiber and resistant starch with an average of 21.91g/100g and 68.02g/100g respectively. The protein content was found in an average of 4.76g/100g, being classified as a low biological value protein with lysine as the first limiting amino acid. The results showed that unpeeled green banana flour obtained by spouted bed drying can be a valuable tool to add nutritional value to products in order to increase their non-digestible fraction.

Prosessimuuttujien vaikutus märän rainan irrotustapahtumaan

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää rainan irrotukseen puristinosan keskitelalta vaikuttavat tärkeimmät tekijät. Työn avulla pyrittiin ymmärtämään tuotantokoneella esiintyvien prosessimuuttujien vaikutusta rainan irrotustapahtumaan ja puristin- ja kuivatusosan väliseen vetoerotarpeeseen. Samalla tutkittiin märkävetojen vaikutusta paperin laatuun ja fluting-käyttäytymiseen HSWO-painossa. Kirjallisuusosassa käsiteltiin märän rainan irrotuksen perusteoriaa sekä rainan ja telapinnan väliseen adheesioon vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Kirjallisuusviitteiden avulla koottiin yhteen tärkeimmät rainan irrotukseen ja keskitelan ajettavuuteen vaikuttavat tekijät. Kirjallisuuden antamien viitteiden perusteella valittiin seurattavat prosessimuuttujat kokeelliseen osaan. Työn kokeellinen osa suoritettiin tuotantokoneella prosessiseurantana. Irrotusta tutkittiin rainan irrotuskohdan muutosten ja puristin- ja kuivatusosan välisen vetoeron avulla. Seurannan perusteella pyrittiin löytämään normaalissa ajotilanteessa rainan irrotusetäisyyteen suurimmat vaihteluita aiheuttavat tekijät. Lisäksi suoritettiin muutamia koeajoja, joiden uskottiin vaikuttavan irrotukseen. Valikoiduista koepisteistä analysoitiin myös vaikutus paperin laatusuureisiin. Työn perusteella selvitettiin suurin osa kyseisellä koneella irrotukseen vaikuttavista muuttujista. Tutkituista viira- ja puristinosan mekaanisista muuttujista eniten irrotukseen vaikuttivat koneen nopeus ja suihkuviirasuhde. Myös viiraosan vedenpoistoelementeillä ja puristinosan höyrylaatikolla havaittiin olevan vaikutusta irrotukseen. Prosessiin lisätyistä raaka-aineista irrotukseen vaikuttivat eniten CTMP:n osuus tuoremassasta, kationinen retentioaine sekä massatärkkelys. Massojen jauhatuksella sekä pohjapaperin täyteainepitoisuudella oli myös selvä vaste irrotukseen. Prosessin kemiallista tilaa kuvaavista suureista irrotukseen vaikutti selvimmin massasysteemin varaustila. Puristin- ja kuivatusosan välisen vetoeron korvaaminen viira- ja puristinosan välisellä vetoerolla helpotti irrotusta keskitelalta, mutta ei tuonut etuja paperin laatuominaisuuksiin eikä vähentänyt fluting-käyttäytymistä.

Evolutionary steps in the reproductive biology of Annonaceae

Flowers of Annonaceae are characterized by fleshy petals, many stamens with hard connective shields and numerous carpels with sessile stigmas often covered by sticky secretions. The petals of many representatives during anthesis form a closed pollination chamber. Protogynous dichogamy with strong scent emissions especially during the pistillate stage is a character of nearly all species. Scent emissions can be enhanced by thermogenesis. The prevailing reproductive system in the family seems to be self-compatibility. The basal genus Anaxagorea besides exhibiting several ancestral morphological characters has also many characters which reappear in other genera. Strong fruit-like scents consisting of fruit-esters and alcohols mainly attract small fruit-beetles (genus Colopterus, Nitidulidae) as pollinators, as well as several other beetles (Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae) and fruit-flies (Drosophilidae), which themselves gnaw on the thick petals or their larvae are petal or ovule predators. The flowers and the thick petals are thus a floral brood substrate for the visitors and the thick petals of Anaxagorea have to be interpreted as an antipredator structure. Another function of the closed thick petals is the production of heat by accumulated starch, which enhances scent emission and provides a warm shelter for the attracted beetles. Insight into floral characters and floral ecology of Anaxagorea, the sister group of the rest of the Annonaceae, is particularly important for understanding functional evolution and diversification of the family as a whole. As beetle pollination (cantharophily) is plesiomorphic in Anaxagorea and in Annonaceae, characters associated with beetle pollination appear imprinted in members of the whole family. Pollination by beetles (cantharophily) is the predominant mode of the majority of species worldwide. Examples are given of diurnal representatives (e.g., Guatteria, Duguetia, Annona) which function on the basis of fruit-imitating flowers attracting mainly fruit-inhabiting nitidulid beetles, as well as nocturnal species (e.g., large-flowered Annona and Duguetia species), which additionally to most of the diurnal species exhibit strong flower warming and provide very thick petal tissues for the voracious dynastid scarab beetles (Dynastinae, Scarabaeidae). Further examples will show that a few Annonaceae have adapted in their pollination also to thrips, flies, cockroaches and even bees. Although this non-beetle pollinated species have adapted in flower structure and scent compounds to their respective insects, they still retain some of the specialized cantharophilous characters of their ancestors.

Response of hexokinase enzymes and the insulin system to dietary carbohydrates in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

The response of the common carp to diets with varying amounts of digestible starch, provided either as pea meal (LP, HP, 30 and 46% peas, respectively) or as cereal (LW, HW, 30 and 46% wheat, respectively), was studied and compared with the response to a carbohydrate-free protein-rich diet (CF). Here we focused on the utilisation of dietary carbohydrates by examining the relationship between dietary starch intake, hepatic hexokinase activities, circulating insulin and muscle insulin receptor system. Plasma glucose concentration and hepatic high Km hexokinase (glucokinase, GK) activity were not affected by the content of digestible starch, but 6 h after feeding enzyme activity was higher in the fish fed carbohydrate diets. Similarly, low Km hexokinase (HK) activity was also higher in the fish 24 h after feeding. Fat gain and protein retention were significantly improved by increased digestible starch intake, especially in the HP group, which in turn, presented the highest plasma insulin levels. Glycogen stores were moderately increased by the ingestion of digestible starch. The number of insulin receptors was greater in the CF group than in fish on carbohydrates, except the HP group. Our results confirmed that the common carp uses dietary carbohydrates efficiently, especially when there are provided by peas. This efficiency might be related to the enhanced response of postprandial insulin observed in the HP group.

Sistema automático para determinação seqüencial de cianeto livre e total empregando eletrodo tubular íon-seletivo de membrana homogênea

This study presents an automated system for potentiometric determination of free and total cyanide which employs a homogeneous membrane tubular ion-selective electrode. After the electrode is assembled, it is connected to a system composed of 3 three-way solenoid valves, sample line, carrier line, acid stream, and gas diffusion chamber. A Turbo Pascal® computer program, developed specifically for this task, automatically performs all the steps involved in data acquisition and processing. The proposed analytical procedure offers operational simplicity, since detection is performed by a tubular electrode, whose assembly is fast and easy. The system has shown reproducibility (r.s.d. < 0.5%, n=6) and high speed (30 readings/hour); it is efficient for determination of free and total cyanide in waste waters of starch processing plants. The detection limit was 1.2x10-5 and 1.5x10-5 mol L-1, for determination of free and total cyanide, respectively. The linear response range was between 1.2x10-5 and 1.0x10-2 mol L-1 for free cyanide and between 1.5x10-5 and 1.0x10-2 for total cyanide.

Estudo termogravimétrico e calorimétrico da algaroba

Humidity and ash content of powder and bran of algaroba pods are important quality parameters for biological control during storage. The studies of humidity and ash content were carried out conventional and thermogravimetric methods. Different values were obtained by the various methods. The thermogravimetric method was faster and required less sample for the humidity and ash analyses of the powder and bran of algaroba pods. The differential scanning calorimetry curves of the powder and bran of algaroba pods, dryed at 55 ºC, showed two peaks, one corresponding to the gelatinization of starch and the other to the vaporization of water. The samples dryed at 65, 75, 85, 95 and 105 ºC showed one peak, corresponding to the vaporization of water.

Determinação espectrofotométrica de dipirona em produtos farmacêuticos por injeção em fluxo pela geração de íons triiodeto

A flow injection spectrophotometric procedure was developed for the determination of metamizol in pharmaceutical formulations. The system is based on the reaction between metamizol and triiodide generated in the system by mixing iodate and iodide-starch solutions. The absorbance of triiodide-starch complex giving a steady-state baseline value which was monitored at 580 nm. The inverse peaks caused by metamizol samples were measured and there was a direct relationship between absorbance decreasing and metamizol concentration from 1.4 x 10-4 to 7.0 x 10-4 mol L-1. The RSD was 0.45 % for a metamizol solution 4.2 x 10-4 mol L-1 (n = 10) with a detection limit (three-fold blank standard deviation/slope) of 6.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 The feasibility of the system was demonstrated for the determination of metamizol in commercial samples with sixty results obtained per hour. The results obtained for metamizol in pharmaceutical formulations using the proposed flow procedure and those obtained using an iodimetric procedure are in agreement at the 95% confidence level and within an acceptable range of error.

Determinação de paracetamol em produtos farmacêuticos usando um biossensor de pasta de carbono modificado com extrato bruto de abobrinha (Cucurbita pepo)

Crude extracts of several vegetables such as peach (Prunus persica), yam (Alocasia macrorhiza), manioc (Manihot utilissima), artichoke (Cynara scolymus L), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), turnip (Brassica campestre ssp. rapifera), horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) were investigated as the source of peroxidase (POD: EC 1.11.1.7). Among those, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) crude extract was found to be the best one. This enzyme in the presence of hydrogen peroxide catalyses the oxidation of paracetamol to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine which the electrochemical reduction back to paracetamol was obtained at a peak potential of ¾0.10V. A cyclic voltammetric study was performed by scanning the potential from + 0.5 to ¾ 0.5 V. The recovery of paracetamol from two samples ranged from 97.3 to 106% and a rectilinear calibration curve for paracetamol concentration from 1.2x10-4 to 2.5x10-3 mol L-1 (r=0.9965) were obtained. The detection limit was 6.9x10-5 mol L-1 and the relative standard deviation was less than 1.1% for a solution containing 2.5x10-3 mol L-1 paracetamol and 2.0x10-3 mol L-1 hydrogen peroxide (n=12). The results obtained for paracetamol in pharmaceutical products using the proposed biosensor and Pharmacopoeial procedures are in agreement at the 95% confidence level.

Aplicação de lipases no tratamento de águas residuárias com elevados teores de lipídeos

The process of anaerobic digestion has been greatly developed during the last decades for the treatment of wastewater from food industries as for example, wastewaters from sugar and starch manufacturing and from breweries. However, for wastewaters which contain high amounts of fats and proteins, such as those from slaughterhouses and dairies, anaerobic digestion was found to be troublesome, due to the potential of sludge flotation, the formation of scum layers of lipids at the surface of the reactor, which are not digested and the toxicity of the intermediate compounds (long chain fatty acids) generated during the anaerobic digestion of the wastewater. The addition of hydrolytic enzymes, such as lipases prior to the anaerobic digestion can minimize these problems. In this work, this strategy is reviewed and the technical issues that must be considered in determining its feasibility are discussed.

Ralstonia solanacearum, a widespread bacterial plant pathogen in the post-genomic era

Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne bacterium causing the widespread disease known as bacterial wilt. Ralstonia solanacearum is also the causal agent of Moko disease of banana and brown rot of potato. Since the last R. solanacearum pathogen profile was published 10 years ago, studies concerning this plant pathogen have taken a genomic and post-genomic direction. This was pioneered by the first sequenced and annotated genome for a major plant bacterial pathogen and followed by many more genomes in subsequent years. All molecular features studied now have a genomic flavour. In the future, this will help in connecting the classical field of pathology and diversity studies with the gene content of specific strains. In this review, we summarize the recent research on this bacterial pathogen, including strain classification, host range, pathogenicity determinants, regulation of virulence genes, type III effector repertoire, effector-triggered immunity, plant signalling in response to R. solanacearum, as well as a review of different new pathosystems.