An examination of the impact of dietary lipids on behaviour and neurochemistry

The molecular and cellular basis of stress pathology remains an important research question in biological science. A better understanding of this may enable the development of novel approaches for the treatment of stress-related disorders. There is a considerable body of scientific evidence suggesting that dietary lipids, phospholipids and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), have therapeutic potential for certain psychiatric disorders. Thus, we proposed n-3 PUFAs as a novel strategy for the prevention or amelioration of stress-related disorders. We hypothesised that these compounds would improve behavioural and neurobiological responses and alter gut microbial composition. Furthermore, we proposed a new mechanism of action exerted by n-3 PUFAs using an in vitro model of stress. Lastly, we explored the protective effects of both phospholipids and n-3 PUFAs against neuroinflammation, which has been shown to contribute to the development of stress-related disorders. We provide further evidence that glucocorticoids, inflammation and early-life stress induce vulnerability to psychopathologies. Specifically, we have demonstrated that corticosterone (CORT) alters cortical neuron and astrocyte percentage composition, reduces brain-derived-neuronal factor (BDNF) expression, and induces glucocorticoid receptor (GR) down-regulation in mixed cortical cultures. Interestingly, we found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment resulted in an over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cortical astrocyte cultures. Moreover, we demonstrate that early-life stress induces changes to the monoaminergic and immune systems as well as altered neuroendocrine response to stressors later in life. In addition, we found that early-life stress alters the gut microbiota in adulthood. These data demonstrate that n-3 PUFAs can attenuate CORT-induced cellular changes, but not those caused by LPS, within the cerebral cortex. Similarly, phospholipids were unable to reverse LPS-induced inflammation in cultured astrocytes. In addition, this thesis proposes that n-3 PUFAs may prevent the development or lessen the symptoms of mental illnesses, ameliorating anxiety- and depressive-like symptoms as well as cognitive effects, particularly when administered during neurodevelopment. Such effects may be mediated by GR activation as well as by modification of the gut microbiota composition. Taken together, our findings suggest that n-3 PUFAs have therapeutic potential for stress-related disorders and we provide evidence for the mechanisms by which they may exert these effects. These findings contribute to an exciting and growing body of research suggesting that nutritional interventions may have an important role to play in the treatment of stress-related psychiatric conditions.

Fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks.

Fatty acids in milk reflect the interplay between species-specific physiological mechanisms and maternal diet. Anthropoid primates (apes, Old and New World monkeys) vary in patterns of growth and development and dietary strategies. Milk fatty acid profiles also are predicted to vary widely. This study investigates milk fatty acid composition of five wild anthropoids (Alouatta palliata, Callithrix jacchus, Gorilla beringei beringei, Leontopithecus rosalia, Macaca sinica) to test the null hypothesis of a generalized anthropoid milk fatty acid composition. Milk from New and Old World monkeys had significantly more 8:0 and 10:0 than milk from apes. The leaf eating species G. b. beringei and A. paliatta had a significantly higher proportion of milk 18:3n-3, a fatty acid found primarily in plant lipids. Mean percent composition of 22:6n-3 was significantly different among monkeys and apes, but was similar to the lowest reported values for human milk. Mountain gorillas were unique among anthropoids in the high proportion of milk 20:4n-6. This seems to be unrelated to requirements of a larger brain and may instead reflect species-specific metabolic processes or an unknown source of this fatty acid in the mountain gorilla diet.

Extracellular Loop 2 of the Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 Mediates Allosterism of a Phenylacetamide Ago-Allosteric Modulator

Allosteric agonists are powerful tools for exploring the pharmacology of closely related G protein-coupled receptors that have nonselective endogenous ligands, such as the short chain fatty acids at free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFA2/GPR43 and FFA3/GPR41, respectively). We explored the molecular mechanisms mediating the activity of 4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)-N-2-thiazolylbenzeneacetamide (4-CMTB), a recently described phenylacetamide allosteric agonist and allosteric modulator of endogenous ligand function at human FFA2, by combining our previous knowledge of the orthosteric binding site with targeted examination of 4-CMTB structure-activity relationships and mutagenesis and chimeric receptor generation. Here we show that 4-CMTB is a selective agonist for FFA2 that binds to a site distinct from the orthosteric site of the receptor. Ligand structure-activity relationship studies indicated that the N-thiazolyl amide is likely to provide hydrogen bond donor/acceptor interactions with the receptor. Substitution at Leu(173) or the exchange of the entire extracellular loop 2 of FFA2 with that of FFA3 was sufficient to reduce or ablate, respectively, allosteric communication between the endogenous and allosteric agonists. Thus, we conclude that extracellular loop 2 of human FFA2 is required for transduction of cooperative signaling between the orthosteric and an as-yet-undefined allosteric binding site of the FFA2 receptor that is occupied by 4-CMTB.

Selective Orthosteric Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 (FFA2) Agonists IDENTIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SELECTIVE ACTIVATION OF FFA2 VERSUS FFA3

Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2; GPR43) is a G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that is implicated in inflammatory and metabolic disorders. The SCFA propionate has close to optimal ligand efficiency for FFA2 and can hence be considered as highly potent given its size. Propionate, however, does not discriminate between FFA2 and the closely related receptor FFA3 (GPR41). To identify FFA2-selective ligands and understand the molecular basis for FFA2 selectivity, a targeted library of small carboxylic acids was examined using holistic, label-free dynamic mass redistribution technology for primary screening and the receptor-proximal G protein [S-35] guanosine 5'-(3-O-thio) triphosphate activation, inositol phosphate, and cAMP accumulation assays for hit confirmation. Structure-activity relationship analysis allowed formulation of a general rule to predict selectivity for small carboxylic acids at the orthosteric binding site where ligands with substituted sp(3)-hybridized alpha-carbons preferentially activate FFA3, whereas ligands with sp(2)- or sp-hybridized alpha-carbons prefer FFA2. The orthosteric binding mode was verified by site-directed mutagenesis: replacement of orthosteric site arginine residues by alanine in FFA2 prevented ligand binding, and molecular modeling predicted the detailed mode of binding. Based on this, selective mutation of three residues to their non-conserved counterparts in FFA3 was sufficient to transfer FFA3 selectivity to FFA2. Thus, selective activation of FFA2 via the orthosteric site is achievable with rather small ligands, a finding with significant implications for the rational design of therapeutic compounds selectively targeting the SCFA receptors.

Extracellular ionic locks determine variation in constitutive activity and ligand potency between species orthologs of the free fatty acid receptors FFA2 and FFA3

Free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFA2 and FFA3) are G protein-coupled receptors for short chain free fatty acids (SCFAs). They respond to the same set of endogenous ligands but with distinct rank-order of potency, such that acetate (C2) has been described as FFA2 selective while propionate (C3) is non-selective. Although C2 was confirmed to be selective for human FFA2 over FFA3, this ligand was not selective between the mouse orthologs. Moreover, although C3 was indeed not selective between the human orthologs it displayed clear selectivity for mouse FFA3 over mouse FFA2. This altered selectivity to C2 and C3 resulted from broad differences in SCFAs potency at the mouse orthologs. In studies to define the molecular basis for these observations marked variation in ligand-independent, constitutive activity was identified. The orthologs with higher potency for the SCFAs, human FFA2 and mouse FFA3, displayed high constitutive activity while the orthologs with lower potency for the agonist ligands, mouse FFA2 and human FFA3, did not. Sequence alignments of the 2nd extracellular loop identified single negatively charged residues in FFA2 and FFA3 not conserved between species and predicted to form ionic lock interactions with arginine residues within the FFA2 or FFA3 agonist binding pocket to regulate constitutive activity and SCFA potency. Reciprocal mutation of these residues between species orthologs resulted in the induction (or repression) of constitutive activity, and in most cases also yielded corresponding changes in SCFA potency.

Synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates in arabidopsis thaliana using intermediates of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a family of polymers composed primarily of R-3-hydroxyalkanoic acids. These polymers have properties of biodegradable thermoplastics and elastomers. Medium-chain-length PHAs (MCL-PHAs) are synthesized in bacteria by using intermediates of the beta-oxidation of alkanoic acids. To assess the feasibility of producing MCL-PHAs in plants, Arabidopsis thaliana was transformed with the PhaC1 synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa modified for peroxisome targeting by addition of the carboxyl 34 amino acids from the Brassica napus isocitrate lyase. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the modified PHA synthase was appropriately targeted to leaf-type peroxisomes in light-grown plants and glyoxysomes in dark-grown plants. Plants expressing the PHA synthase accumulated electron-lucent inclusions in the glyoxysomes and leaf-type peroxisomes, as well as in the vacuole. These inclusions were similar to bacterial PHA inclusions. Analysis of plant extracts by GC and mass spectrometry demonstrated the presence of MCL-PHA in transgenic plants to approximately 4 mg per g of dry weight. The plant PHA contained saturated and unsaturated 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids ranging from six to 16 carbons with 41% of the monomers being 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and 3-hydroxyoctenoic acid. These results indicate that the beta-oxidation of plant fatty acids can generate a broad range of R-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediates that can be used to synthesize MCL-PHAs.

The Synthesis of Imidazole Fatty Acid Conjugates as Inhibitors of Apoptosis

Ionizing radiation is known to initiate apoptosis in mammalian cells by causing the transformation of cytochrome c into a peroxidase, which results in the specific peroxidation of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin. Here we report the design and synthesis of 8 imidazole fatty acid derivatives that bind to the cyt c:CL complex and inhibit the peroxidase activity required for the initiation of apoptosis. We postulate that imidazole acts as a sixth ligand to the haem iron and stops the interaction with H2O2. Two mitochondrially directed analogues (3-hydroxypropyl)triphenylphosphonium esters) of 12-imidazole-stearic acid and 12-imidazole-oleic acid not only were demonstrated to be peroxidase inhibitors in vitro, but were also extraordinarily effective in protecting mice from lethal doses (9 Gy) of ionization radiation. We studied the structure activity relationship to a group of triphenyl phosphonium derivatives containing imidazole at different positions on the fatty acid chain, and observed that the C8-imidazole stearate analogue had marginally better activity than the others. But overall, the structure activity result were remarkable “flat” with all compounds prepared having rather similar inhibitory strength. We also synthesized carnitine mono and di-esters of 12-imidazole fatty acids but full biological data is not yet available for these compounds.

Dietary Intakes and Periodontal Outcomes After Sanative Therapy

Diet has an important role in the maintenance of oral health, but the relationship between diet and clinical outcomes following sanative therapy (ST) has not been investigated. Due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, we hypothesized that periodontal patients with higher intakes of vitamin C, vitamin D, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) would have greater reductions in probing depth (PD) after ST. Patients completed the Block food frequency questionnaire, a supplement use questionnaire and had their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measured. There were no significant associations between intakes of vitamin C, vitamin D, EPA, DHA and PD. There were, however, negative associations between intakes of linoleic acid, α- linolenic acid or total vegetable intake and PD, as well as a positive association between the total omega-6/omega-3 ratio and PD (p < 0.05). Therefore, dietary intakes of essential fatty acids and vegetables may be important modulators of periodontal outcomes following ST.

Altérations du métabolisme cardiaque associées à des désordres génétiques de l’oxydation des acides gras à chaîne longue chez la souris

Bien que le changement dans le choix des substrats énergétiques des acides gras (AGs) vers les glucides soit considéré comme bénéfique pour le cœur insuffisant, il n’est pas clair à savoir pourquoi les patients atteints de désordres de la β-oxydation (β-OX) des AGs à chaîne longue (AGCLs) développent des troubles du rythme et des cardiomyopathies. De plus, le traitement actuel ne permet pas de prévenir l’apparition du phénotype clinique chez tous les patients, spécifiquement en condition de jeûne ou de stress. Ainsi, plusieurs modèles de souris déficientes pour des enzymes impliquées dans l’oxydation des acides gras ont été développés de manière à améliorer les connaissances de la maladie ainsi que les traitements offerts aux patients. À cet égard, cette étude vise à évaluer le phénotype métabolique et fonctionnel des cœurs de souris déficientes pour le récepteur activé de la prolifération des peroxysomes-α (PPARα), un facteur de transcription des gènes impliqués notamment dans la β-OX des AGs, et pour la déshydrogénase des acyl-CoA à très longue chaîne (very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, VLCAD), le déficit de l’oxydation des AGCLs le plus commun chez l’humain. L’approche expérimentale utilisée comprend plusieurs techniques dont (i) la perfusion ex vivo de cœur de souris au travail combinée à l’utilisation de substrats marqués au carbone 13 (13C) et à l’analyse par chromatographie gazeuse-spectrométrie de masse (GCMS), (ii) l’analyse de l’expression génique par qPCR et (iii) l’analyse de l’activité électrique du cœur in vivo par télémétrie. De manière inattendue, les résultats de cette étude menée chez la souris ont permis de mettre en évidence que des déficits pour des protéines impliquées dans l’oxydation des AGCLs sont associés à des altérations du métabolisme (i) des glucides, (ii) des AGs polyinsaturés (AGPIs), et (iii) mitochondrial, incluant l’anaplérose, en plus d’être liés à des désordres de la fonction électrique du cœur, à savoir une prolongation du segment QTc. Pris dans leur ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse pourraient servir à l’élaboration de nouvelles interventions métaboliques destinées à améliorer les traitements possibles et donc, la qualité de vie des patients atteints de désordres héréditaires de la β-OX des AGCLs.

Modulation de la néovascularisation post-ischémique en présence de facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire

L’athérosclérose est la principale cause d’infarctus du myocarde, de mort subite d’origine cardiaque, d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux et d’ischémie des membres inférieurs. Celle-ci cause près de la moitié des décès dans les pays industrialisés. Lorsque les obstructions artérielles athérosclérotiques sont tellement importantes que les techniques de revascularisation directe ne peuvent être effectuées avec succès, la sévérité de l’ischémie tissulaire résiduelle dépendra de l’habilité de l’organisme à développer spontanément de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins (néovascularisation). La néovascularisation postnatale est le résultat de deux phénomènes : la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux à partir de la vasculature existante (angiogenèse) et la formation de vaisseaux à partir de cellules souches progénitrices (vasculogenèse). Notre laboratoire a démontré que plusieurs facteurs de risque associés aux maladies cardiovasculaires (tabagisme, vieillissement, hypercholestérolémie) diminuaient également la réponse angiogénique suite à une ischémie. Cependant, les mécanismes précis impliqués dans cette physiopathologie sont encore inconnus. Un point commun à tous ces facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire est l’augmentation du stress oxydant. Ainsi, le présent ouvrage visait à élucider l’influence de différents facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire et du stress oxydant sur la néovascularisation. Nos résultats démontrent que l’exposition à la fumée de cigarette et le vieillissement sont associés à une diminution de la néovascularisation en réponse à l’ischémie, et que ceci est au moins en partie causé par une augmentation du stress oxydant. De plus, nous démontrons que les acides gras dérivés de la diète peuvent affecter la réponse à l’ischémie tissulaire. La première étude du projet de recherche visait à évaluer l’impact de l’exposition à la fumée de cigarette sur la néovascularisation post-ischémique, et l’effet d’une thérapie antioxydante. L’exposition à la fumée de cigarette a été associée à une réduction significative de la récupération du flot sanguin et de la densité des vaisseaux dans les muscles ischémiques. Cependant, une récupération complète de la néovascularisation a été démontrée chez les souris exposées à la fumée de cigarette et traitées au probucol ou aux vitamines antioxydantes. Nous avons démontré qu’une thérapie antioxydante administrée aux souris exposées à la fumée de cigarette était associée à une réduction significative des niveaux de stress oxydant dans le plasma et dans les muscles ischémiques. De plus, les cellules endothéliales progénitrices (EPCs) exposées à de l’extrait de fumée de cigarette in vitro présentent une diminution significative de leur activité angiogénique (migration, adhésion et incorporation dans les tissus ischémiques) qui a été complètement récupérée par le probucol et les vitamines antioxydantes. La deuxième étude avait pour but d’investiguer le rôle potentiel de la NADPH oxydase (Nox2) pour la modulation de la néovascularisation post-ischémique dans le contexte du vieillissement. Nous avons trouvé que l’expression de la Nox2 est augmentée par le vieillissement dans les muscles ischémiques des souris contrôles. Ceci est associé à une réduction significative de la récupération du flot sanguin après l’ischémie chez les vieilles souris contrôles comparées aux jeunes. Nous avons aussi démontré que la densité des capillaires et des artérioles est significativement réduite dans les muscles ischémiques des animaux vieillissants alors que les niveaux de stress oxydant sont augmentés. La déficience en Nox2 réduit les niveaux de stress oxydant dans les tissus ischémiques et améliore la récupération du flot sanguin et la densité vasculaire chez les animaux vieillissants. Nous avons aussi démontré que l’activité fonctionnelle des EPCs (migration et adhésion à des cellules endothéliales matures) est significativement diminuée chez les souris vieillissantes comparée aux jeunes. Cependant, la déficience en Nox2 est associée à une récupération de l’activité fonctionnelle des EPCs chez les animaux vieillissants. Nous avons également démontré une augmentation pathologique du stress oxydant dans les EPCs isolées d’animaux vieillissants. Cette augmentation de stress oxydant dans les EPCs n’est pas présente chez les animaux déficients en Nox2. La troisième étude du projet de recherche a investigué l’effet des acides gras dérivés de la diète sur la néovascularisation postnatale. Pour ce faire, les souris ont reçu une diète comprenant 20% d’huile de maïs (riche en oméga-6) ou 20% d’huile de poisson (riche en oméga-3). Nos résultats démontrent qu’une diète riche en oméga-3 améliore la néovascularisation post-ischémique au niveau macro-vasculaire, micro-vasculaire et clinique comparée à une diète riche en oméga-6. Cette augmentation de la néovascularisation postnatale est associée à une réduction du ratio cholestérol total/cholestérol HDL dans le sérum et à une amélioration de la voie VEGF/NO dans les tissus ischémiques. De plus, une diète riche en acides gras oméga-3 est associée à une augmentation du nombre d’EPCs au niveau central (moelle osseuse) et périphérique (rate). Nous démontrons aussi que l’activité fonctionnelle des EPCs (migration et incorporation dans des tubules de cellules endothéliales matures) est améliorée et que le niveau de stress oxydant dans les EPCs est réduit par la diète riche en oméga-3. En conclusion, nos études ont permis de déterminer l’impact de différents facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire (tabagisme et vieillissement) et des acides gras dérivés de la diète (oméga-3) sur la néovascularisation post-ischémique. Nous avons aussi identifié plusieurs mécanismes qui sont impliqués dans cette physiopathologie. Globalement, nos études devraient contribuer à mieux comprendre l’effet du tabagisme, du vieillissement, des oméga-3, et du stress oxydant sur l’évolution des maladies vasculaires ischémiques.

Effet des acides gras polyinsaturés EPA et DHA dans un modèle d’infarctus du myocarde

Plusieurs études montrent que les acides gras (AG) oméga-3 sont bénéfiques pour la santé cardiovasculaire. Une étude antérieure dans notre laboratoire a montré que l’administration des acides gras oméga-3 réduit la taille de l'infarctus du myocarde (IM). Cependant, la question demeure de savoir si les deux principaux acides gras oméga-3 à longue chaîne, l'acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) et l'acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) possèdent la même efficacité à réduire la taille de l'infarctus. Le but de ce projet sera de déterminer l’efficacité relative de chacun de ces acides gras oméga-3 à protéger le cœur dans un modèle d’ischémie/reperfusion et d’étudier certaines voies de cardioprotection. Des rats mâles adultes Sprague-Dawley ont été nourris pendant 14 jours avec une diète comprenant l'un: 1- aucun AG oméga-3; 2- 5 g d'EPA / kg de nourriture; 3- 5 g de DHA / kg de nourriture; 4- 2,5 g de chaque oméga-3 AG / kg de nourriture; 5- 5 g chaque AG oméga-3 / kg de nourriture. Par la suite, les animaux ont été soumis à une ischémie pendant 40 minutes, causée par l'occlusion de l'artère coronaire gauche descendante. Au bout de 24 heures de reperfusion, la taille de l'infarctus est déterminée. Dans un sous-groupe d'animaux, l'activité d’Akt et des caspase-3 sont mesurées dans la région ischémique après 30 minutes de reperfusion. Finalement, à 15 minutes de reperfusion, l'ouverture du pore de transition de perméabilité mitochondriale mPTP est déterminée dans un autre sous-groupe. Les résultats indiquent que les diètes EPA ou DHA réduisent de manière significative la taille de l'infarctus par rapport à la diète sans AG oméga-3, tandis que la combinaison de deux acides gras oméga-3 n'a pas montré de diminution de la taille de l'infarctus. L'activité de la caspase-3 est réduite pour le groupe DHA puis, l'activité d'Akt est augmentée avec les diètes EPA et DHA seules. Finalement, en présence d’une diète enrichie uniquement de DHA, l'ouverture des mPTP est retardée comparativement aux autres diètes.

Biochemical & Pharmacological evaluation of liver oils of selected deep sea sharks and chimaeras of the Indian EEZ

With a seacoast of 8,1 18 km, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2 million square km, and with an area of about 30,000 square km under aquaculture, lndia produces close to six million tonnes of fish, over 4 per cent of the world fish production. While the marine waters upto 50m depth have been fully exploited, those beyond, remain unexplored. There is an ever increasing demand for fishery resources as food. The coastal fishery resources of the country are dwindling at a rapid pace and it becomes highly imperative that we search for alternate fishery resources for food. The option we have is to hunt for marine fishery resources. Studies pertaining to proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition are essential to understand the nutraceutical values of these deep sea fishery resources. The present study was aimed to carry out proximate composition of deep sea fishery resources obtained during cruises onboard the FORV Sarise Sampada, to identify fishery resources which have appreciable lipid content and thereby analyse the bioactive potentials of marine lipids, to study the amino acid profile of these fishery resources, to understand the contents of SPA, MUFA and PUFA and to calculate the n3/n6 fatty acid contents. Though the presence of nutraceuticals was identified in the marine fishery resources their use as potential food resources deserve further investigation. So the study were carried out to calculate the hepatosomatic indices of sharks & chimaeras and conduct biochemical characterisation of liver oils of Apristurus indicus, Cenlrophorus scalprams, Centroselachus crepidater, Neoharriotta raleighana, and Harriotta pinnata obtained during cruises onboard the FORV Sugar Sampada.Therapeutic use of shark liver oil is evident from its use for centuries as a remedy to heal wounds and fight flu (Neil er al. 2006). Japanese seamen called it 'samedava' or "cure all". Shark liver oil is being promoted worldwide as a dietary supplement to boost the immune system, fight infections, to treat cancer and to lessen the side effects of conventional cancer treatment. These days more emphasis is laid on the nutritive benefits of shark liver oils especially on the omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs) (Anandan er al. 2007) and alkylglycerols (AKGs) (Pugliese er al. I998) contained in them due to the high rise of inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, asthma and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Schizophrenia. So the present study also evaluate the pharmacological properties with respect to analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti pyretic and anti-ulcer effects of four different liver oils of sharks belonging to the Indian EEZ and to identify the components of oil responsible for these activities.The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of liver oils from Neoharriotra raleighana (NR), Centrosymnus crepidater (CC), Apristurus indicus (AI), and Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) sharks caught from the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean were compared. The main objectives also include determination of the cholesterol lowering effects of liver oils of Neoharriotra raleighana (NR) and Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) on the high fat diet induced dyslipidemia and to compare the impact of four isolipidemic diets, on levels of serum diagnostic marker enzymes, on lipid profile of blood and liver and antioxidant status of heart in male Albino rats. And also to study the efficacy of Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) liver oil against Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis and to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of this oil with a traditionally used anti-inflammatory substance gingerol (oleoresin extracted from ginger.). The results of the present study indicated that both (Centrophorus sculpratus liver oils as well as gingerol extracts proved to be effective natural remedies against CFA-induced arthritis in Albino rats.

Effects of dietary lipid source on growth, digestibility and tissue fatty acid composition of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings

One of the major problems facing aquaculture is the inadequate supply of fish oil mostly used for fish feed manufacturing. The continued growth in aquaculture production cannot depend on this finite feed resources, therefore, it is imperative that cheap and readily available substitutes that do not compromise fish growth and fillet quality be found. To achieve this, a 12-week feeding trial with Heterobranchus longifilis fed diets differing in lipid source was conducted. Diets were supplemented with 6% lipid as fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, coconut oil, groundnut oil and melon seed oil. Triplicate groups of 20 H. longifilis were fed the experimental diets two times a day to apparent satiation, over 84 days. Growth, digestibility, and muscle fatty acid profile were measured to assess diet effects. At the end of the study, survival, feed intake and hepatosomatic index were similar for fish fed experimental diets. However, weight gain, SGR and FCR of fish fed soybean oil-based diet was significantly reduced. Apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients were significantly lower in fish fed soybean, coconut and groundnut oil-based diets. Fillet and hepatic fatty acid compositions differed and reflected the fatty acid compositions of the diets. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), 20:5n-3 and 20:4n-6 were conserved in vegetable oils-based diets fed fish possibly due to synthesis of HUFA from 18:3n-3 and 18:4n-6. Palm oil diet was the least expensive, and had the best economic conversion ratio. The use of vegetable oils in the diets had positive effect on growth and fillet composition of H. longifilis.

Long-chain n−3 PUFA: plant v. marine sources

Increasing recognition of the importance of the long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, to cardiovascular health, and in the case of DHA to normal neurological development in the fetus and the newborn, has focused greater attention on the dietary supply of these fatty acids. The reason for low intakes of EPA and DHA in most developed countries (0 center dot 1-0 center dot 5hairspg/d) is the low consumption of oily fish, the richest dietary source of these fatty acids. An important question is whether dietary intake of the precursor n-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (alpha LNA), can provide sufficient amounts of tissue EPA and DHA by conversion through the n-3 PUFA elongation-desaturation pathway. alpha LNA is present in marked amounts in plant sources, including green leafy vegetables and commonly-consumed oils such as rape-seed and soyabean oils, so that increased intake of this fatty acid would be easier to achieve than via increased fish consumption. However, alpha LNA-feeding studies and stable-isotope studies using alpha LNA, which have addressed the question of bioconversion of alpha LNA to EPA and DHA, have concluded that in adult men conversion to EPA is limited (approximately 8%) and conversion to DHA is extremely low (< 0 center dot 1%). In women fractional conversion to DHA appears to be greater (9%), which may partly be a result of a lower rate of utilisation of alpha LNA for beta-oxidation in women. However, up-regulation of the conversion of EPA to DHA has also been suggested, as a result of the actions of oestrogen on Delta 6-desaturase, and may be of particular importance in maintaining adequate provision of DHA in pregnancy. The effect of oestrogen on DHA concentration in pregnant and lactating women awaits confirmation.