Can urethrolysis resolve outlet obstruction related symptoms after Burch colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence?

OBJECTIVE Bladder outlet obstruction may occur after any incontinence surgery and may present as OAB, hesitancy and or the feeling of incomplete emptying. Aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and urodynamical outcome after urethrolysis in patients presenting with various clinical symptoms after Burch colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence. STUDY DESIGN Between January 2005 and December 2014, all patients who presented with symptoms and with bladder outlet obstruction were included. All patients had undergone Burch or Cowan colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence previously. Primary endpoint was the visual analogue scale (VAS) as measurement of patient perceived disease impact. Secondary endpoints were the various domains of the King's Health Questionnaire, urodynamic parameters as detrusor pressure at maximum flow, residual urine and sonographic bladder wall thickness before and six months after intervention. RESULTS Seventy-two female patients were included in this study whereof 42 suffered from urgency and urge incontinence, 20 from hesitancy and/or slow stream, seven from residual urine of more than 100ml and three from a combination of urgency and residual urine. VAS improved significantly (p<0.0001). Quality of life as determined by the King's Health Questionnaire improved for the domains general health, role limitations, emotions, physical limitations, personal limitations and incontinence impact significantly. Micturition pressure dropped significantly from 43cmH2O (95% CI 19-59cmH2O) to 18cmH2O (95% CI 16-23.5 H2O). Residual urine changed from 110ml (range 20-380ml) to 32ml (20-115ml). Bladder wall thickness decreased from 7mm (95% CI 6.235-7.152) to 5mm (95% CI 5.037-5.607; p<0.01). CONCLUSION Urethrolysis may resolve patients' symptoms and lower micturition pressure but irritative symptoms may persist.

When Does Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Really Avoid Radiotherapy? Clinical Predictors of Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Cervical Cancer.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify clinical variables that may predict the need for adjuvant radiotherapy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and radical surgery in locally advanced cervical cancer patients. METHODS A retrospective series of cervical cancer patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages IB2-IIB treated with NACT followed by radical surgery was analyzed. Clinical predictors of persistence of intermediate- and/or high-risk factors at final pathological analysis were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis and using a model based on artificial intelligence known as artificial neuronal network (ANN) analysis. RESULTS Overall, 101 patients were available for the analyses. Fifty-two (51 %) patients were considered at high risk secondary to parametrial, resection margin and/or lymph node involvement. When disease was confined to the cervix, four (4 %) patients were considered at intermediate risk. At univariate analysis, FIGO grade 3, stage IIB disease at diagnosis and the presence of enlarged nodes before NACT predicted the presence of intermediate- and/or high-risk factors at final pathological analysis. At multivariate analysis, only FIGO grade 3 and tumor diameter maintained statistical significance. The specificity of ANN models in evaluating predictive variables was slightly superior to conventional multivariable models. CONCLUSIONS FIGO grade, stage, tumor diameter, and histology are associated with persistence of pathological intermediate- and/or high-risk factors after NACT and radical surgery. This information is useful in counseling patients at the time of treatment planning with regard to the probability of being subjected to pelvic radiotherapy after completion of the initially planned treatment.

Depression as a risk factor for acute coronary syndrome: a review.

PURPOSE In the past few years more and more research focused on psychosocial risk factors of cardiovascular disease, including depression. This review focuses on depression as a long-term risk factor for acute coronary syndrome in initially heart disease-free people. METHODS The studies included (n = 15) comprised people without heart disease who were exposed to depression. The outcome was acute coronary syndrome (acute myocardial infarction, instable angina pectoris, sudden cardiac death). Only articles published in English between 2000 and 2013 were considered. RESULTS Most but not all studies found an association between depression and cardiac outcome. Possible explanations for the inconsistency of the findings are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Most likely there is an association between depression and acute coronary syndrome. However, it remains unclear whether depression acts as an independent risk factor for developing an acute coronary syndrome, or if depression promotes the development of an acute coronary syndrome by indirect means.

Sentinel node mapping using hysteroscopic injection of indocyanine green and laparoscopic near-infrared fluorescence imaging in endometrial cancer staging.

Herein is presented a technique for minimally invasive sentinel node mapping. The patient had apparently early stage endometrial cancer. Sentinel node mapping was performed using a hysteroscopic injection of indocyanine green followed by laparoscopic sentinel node detection via near-infrared fluorescence. This technique ensures delineation of lymphatic drainage from the tumor area, thus achieving accurate detection of sentinel nodes.

Women physicians' specialty choices

Three hypotheses have been offered to explain the historical specialty selection by women physicians. They are: (1) women choose the specialty for which the training requirements and working conditions interfere least with their commitments to marriage and children; (2) women tend to select the more "feminine" specialties such as pediatrics and psychiatry, and to avoid the "masculine" fields such as surgery; and (3) women have been deliberately excluded from male-dominated fields such as surgery. While the above hypotheses may be true to a greater or lesser degree, none of them has been adequately tested.^ The major study hypotheses are as follows: (1) female physicians' choice of specialty is influenced by the following reasons: (a) family responsibilities; (b) sex role expectations; and (c) sex discrimination; (2) female physicians' choice of specialty is also influenced by their age and ethnicity; and (3) the primary reasons for choosing a given specialty vary by type of specialty.^ The reasons for specialty selection will be explored based on a survey of women graduates of one of the oldest medical schools in the United States, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, Texas (n = 930). The survey response rate was 75.3% (700 respondents).^ The results for the first study hypothesis showed that fewer than 14% of the respondents agreed that sex role expectations, sex discrimination and family responsibilities played a role in their choice of specialty. Fifty nine percent of the respondents disagreed with the idea that sex role expectations influenced specialty selection and 64% disagreed that family responsibilities had an effect on the selection of their specialty. Around half (49%) were uncertain of the influence of sex discrimination. It was concluded that sex discrimination, sex role expectations and family responsibilities did not have a major impact on specialty selection.^ With respect to the second hypothesis, age was significant in Internal Medicine, Obstetrics/Gynecology and Psychiatry. Women physicians in Internal Medicine and Obstetrics/Gynecology were significantly younger (less than 45 years old) while physicians in Psychiatry were significantly older (45 years or older) than other specialties studied.^ The third hypothesis was confirmed: the reasons for choosing a given specialty varied by specialty.^ Respondents' comments written on the survey provided insight into other possible reasons for specialty selection including exploration of the role of mentoring and job satisfaction.^ The retrospective cross-sectional study design used in this study does not adequately capture the fact that different reasons may be given for the choice of specialty at different points in time, e.g., as the time of choosing a residency program versus several years into the future.^ In conclusion, approaches that explore the range of reasons that women elect to enter and stay within a given specialty must be explored to gain richer understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of women physicians' professional lives. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) ^

A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF RISK FACTORS FOR ECTOPIC PREGNANCY (ROCHESTER, MINNESOTA, OBSTETRICS)

A population-based case-control study of risk factors for ectopic pregnancy has been conducted. The investigation includes 274 cases diagnosed in Rochester, Minnesota residents from 1935 through 1982, and 548 matched controls selected from live birth deliveries. Risk factor information documented prior to the last index menstrual period was obtained via medical record abstract for 22 potential risk factor variables.^ Univariate matched analyses revealed nine variables with significantly elevated odds ratios (ORs). Following conditional logistic regression for matched sets, four variables remained as significant risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. These risk factors with ORs and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) were: current intrauterine device use (OR = 13.7, Cl = 1.6 - 120.6), infertility (OR = 2.6, Cl = 1.6 - 4.2), pelvic inflammatory disease (OR = 3.3, Cl = 1.6 - 6.6), and tubal surgery (OR = 4.5, Cl = 1.5 - 13.9). After adjusting for these four major risk factors, the following variables did not have statistically significant ORs: abdominal/pelvic surgery (OR = 2.0), acute appendicitis (OR = 2.0), anovulation (OR = 1.2), clomiphene citrate use during the index conception (OR = 3.5), induced abortion (OR = 2.1), in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (OR = 1.6), myomas (OR = 0.7), ovarian cysts (OR = 1.0), and past intrauterine device use (OR = 1.2). ^

OUT-OF-HOSPITAL CHILDBEARING CENTERS IN THE UNITED STATES: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND MEDICAL-OBSTETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN BEGINNING LABOR THEREIN 1972-1979

There is currently much interest in the appropriate use of obstetrical technology, cost containment and meeting consumers' needs for safe and satisfying maternity care. At the same time, there has been an increase in professionally unattended home births. In response, a new type of service, the out-of-hospital childbearing center (CBC) has been developed which is administratively and structurally separate from the hospital. In the CBC, maternity care is provided by certified nurse-midwives to carefully screened low risk childbearing families in conjunction with physician and hospital back-up.^ It was the purpose of this study to accomplish the following objectives: (1) To describe in a historical prospective study the demographic and medical-obstetric characteristics of patients laboring in eleven selected out-of-hospital childbearing centers in the United States from May 1, 1972, to December 15, 1979. Labor is defined as the onset of regular contractions as determined by the patient. (2) To describe any differences between those patients who require transfer to a back-up hospital and those who do not. (3) To describe administrative and service characteristics of eleven selected out-of-hospital childbearing centers in the United States. (4) To compare the demographic and medical-obstetric characteristics of women laboring in eleven selected out-of-hospital childbearing centers with a national sample of women of similar obstetric risk who according to birth certificates delivered legitimate infants in a hospital setting in the United States in 1972.^ Research concerning CBCs and supportive to the development of CBCs including studies which identified factors associated with fetal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, obstetrical risk screening, and the progress of technological development in obstetrics were reviewed. Information concerning the organization and delivery of care at each selected CBC was also collected and analyzed.^ A stratified, systematic sample of 1938 low risk women who began labor in a selected CBC were included in the study. These women were not unlike those described previously in small single center studies reported in the literature. The mean age was 25 years. Sixty-three per cent were white, 34 per cent Hispanic, 88 per cent married, 45 per cent had completed at least two years of college, nearly one-third were professionals and over a third were housewives. . . . (Author's abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of school.) UMI ^

Advance provision of emergency contraception for pregnancy prevention (Review)

Background Emergency contraception can prevent pregnancy when taken after unprotected intercourse.Obtaining emergency contraception within the recommended time frame is difficult for many women. Advance provision could circumvent some obstacles to timely use. Objectives To summarize randomized controlled trials evaluating advance provision of emergency contraception to explore effects on pregnancy rates, sexually transmitted infections, and sexual and contraceptive behaviors. Search strategy In November 2009, we searched CENTRAL, EMBASE, POPLINE,MEDLINE via PubMed, and a specialized emergency contraception article database. We also searched reference lists and contacted experts to identify additional published or unpublished trials. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials comparing advance provision and standard access (i.e., counseling whichmay ormay not have included information about emergency contraception, or provision of emergency contraception on request at a clinic or pharmacy). Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently abstracted data and assessed study quality. We entered and analyzed data using RevMan 5.0.23. Main results Eleven randomized controlled trials met our criteria for inclusion, representing 7695 patients in the United States, China, India and Sweden. Advance provision did not decrease pregnancy rates (odds ratio (OR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 to 1.25 in studies for which we included twelve-month follow-up data; OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.29 in a study with seven-month follow-up data; OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.20 in studies for which we included six-month follow-up data; OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.74 in a study with three-month follow-up data), despite reported increased use (single use: OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.80 to 3.40; multiple use: OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.77 to 9.63) and faster use (weighted mean difference (WMD) -12.98 hours, 95% CI -16.66 to -9.31 hours). Advance provision did not lead to increased rates of sexually transmitted infections (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.37), increased frequency of unprotected intercourse, or changes in contraceptive methods.Women who received emergency contraception in advance were equally likely to use condoms as other women. Authors’ conclusions Advance provision of emergency contraception did not reduce pregnancy rates when compared to conventional provision. Results from primary analyses suggest that advance provision does not negatively impact sexual and reproductive health behaviors and outcomes. Women should have easy access to emergency contraception, because it can decrease the chance of pregnancy.However, the interventions tested thus far have not reduced overall pregnancy rates in the populations studied.

Manejo prenatal de la anencefalia: consideraciones éticas y legales en la salud reproductiva

Texto traducido con autorización de la Federación Internacional de Ginecología y Obstetricia (FIGO): Cook, R. J., Erdman, J.N., Hevia, M, Dickens, B.M, Prenatal management of anencephaly. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics.

Problemáticas éticas y legales en la salud reproductiva: responsabilidades en los servicios de salud y objeción de conciencia

Traducido de: Cook, R.J, M. Arango Olaya y B. M. Dickens. Healthcare Responsibilities and Conscientious Objection. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009

Two Distinct Oral Routes of Misoprostol in Mifepristone Medical Abortion. A Randomized Controlled Trial

http://pdfs.journals.lww.com/greenjournal/2008/12000/Two_Distinct_Oral_Routes_of_Misoprostol_in.18.pdf?token=method|ExpireAbsolute;source|Journals;ttl|1369920806057;payload|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;hash|BM4+yd44xH/IRKdsrM1Wzg==

Improving care of women at risk of unsafe abortion: implementing a risk-reduction model at the Uruguayan-Brazilian border

OBJECTIVE: To describe the initial stages of the implementation of a risk-reduction model designed by Iniciativas Sanitarias to shield women from unsafe abortion in a traditional community on the Uruguay-Brazil border. METHODS: This mixed-design study was conducted first between 22 and 26 March 2010, and then between 2 and 7 May 2011, in Rivera, Uruguay, to gather information from women seen at health centers, healthcare providers, and local policy makers before the project started and midway through the project. RESULTS: At baseline most women and providers considered abortion justifiable only on narrow grounds, yet favored the implementation of a risk-reduction model that would include preabortion as well as postabortion counseling, the former providing information on different abortion methods and their risks. By the midterm assessment, the counseling service had assisted 87 women with unwanted pregnancies. Of the 52 who came for a postabortion visit, 50 had self-administered misoprostol, with no complications. Women were highly satisfied with the counseling. At baseline, misoprostol seemed to be available from both pharmacists and informal sellers. At midterm, it was still available from informal vendors but pharmacists said they did not provide misoprostol. The risk-reduction initiative heightened public attention to the abortion issue but the controversy it generated did not seriously impede its implementation. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to implement the proposed risk-reduction model in a traditional community such as Rivera, not only in Uruguay but in any country irrespective of its abortion laws.

Diabetes gestacional : el rol del ejercicio físico en su prevención

Introducción. La prevalencia de la Diabetes Gestacional (DG) varía en todo el mundo, así como entre los grupos raciales y étnicos del mismo país. Hasta la fecha actual, no se ha llegado a un consenso en el criterio diagnóstico, y eso dificulta una estimación veraz de prevalencia entre países. A pesar de ello, es ineludible obviar el incremento en la incidencia de esta complicación en todo el mundo, y la trascendencia de sus riesgos a la salud pública. En España, según los criterios clásicos –del National Diabetes Data Group- existe una alta prevalencia en un 8,8 % de DG en gestantes. Es importante encontrar la mejor vía para la prevención de la DG y, uno de los factores de riesgo parece ser el aumento excesivo de peso durante el embarazo. El ejercicio es un elemento fundamental para el control del metabolismo de la glucosa y para reducir los niveles de hiperlipidemia. Sin embargo, existe controversia para definir el tipo de sesiones, duración e intensidad que puedan contribuir a su prevención. Objetivo. Conocer en qué medida el ejercicio físico programado durante el embarazo, combinado en agua y tierra, con ejercicios aeróbicos y de tonificación muscular, puede actuar como un factor de prevención de la DG. Al mismo tiempo, valorar si exceder las recomendaciones de peso puede influir el diagnóstico de la DG. Material y Métodos. Este estudio se desarrolló mediante una colaboración entre la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y los Servicios de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Universitario de Puerta de Hierro, el Hospital Universitario de Torrelodones y el Centro de Salud de Torrelodones. Se obtuvo la aprobación del Comité Ético de Investigación Clínica (CEIC). Se realizó un ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, controlado, no enmascarado. 272 mujeres gestantes sanas dieron su consentimiento informado para la inclusión en el estudio. De las cuáles, finalmente 257 (edad= 33,2±4,4 años) fueron analizadas, 101 de ellas correspondientes al grupo intervención (GI, n=101) y 156 al grupo control (GC, n=156). El inicio del programa correspondió a la semana 10-14 del embarazo hasta el final, la 38-40. Con una frecuencia de 3 sesiones semanales y una duración de 60 y 50 minutos, en tierra y agua, respectivamente. Resultados. Se halló diferencias significativas en los valores en los 180 min del test de tolerancia oral a la glucosa [GI: 98,00±29,48 mg/dl vs. GC: 116,25±29,90 mg/dl (t64= 2,37; p= 0,021)] y, de igual modo, el GI mostró menor prevalencia de la DG [GI: 1 %, Ejercicio y DG n= 1 vs. GC: 8,8 %, n= 13 (2 1= 6,84; p= 0,009)] y una estimación de riesgo significativa (OR= 9,604; 95 % CI: 1,23-74,66). La excesiva ganancia de peso fue menor en el GI [GI: 22,8 %, n= 23 vs. GC: 34,9 %, n= 53 (2 1= 4,22; p= 0,040)], pero no existió una correlación con la incidencia de DG (ϕ= -0,007; p= 0,910). Conclusiones. El programa de ejercicio desarrollado durante el embarazo mostró efectividad en la reducción de la prevalencia de la DG, preservó la tolerancia a la glucosa y redujo la excesiva ganancia de peso materno. Background. The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes (GD) varies around the world, as well as between racial and ethnic groups within the same country. Currently, there is not a consensus about the diagnostic criteria, and that makes it difficult to obtain accurate estimates of prevalence between countries. The increased trend in the prevalence across the globe and the risks for public health cannot be ignored. In Spain, according to the diagnostic criteria of National Diabetes Data Group, there is a prevalence of 8.8 % for GD in pregnant women. It is important to look for the best way to prevent GD and one of the risk factors seems to be excessive weight gained during pregnancy. Exercise is an essential element for glucose metabolic control and reducing hyperlipidemia levels. However, there is controversy to define the type of activity, duration and intensity to prevent GD. Objective. To assess the effectiveness of an exercise programme carried out during pregnancy (land/aquatic activities), both aerobic and muscular conditioning can help to the prevent GD. Also, to assess if excessive maternal weight gain influences the GD diagnosis. Material and methods. Collaboration between the Technical University of Madrid and the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Torrelodones University Hospital and Health Center of Torrelodones supported the study. It was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CEIC). A clinical, randomized controlled trial recruited 272 pregnant women without obstetric contraindications and gave informed consent for inclusion in the study. Of these women, 257 were studied (age= 33,2±4,4 years), 101 in intervention group (IG, n= 101) and 156 in control group (CG, n= 156). A physical exercise program three times per week during pregnancy was developed. The duration of the sessions was 60 minutes and 50 minutes in land and water, respectively. Results. The IG showed lower maternal values in the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at 180 minutes [IG: 98,00±29,48 mg/dl vs. CG: 116,25±29,90 mg/dl (t64= 2,37; p= 0,021)] and the IG reduced the prevalence of GD [IG: 1%, n= 1 vs. CG: 8,8 %, n= 13 (2 1= 6,84; p= 0,009)] with a significance risk estimate (OR= 9,604; 95 % CI: 1,23- 74,66). Excessive maternal weight gain was less in the IG [IG: 22,8 %, n= 23 vs. CG: Exercise and GD 34,9 %, n= 53 (2 1= 4,22; p= 0,040)] but there was no correlation with the prevalence of GD (ϕ= -0,007; p= 0,910). Conclusions. The exercise programme performed during pregnancy reduced the prevalence of GD, preserved glucose tolerance and reduced excessive maternal weight gain.

Who has a repeat abortion? Identifying women at risk of repeated terminations of pregnancy : analysis of routinely collected health care data

Peer reviewed

Constructing the Vulvar Pain Assessment Questionnaire Inventory

The goals of this program of research were to examine the link between self-reported vulvar pain and clinical diagnoses, and to create a user-friendly assessment tool to aid in that process. These goals were undertaken through a series of four empirical studies (Chapters 2-6): one archival study, two online studies, and one study conducted in a Women’s Health clinic. In Chapter 2, the link between self-report and clinical diagnosis was confirmed by extracting data from multiple studies conducted in the Sexual Health Research Laboratory over the course of several years. We demonstrated the accuracy of diagnosis based on multiple factors, and explored the varied gynecological presentation of different diagnostic groups. Chapter 3 was based on an online study designed to create the Vulvar Pain Assessment Questionnaire (VPAQ) inventory. Following the construct validation approach, a large pool of potential items was created to capture a broad selection of vulvar pain symptoms. Nearly 300 participants completed the entire item pool, and a series of factor analyses were utilized to narrow down the items and create scales/subscales. Relationships were computed among subscales and validated scales to establish convergent and discriminant validity. Chapters 4 and 5 were conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University. The brief screening version of the VPAQ was employed with patients of the Program in Vulvar Health at the Center for Women’s Health. The accuracy and usefulness of the VPAQscreen was determined from the perspective of patients as well as their health care providers, and the treatment-seeking experiences of patients was explored. Finally, a second online study was conducted to confirm the factor structure, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the VPAQ inventory. The results presented in these chapters confirm the link between targeted questions and accurate diagnoses, and provide a guideline that is useful and accessible for providers and patients.