Association between breastfeeding and anthropometry and cardiovascular disease risk factor status in adolescence and young adulthood: the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland.

Objective: To examine the association between breastfeeding and blood pressure, anthropometry, and plasma lipid profile in both adolescence and young adulthood. Design: Longitudinal study of biological and behavioural risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Setting: The Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland Subjects: School children aged 12 years and 15 years who participated in a cross-sectional study of lifestyle and health, and who were followed up as young adults aged 20 – 25 years. Results: There was no significant difference in height, weight, BMI, skin-fold thickness measurements, blood pressure or plasma lipid profile in adolescents who had been breastfed when compared to those who had not been breastfed. However, by the time these adolescents had reached adulthood, those who had been breastfed were significantly taller when compared to those who had not been breastfed (standing height, P=0.013; leg length (P=0.035)). Specifically, the breastfed group were on average taller by 1.7cm (95% CI 0.4, 3.0) and had longer legs by 1cm (95% CI 0.1, 1.9). There was no significant difference in other anthropometric measures, blood pressure or plasma lipid profile in adults who had been breastfed when compared to those who had not been breastfed. Conclusions: Compared with those who had not been breastfed, individuals who had been breastfed were taller in adulthood. Given the known association of increased adult height with improved life expectancy the results from this study support a beneficial effect of breastfeeding.

Vasoactivity of AG014699, a clinically active small molecule inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: a contributory factor to chemopotentiation in vivo?

Purpose: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays an important role in DNA repair, and PARP inhibitors can enhance the activity of DNA-damaging agents in vitro and in vivo. AG014699 is a potent PARP inhibitor in phase II clinical development. However, the range of therapeutics with which AG014699 could interact via a DNA-repair based mechanism is limited. We aimed to investigate a novel, vascular-based activity of AG014699, underlying in vivo chemosensitization, which could widen its clinical application.

Experimental Design: Temozolomide response was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Vessel dynamics were monitored using “mismatch” following the administration of perfusion markers and real-time analysis of fluorescently labeled albumin uptake in to tumors established in dorsal window chambers. Further mechanistic investigations used ex vivo assays of vascular smooth muscle relaxation, gut motility, and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibition.

Results: AG014699 failed to sensitize SW620 cells to temozolomide in vitro but induced pronounced enhancement in vivo. AG014699 (1 mg/kg) improved tumor perfusion comparably with the control agents nicotinamide (1 g/kg) and AG14361 (forerunner to AG014699; 10 mg/kg). AG014699 and AG14361 relaxed preconstricted vascular smooth muscle more potently than the standard agent, hydralazine, with no impact on gut motility. AG014699 inhibited MLCK at concentrations that relaxed isolated arteries, whereas AG14361 had no effect.

Conclusion: Increased vessel perfusion elicited by AG014699 could increase tumor drug accumulation and therapeutic response. Vasoactive concentrations of AG014699 do not cause detrimental side effects to gut motility and may increase the range of therapeutics with which AG014699 could be combined with for clinical benefit.

Inhibitor profiling of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor LasB using N-alpha mercaptoamide template-based inhibitors

We report on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a focussed library of N-alpha mercaptoamide containing dipeptides as inhibitors of the zinc metallopeptidase Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (LasB, EC 3.4.24.26). The aim of the study was to derive an inhibitor profile for LasB with regard to mapping the S´1 binding site of the enzyme. Consequently, a focussed library of 160 members has been synthesised, using standard Fmoc-solid phase methods (on a Rink-amide resin), in which a subset of amino acids including examples of those with basic (Lys, Arg), aromatic (Phe, Trp), large aliphatic (Val, Leu) and acidic (Asp, Glu) side-chains populated the P´2 position of the inhibitor sequence and all 20 natural amino acids were incorporated, in turn, at the P´1 position. The study has revealed a preference for aromatic and/or large aliphatic amino acids at P´1 and a distinct bias against acidic residues at P´2. Ten inhibitor sequences were discovered that exhibited sub to low micromolar Ki values.

Quality factor assessment of subwavelength resonant cavities at FIR frequencies

Subwavelength resonators at FIR are presented and studied. The structures consist of 1D cavities formed between a metallized (silver) surface and a metamaterial surface comprising a periodic array of silver patches on a silver-backed silicon substrate. The concept derives from recent discoveries of artificial magnetic conductors (AMC). By studying the currents excited on the metamaterial surface by a normally incident plane wave, the nature of the emerging resonant phenomena and the physical mechanism underlying the AMC operation are investigated. Full wave simulations, based on finite element method and time-domain transmission line modelling technique, have been carried out to demonstrate the effective AMC boundary condition and prove the possibilities for subwavelength cavities. The quality factor of the resonant cavities is assessed as a function of the cavity profile. It is demonstrated that the quality factor drops to about 1/8 of the half-wavelength value for lambda/8 resonant cavity.

Confirmatory factor analysis of the adolescent self-report strengths and difficulties questionnaire

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a widely used 25-item screening test for emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. This study attempted to critically examine the factor structure of the adolescent self-report version. As part of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study, a total of 3,753 pupils completed the SDQ when aged 12. Both three- and five-factor exploratory factor analysis models were estimated. A number of deviations from the hypothesized SDQ structure were observed, including a lack of unidimensionality within particular subscales, cross-loadings, and items failing to load on any factor. Model fit of the confirmatory factor analysis model was modest, providing limited support for the hypothesized five-component structure. The analyses suggested a number of weaknesses within the component structure of the self-report SDQ, particularly in relation to the reverse-coded items.

The human synovial fluid proteome: A key factor in the pathology of joint disease

This review aims to summarise our knowledge to date on the protein complement of the synovial fluid (S F). The tissues, structure and pathophysiology of the synovial joint are briefly described. The salient features of the S F proteome, how it is composed and the influence of arthritic disease are highlighted and discussed. The concentrations of proteins that have been detected and quantified in SF are drawn together from the literature on osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The measurements are plotted to give a perspective on the dynamic range of protein levels within the SF. Approaches to proteomic analysis of SF to date are discussed along with their findings. From the recent literature reviewed within, it is becoming increasingly clear that analysis of the SF proteome as a whole, could deliver the most valuable differential diagnostic fingerprints of a number of arthritic disorders. Further development of proteomic platforms could characterise prognostic profiles to improve the cliniciads ability to resolve unremitting disease by existing and novel therapeutics.

Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by a novel metalloprotease pathway

Neutrophil Elastase (NE) is a pro-inflammatory protease present at higher than normal levels in the lung during inflammatory disease. NE regulates IL-8 production from airway epithelial cells and can activate both EGFR and TLR4. TACE/ADAM17 has been reported to trans-activate EGFR in response to NE. Here, using 16HBE14o-human bronchial epithelial cells we demonstrate a new mechanism by which NE regulates both of these events. A high molecular weight soluble metalloprotease activity detectable only in supernatants from NE-treated cells by gelatin and casein zymography was confirmed to be meprin alpha by Western immunoblotting. In vitro studies demonstrated the ability of NE to activate meprin alpha, which in turn could release soluble TGFa and induce IL-8 production from 16HBE14o- cells. These effects were abrogated by actinonin, a specific meprin inhibitor. NE-induced IL-8 expression was also inhibited by meprin alpha siRNA. Immunoprecipitation studies detected EGFR/TLR4 complexes in NE-stimulated cells overexpressing these receptors. Confocal studies confirmed colocalization of EGFR and TLR4 in 16HBE14o- cells stimulated with meprin alpha. NF?B was also activated via MyD88 in these cells by meprin alpha. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from NE knock-out mice infected intra-tracheally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa meprin alpha was significantly decreased compared with control mice, and was significantly increased and correlated with NE activity, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from individuals with cystic fibrosis but not healthy controls. The data describe a previously unidentified lung metalloprotease meprin alpha, and its role in NE-induced EGFR and TLR4 activation and IL-8 production.

Factor markets in England before the Black Death

Modern English factor markets originated during the two centuries of active commercialization that preceded the Black Death. An active labour market was established by the late twelfth century. Evolution of a land market followed the legal reforms of the 1170s and 1180s, which created legally secure and defensible property rights in land. These rights stimulated growth of a capital market, since land became a security against which credit could be obtained. Nevertheless, none of these nascent factor markets functioned unconstrained and each became embedded in legal, tenurial, and institutional complexities and rigidities which it took later generations centuries to reform.