Computer Vision-Based Carbohydrate Estimation for Type 1 Diabetic Patients Using Smartphones

Background: Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have to count the carbohydrates (CHOs) of their meal to estimate the prandial insulin dose needed to compensate for the meal’s effect on blood glucose levels. CHO counting is very challenging but also crucial, since an error of 20 grams can substantially impair postprandial control. Method: The GoCARB system is a smartphone application designed to support T1D patients with CHO counting of nonpacked foods. In a typical scenario, the user places a reference card next to the dish and acquires 2 images with his/her smartphone. From these images, the plate is detected and the different food items on the plate are automatically segmented and recognized, while their 3D shape is reconstructed. Finally, the food volumes are calculated and the CHO content is estimated by combining the previous results and using the USDA nutritional database. Results: To evaluate the proposed system, a set of 24 multi-food dishes was used. For each dish, 3 pairs of images were taken and for each pair, the system was applied 4 times. The mean absolute percentage error in CHO estimation was 10 ± 12%, which led to a mean absolute error of 6 ± 8 CHO grams for normal-sized dishes. Conclusion: The laboratory experiments demonstrated the feasibility of the GoCARB prototype system since the error was below the initial goal of 20 grams. However, further improvements and evaluation are needed prior launching a system able to meet the inter- and intracultural eating habits.

Network Store: Exploring Slicing in Future 5G Networks

In this paper, we present a revolutionary vision of 5G networks, in which SDN programs wireless network functions, and where Mobile Network Operators (MNO), Enterprises, and Over-The-Top (OTT) third parties are provided with NFV-ready Network Store. The proposed Network Store serves as a digital distribution platform of programmable Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) that enable 5G application use-cases. Currently existing application stores, such as Apple's App Store for iOS applications, Google's Play Store for Android, or Ubuntu's Software Center, deliver applications to user specific software platforms. Our vision is to provide a digital marketplace, gathering 5G enabling Network Applications and Network Functions, written to run on top of commodity cloud infrastructures, connected to remote radio heads (RRH). The 5G Network Store will be the same to the cloud as the application store is currently to a software platform.

Coordinating Platform-Based Multi-Sourcing: Introducing the Theory of Convention

Spurred by the consumer market, companies increasingly deploy smartphones or tablet computers in their operations. However, unlike private users, companies typically struggle to cover their needs with existing applications, and therefore expand mobile software platforms through customized applications from multiple software vendors. Companies thereby combine the concepts of multi-sourcing and software platform ecosystems in a novel platform-based multi-sourcing setting. This implies, however, the clash of two different approaches towards the coordination of the underlying one-to-many inter-organizational relationships. So far, however, little is known about impacts of merging coordination approaches. Relying on convention theory, we addresses this gap by analyzing a platform-based multi-sourcing project between a client and six software vendors, that develop twenty-three custom-made applications on a common platform (Android). In doing so, we aim to understand how unequal coordination approaches merge, and whether and for what reason particular coordination mechanisms, design decisions, or practices disappear, while new ones emerge.

Essentials from the 2015 European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) guidelines for the treatment of adult HIV-positive persons.

BACKGROUND The European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) guidelines are intended for all clinicians involved in the care of HIV-positive persons, and are available in print, online, and as a free App for download for iPhone and Android. GUIDELINE HIGHLIGHTS The 2015 version of the EACS guidelines contains major revisions in all sections; antiretroviral treatment (ART), comorbidities, coinfections and opportunistic diseases. Among the key revisions is the recommendation of ART for all HIV-positive persons, irrespectively of CD4 count, based on the Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) study results. The recommendations for the preferred and the alternative ART options have also been revised, and a new section on the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been added. A number of new antiretroviral drugs/drug combinations have been added to the updated tables on drug-drug interactions, adverse drug effects, dose adjustment for renal/liver insufficiency and for ART administration in persons with swallowing difficulties. The revisions of the coinfection section reflect the major advances in anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment with direct-acting antivirals with earlier start of treatment in individuals at increased risk of liver disease progression, and a phasing out of interferon-containing treatment regimens. The section on opportunistic diseases has been restructured according to individual pathogens/diseases and a new overview table has been added on CD4 count thresholds for different primary prophylaxes. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis and management of HIV infection and related coinfections, opportunistic diseases and comorbidities continue to require a multidisciplinary effort for which the 2015 version of the EACS guidelines provides an easily accessable and updated overview.

Energy Efficient Multimedia Communications in IEEE 802.11 Networks

During the last decade wireless mobile communications have progressively become part of the people’s daily lives, leading users to expect to be “alwaysbest-connected” to the Internet, regardless of their location or time of day. This is indeed motivated by the fact that wireless access networks are increasingly ubiquitous, through different types of service providers, together with an outburst of thoroughly portable devices, namely laptops, tablets, mobile phones, among others. The “anytime and anywhere” connectivity criterion raises new challenges regarding the devices’ battery lifetime management, as energy becomes the most noteworthy restriction of the end-users’ satisfaction. This wireless access context has also stimulated the development of novel multimedia applications with high network demands, although lacking in energy-aware design. Therefore, the relationship between energy consumption and the quality of the multimedia applications perceived by end-users should be carefully investigated. This dissertation addresses energy-efficient multimedia communications in the IEEE 802.11 standard, which is the most widely used wireless access technology. It advances the literature by proposing a unique empirical assessment methodology and new power-saving algorithms, always bearing in mind the end-users’ feedback and evaluating quality perception. The new EViTEQ framework proposed in this thesis, for measuring video transmission quality and energy consumption simultaneously, in an integrated way, reveals the importance of having an empirical and high-accuracy methodology to assess the trade-off between quality and energy consumption, raised by the new end-users’ requirements. Extensive evaluations conducted with the EViTEQ framework revealed its flexibility and capability to accurately report both video transmission quality and energy consumption, as well as to be employed in rigorous investigations of network interface energy consumption patterns, regardless of the wireless access technology. Following the need to enhance the trade-off between energy consumption and application quality, this thesis proposes the Optimized Power save Algorithm for continuous Media Applications (OPAMA). By using the end-users’ feedback to establish a proper trade-off between energy consumption and application performance, OPAMA aims at enhancing the energy efficiency of end-users’ devices accessing the network through IEEE 802.11. OPAMA performance has been thoroughly analyzed within different scenarios and application types, including a simulation study and a real deployment in an Android testbed. When compared with the most popular standard power-saving mechanisms defined in the IEEE 802.11 standard, the obtained results revealed OPAMA’s capability to enhance energy efficiency, while keeping end-users’ Quality of Experience within the defined bounds. Furthermore, OPAMA was optimized to enable superior energy savings in multiple station environments, resulting in a new proposal called Enhanced Power Saving Mechanism for Multiple station Environments (OPAMA-EPS4ME). The results of this thesis highlight the relevance of having a highly accurate methodology to assess energy consumption and application quality when aiming to optimize the trade-off between energy and quality. Additionally, the obtained results based both on simulation and testbed evaluations, show clear benefits from employing userdriven power-saving techniques, such as OPAMA, instead of IEEE 802.11 standard power-saving approaches.

Modelado de sistemas de inteligencia ambiental para el entrenamiento de las cualidades físicas

En un ejercicio no extenuante la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) guarda una relación lineal con el consumo máximo de oxígeno (V O2max) y se suele usar como uno de los parámetros de referencia para cuantificar la capacidad del sistema cardiovascular. Normalmente la frecuencia cardíaca puede remplazar el porcentaje de V O2max en las prescripciones básicas de ejercicio para la mejora de la resistencia aeróbica. Para obtener los mejores resultados en la mejora de la resistencia aeróbica, el entrenamiento de los individuos se debe hacer a una frecuencia cardíaca suficientemente alta, para que el trabajo sea de predominio dinámico con la fosforilación oxidativa como fuente energética primaria, pero no tan elevada que pueda suponer un riesgo de infarto de miocardio para el sujeto que se está entrenando. Los programas de entrenamiento de base mínima y de base óptima, con ejercicios de estiramientos para prevenir lesiones, son algunos de los programas más adecuados para el entrenamiento de la resistencia aeróbica porque maximizan los beneficios y minimizan los riesgos para el sistema cardiovascular durante las sesiones de entrenamiento. En esta tesis, se ha definido un modelo funcional para sistemas de inteligencia ambiental capaz de monitorizar, evaluar y entrenar las cualidades físicas que ha sido validado cuando la cualidad física es la resistencia aeróbica. El modelo se ha implementado en una aplicación Android utilizando la camiseta inteligente “GOW running” de la empresa Weartech. El sistema se ha comparado en el Laboratorio de Fisiología del Esfuerzo (LFE) de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) durante la realización de pruebas de esfuerzo. Además se ha evaluado un sistema de guiado con voz para los entrenamientos de base mínima y de base óptima. También el desarrollo del software ha sido validado. Con el uso de cuestionarios sobre las experiencias de los usuarios utilizando la aplicación se ha evaluado el atractivo de la misma. Por otro lado se ha definido una nueva metodología y nuevos tipos de cuestionarios diseñados para evaluar la utilidad que los usuarios asignan al uso de un sistema de guiado por voz. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la validez del modelo. Se ha obtenido una alta concordancia entre las medidas de FC hecha por la aplicación Android y el LFE. También ha resultado que los métodos de estimación del VO2max de los dos sistemas pueden ser intercambiables. Todos los usuarios que utilizaron el sistema de guiado por voz para entrenamientos de 10 base mínima y de base óptimas de la resistencia aeróbica consiguieron llevar a cabo las sesiones de entrenamientos con un 95% de éxito considerando unos márgenes de error de un 10% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima teórica. La aplicación fue atractiva para los usuarios y hubo también una aceptación del sistema de guiado por voz. Se ha obtenido una evaluación psicológica positiva de la satisfacción de los usuarios que interactuaron con el sistema. En conclusión, se ha demostrado que es posible desarrollar sistemas de Inteligencia Ambiental en dispositivos móviles para la mejora de la salud. El modelo definido en la tesis es el primero modelo funcional teórico de referencia para el desarrollo de este tipo de aplicaciones. Posteriores estudios se realizarán con el objetivo de extender dicho modelo para las demás cualidades físicas que suponen modelos fisiológicos más complejos como por ejemplo la flexibilidad. Abstract In a non-strenuous exercise, the heart rate (HR) shows a linear relationship with the maximum volume of oxygen consumption (V O2max) and serves as an indicator of performance of the cardiovascular system. The heart rate replaces the %V O2max in exercise program prescription to improve aerobic endurance. In order to achieve an optimal effect during endurance training, the athlete needs to work out at a heart rate high enough to trigger the aerobic metabolism, while avoiding the high heart rates that bring along significant risks of myocardial infarction. The minimal and optimal base training programs, followed by stretching exercises to prevent injuries, are adequate programs to maximize benefits and minimize health risks for the cardiovascular system during single session training. In this thesis, we have defined an ambient intelligence system functional model that monitors, evaluates and trains physical qualities, and it has been validated for aerobic endurance. It is based on the Android System and the “GOW Running” smart shirt. The system has been evaluated during functional assessment stress testing of aerobic endurance in the Stress Physiology Laboratory (SPL) of the Technical University of Madrid (UPM). Furthermore, a voice system, designed to guide the user through minimal and optimal base training programs, has been evaluated. Also the software development has been evaluated. By means of user experience questionnaires, we have rated the attractiveness of the android application. Moreover, we have defined a methodology and a new kind of questionnaires in order to assess the user experience with the audio exercise guide system. The results obtained confirm the model. We have a high similarity between HR measurements made of our system and the one used by SPL. We have also a high correlation between the VO2max estimations of our system and the SPL system. All users, that tried the voice guidance system for minimal and optimal base training programs, were able to perform the 95% of the training session with an error lower than the 10% of theoretical maximum heart rate. The application appeared attractive to the users, and it has also been proven that the voice guidance system was useful. As result we obtained a positive evaluation of the users' satisfaction while they interacted with the system. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that is possible to develop mobile Ambient Intelligence applications for the improvement of healthy lifestyle. AmIRTEM model is the first theoretical reference functional model for the design of this kind of applications. Further studies will be realized in order to extend the AmIRTEM model to other physical qualities whose physiological models are more complex than the aerobic endurance.

Analyzing Business Models for Mobile Augmented Reality

Nowadays, a wide offer of mobile augmented reality (mAR) applications is available at the market, and the user base of mobile AR-capable devices -smartphones- is rapidly increasing. Nevertheless, likewise to what happens in other mobile segments, business models to put mAR in value are not clearly defined yet. In this paper, we focus on sketching the big picture of the commercial offer of mAR applications, in order to inspire a posterior analysis of business models that may successfully support the evolution of mAR. We have gathered more than 400 mAR applications from Android Market, and analyzed the offer as a whole, taking into account some technology aspects, pricing schemes and user adoption factors. Results show, for example, that application providers are not expecting to generate revenues per direct download, although they are producing high-quality applications, well rated by the users.

Solución Abierta de Barrido y Pulsación en Dispositivos Móviles Accesible para Personas con DFiscapacidad Física

Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo esencial ofrecer una solución de accesibilidad a los dispositivos móviles táctiles para personas con discapacidad física con afección en los miembros superiores. El diseño, desarrollo y validación de la solución detallada está basado en una plataforma abierta y de bajo coste como Android que, mediante la interconexión de conmutadores comerciales y el uso de un sistema de barrido con realimentación por voz sintetizada, permite al usuario acceder a todas las funciones básicas de la telefonía móvil. El análisis de los requisitos de usuario es un eje central de este trabajo para lo cual se ha contado con la participación de la Asociación de Lesionados Medulares y Grandes Discapacitados Físicos (ASPAYM), de la Asociación de Padres de Alumnos Minusválidos (APAM) y del Centro de Referencia Estatal de Atención al Daño Cerebral (CEADAC). El sistema resultante preserva las expectativas de autonomía personal y privacidad demandadas.

Redes y servicios ubicuos para Internet de las Cosas en dispositivos llevables

En las últimas décadas se han producido importantes avances tecnológicos, lo que ha producido un crecimiento importante de las Redes Inalámbricas de Sensores (RIS), conocidas en inglés como Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Estas redes están formadas por un conjunto de pequeños nodos o también, conocidos como motas, compuestos por diversos tipos de sensores. Las Redes Inalámbricas de Sensores pueden resultar muy útiles en entornos donde el despliegue de redes cableadas, formadas por ordenadores, encaminadores u otros dispositivos de red no sea posible. Sin embargo, este tipo de redes presentan una serie de carencias o problemas que dificultan, en ocasiones, su implementación y despliegue. Este Proyecto Fin de Carrera tiene como principales objetivos: diseñar e implementar un agente que haga uso de la tecnología Bluetooth para que se pueda comunicar tanto con la arquitectura orientada a servicios, vía radio, como con el módulo Bioharness para obtener parámetros fisiológicos; ofrecer una serie de servicios simples a la Red Inalámbrica de Sensores; diseñar un algoritmo para un sistema de alarmas; realizar e implementar una pasarela entre protocolos que usen el estándar IEEE802.15.4 (ZigBee) y el estándar IEEE802.15.1 de la Tecnología Bluetooth. Por último, implementar una aplicación Android para el reloj WiMM y que este pueda recibir alarmas en tiempo real a través del la Interfaz Bluetooth. Para lograr estos objetivos, en primer lugar realizaremos un estudio del Estado del Arte de las Redes Inalámbricas de Sensores, con el fin de estudiar su arquitectura, el estándar Bluetooth y los dispositivos Bluetooth que se han utilizado en este Proyecto. Seguidamente, describiremos detalladamente el firmware iWRAP versión 4, centrándonos en sus modos de operación, comandos AT y posibles errores que puedan ocurrir. A continuación, se describirá la arquitectura y la especificación nSOM, para adentrarnos en la arquitectura orientada a servicios. Por último, ejecutaremos la fase de validación del sistema y se analizarán los resultados obtenidos durante la fase de pruebas. ABSTRACT In last decades there have been significant advances in technology, which has resulted in important growth of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). These networks consist of a small set of nodes, also known as spots; equipped with various types of sensors. Wireless Sensor Networks can be very useful in environments where deployment of wired networks, formed by computers, routers or other network devices is not possible. However, these networks have a number of shortcomings or challenges to, sometimes, their implementation and deployment. The main objectives of this Final Project are to design and implement an agent that makes use of Bluetooth technology so you can communicate with both the service-oriented architecture, via radio, as with Bioharness module for physiological parameters; offer simple services to Wireless Sensor Network, designing an algorithm for an alarm system, make and implement a gateway between protocols using the standard IEEE802.15.4 (ZigBee) and IEEE802.15.1 standard Bluetooth Technology. Finally, implement an Android application for WiMM watch that can receive real-time alerts through the Bluetooth interface. In order to achieve these objectives, firstly we are going to carry out a study of the State of the Art in Wireless Sensor Network, where we study the architecture, the Bluetooth standard and Bluetooth devices that have been used in this project. Then, we will describe in detail the iWRAP firmware version 4, focusing on their operation modes, AT commands and errors that may occur. Therefore, we will describe the architecture and specification nSOM, to enter into the service-oriented architecture. Finally, we will execute the phase of validation of the system in a real application scenario, analyzing the results obtained during the testing phase.

Diseño y fabricación de dispositivos basados en cristal líquido polimérico

Esta tesis se centra en el estudio y desarrollo de dispositivos de aplicación basados en cristal líquido polimérico. Las propiedades de los cristales líquidos los hacen interesantes para su uso en el desarrollo de dispositivos de seguridad para autenticación de productos y marcas, y detección y prevención de falsificaciones. Asimismo, pueden ser muy útiles para fabricar dispositivos basados en CLs dispersos en polímero, los cuales tienen a su vez múltiples aplicaciones. La orientación de las moléculas de cristal líquido y la birrefringencia son las dos características principales que afectan a las propiedades de estos dispositivos. Un dispositivo de cristal líquido estándar consiste en un sándwich formado por dos sustratos de vidrio transparente, dotados con electrodo de ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) en su superficie interna, que confinan el cristal líquido en su interior. En la primera parte de esta tesis se describen las características más importantes que describen una célula de cristal líquido. Esta introducción básica en necesaria para la correcta comprensión de los capítulos posteriores en los que se detalla el desarrollo concreto de los dispositivos desarrollados en la investigación llevada a cabo. Por ejemplo, en el caso de los dispositivos de seguridad se han eliminado los sustratos de vidrio (en la última fase de su desarrollo) para conseguir dispositivos flexibles. En la segunda parte de la tesis se incluye la descripción completa de los dispositivos fabricados, así como de los protocolos de fabricación seguidos y diseñados específicamente para ello. También se detallan en esta parte los resultados obtenidos, así como las propiedades ópticas y electroópticas en cada caso, y el/los equipos de caracterización utilizados. Utilizando cristal líquido nemático y colorante dicroico, se han desarrollado dispositivos que contienen múltiples imágenes latentes en cada cara del mismo. Utilizando distintas técnicas de alineamiento se consigue crear cualquier tipo de motivo latente, ya sean símbolos sencillos, figuras, logotipos o incluso imágenes con escala de gris. Cuanto más complejo es el dispositivo, mayor es la dificultad para reproducirlo en una eventual falsificación. Para visualizar e identificar los motivos es necesario emplear luz polarizada, por ejemplo, con la ayuda de un sencillo polarizador lineal. Dependiendo de si el polarizador está colocado delante del dispositivo o detrás del él, se mostrarán las imágenes generadas en una u otra cara. Este efecto es posible gracias al colorante dicroico añadido al CL, a la orientación inducida sobre las moléculas, y a la estructura de twist utilizada en los dispositivos. En realidad, para ver el efecto de los dispositivos no es necesario el uso de un polarizador, basta con el reflejo de una superficie dielétrica (percialmente polarizado), o la luz emitida por la pantalla de dispositivos de consumo comunes como un televisor LCD, un monitor de ordenador o un “smartphone”. Por otro lado, utilizando una mezcla entre un CL nemático polimérico y un CL nemático no polimérico es posible fabricar dispositivos LCPC (Liquid Crystal Polymer Composite) con propiedades electroópticas muy interesantes, que funcionan a tensiones de conmutación bajas. El CL polimérico conforma una estructura de red en el interior del sándwich que mantiene confinado al CL nemático en pequeños microdominios. Se han fabricado dispositivos LCPC con conmutación inversa utilizando tanto alineamiento homogéneo como homeotrópico. Debido a que tanto la estructura de CL polimérico como el CL nemático que rellena los microdominios están orientados en una misma dirección de alineamiento preinducida, la luz dispersada por el dispositivo se encuentra polarizada. La dirección de polarización coincide con la dirección de alineamiento. La innovación aportada por esta investigación: un nuevo dispositivo LCPC inverso de respuesta ultrarápida y polarizada basado en la mezcla de dos CL nemáticos y, un dispositivo de seguridad y autenticación, patentado internacionalmente, basado en CL nemáticos dopados con colorante dicroico. Abstract This thesis is centered on the availability to use polymerizable liquid crystals to develop non-display application LC devices. Liquid crystal properties make them useful for the development of security devices in applications of authentication and detection of fakes, and also to achieve polymer dispersed LC devices to be used for different applications that will be studied here. Induced orientation of liquid crystal molecules and birefringence are the two main properties used in these devices. A standard liquid crystal device is a sandwich consisting of two parallel glass substrates carrying a thin transparent ITO (Indium‐Tin‐Oxide) electrode on their inner surfaces with the liquid crystal in the middle. The first part of this thesis will describe the most important parameters describing a liquid crystal cell. This basis is necessary for the understanding of later chapters where models of the liquid crystal devices will be discussed and developed. In the case of security devices the standard structure of an LC device has been modified by eliminating the glass substrates in order to achieve plastic and flexible devices. The second part of the thesis includes a detailed description of the devices achieved and the manufacturing protocols that have been developed ad-hoc. The optical and electrooptical properties and the characterization equipment are described here as well. Employing nematic liquid crystal and dichroic colorants, we have developed devices that show, with the aid of a polarizer, multiple images on each side of the device. By different alignment techniques it is possible to create any kind of symbols, drawings or motifs with a grayscale; the more complex the created device is, the more difficult is to fake it. To identify the motifs it is necessary to use polarized light. Depending on whether the polarizer is located in front of the LC cell or behind it, different motifs from one or the other substrate are shown. The effect arises from the dopant color dye added to the liquid crystal, the induced orientation and the twist structure. In practice, a grazing reflection on a dielectric surface is polarized enough to see the effect. Any LC flat panel display (LCD TV, computer, mobile phone) can obviously be used as backlight as well. On the other hand, by using a mixture of polymerizable and non-polymerizable nematics liquid crystals it is also possible to achieve LCPC (Liquid Crystal Polymer Composite) devices that show really interesting electrooptical characteristics using low switching voltages. Polymerizable LC creates a hollow structure inside the sandwich glass cell that keep nematics liquid crystal confined creating microdomains. Homogeneous and homeotropic alignments have been used to develop inverse switching mode LCPCs. Due to the double LC oriented structure, the outgoing scattered light from these devices is already polarized. The polarization axis coincides with LC molecules director, the alignment direction promoted. The novelties derived from the investigation presented here, new ultrafast inverse LCPC with polarized outgoing scattered light based on oriented nematic LC mixture, and an internationally patented security and authentication device based on nematics (doped with dichroic dye) oriented polymerizable LC.

Novel system for bite-force sensing and monitoring based on magnetic eear field communication

Intraoral devices for bite-force sensing have several applications in odontology and maxillofacial surgery, as bite-force measurements provide additional information to help understand the characteristics of bruxism disorders and can also be of help for the evaluation of post-surgical evolution and for comparison of alternative treatments. A new system for measuring human bite forces is proposed in this work. This system has future applications for the monitoring of bruxism events and as a complement for its conventional diagnosis. Bruxism is a pathology consisting of grinding or tight clenching of the upper and lower teeth, which leads to several problems such as lesions to the teeth, headaches, orofacial pain and important disorders of the temporomandibular joint. The prototype uses a magnetic field communication scheme similar to low-frequency radio frequency identification (RFID) technology (NFC). The reader generates a low-frequency magnetic field that is used as the information carrier and powers the sensor. The system is notable because it uses an intra-mouth passive sensor and an external interrogator, which remotely records and processes information regarding a patient?s dental activity. This permits a quantitative assessment of bite-force, without requiring intra-mouth batteries, and can provide supplementary information to polysomnographic recordings, current most adequate early diagnostic method, so as to initiate corrective actions before irreversible dental wear appears. In addition to describing the system?s operational principles and the manufacture of personalized prototypes, this report will also demonstrate the feasibility of the system and results from the first in vitro and in vivo trials.

Towards a fuzzy-based multi-classifier selection module for activity recognition applications

Performing activity recognition using the information provided by the different sensors embedded in a smartphone face limitations due to the capabilities of those devices when the computations are carried out in the terminal. In this work a fuzzy inference module is implemented in order to decide which classifier is the most appropriate to be used at a specific moment regarding the application requirements and the device context characterized by its battery level, available memory and CPU load. The set of classifiers that is considered is composed of Decision Tables and Trees that have been trained using different number of sensors and features. In addition, some classifiers perform activity recognition regardless of the on-body device position and others rely on the previous recognition of that position to use a classifier that is trained with measurements gathered with the mobile placed on that specific position. The modules implemented show that an evaluation of the classifiers allows sorting them so the fuzzy inference module can choose periodically the one that best suits the device context and application requirements.

Integrated luminescent chemical microsensors based on GaN LEDs for security applications using smartphones

Development of PCB-integrateable microsensors for monitoring chemical species is a goal in areas such as lab-on-a-chip analytical devices, diagnostics medicine and electronics for hand-held instruments where the device size is a major issue. Cellular phones have pervaded the world inhabitants and their usefulness has dramatically increased with the introduction of smartphones due to a combination of amazing processing power in a confined space, geolocalization and manifold telecommunication features. Therefore, a number of physical and chemical sensors that add value to the terminal for health monitoring, personal safety (at home, at work) and, eventually, national security have started to be developed, capitalizing also on the huge number of circulating cell phones. The chemical sensor-enabled “super” smartphone provides a unique (bio)sensing platform for monitoring airborne or waterborne hazardous chemicals or microorganisms for both single user and crowdsourcing security applications. Some of the latest ones are illustrated by a few examples. Moreover, we have recently achieved for the first time (covalent) functionalization of p- and n-GaN semiconductor surfaces with tuneable luminescent indicator dyes of the Ru-polypyridyl family, as a key step in the development of innovative microsensors for smartphone applications. Chemical “sensoring” of GaN-based blue LED chips with those indicators has also been achieved by plasma treatment of their surface, and the micrometer-sized devices have been tested to monitor O2 in the gas phase to show their full functionality. Novel strategies to enhance the sensor sensitivity such as changing the length and nature of the siloxane buffer layer are discussed in this paper.

Architecture for Text Sign Localization and Recognition

This paper describes a low complexity strategy for detecting and recognizing text signs automatically. Traditional approaches use large image algorithms for detecting the text sign, followed by the application of an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) algorithm in the previously identified areas. This paper proposes a new architecture that applies the OCR to a whole lightly treated image and then carries out the text detection process of the OCR output. The strategy presented in this paper significantly reduces the processing time required for text localization in an image, while guaranteeing a high recognition rate. This strategy will facilitate the incorporation of video processing-based applications into the automatic detection of text sign similar to that of a smartphone. These applications will increase the autonomy of visually impaired people in their daily life.

Mars: a personalised mobile activity recognition system

Mobile activity recognition focuses on inferring the current activities of a mobile user by leveraging the sensory data that is available on today’s smart phones. The state of the art in mobile activity recognition uses traditional classification learning techniques. Thus, the learning process typically involves: i) collection of labelled sensory data that is transferred and collated in a centralised repository; ii) model building where the classification model is trained and tested using the collected data; iii) a model deployment stage where the learnt model is deployed on-board a mobile device for identifying activities based on new sensory data. In this paper, we demonstrate the Mobile Activity Recognition System (MARS) where for the first time the model is built and continuously updated on-board the mobile device itself using data stream mining. The advantages of the on-board approach are that it allows model personalisation and increased privacy as the data is not sent to any external site. Furthermore, when the user or its activity profile changes MARS enables promptly adaptation. MARS has been implemented on the Android platform to demonstrate that it can achieve accurate mobile activity recognition. Moreover, we can show in practise that MARS quickly adapts to user profile changes while at the same time being scalable and efficient in terms of consumption of the device resources.