Tafonomia de biválvios em calcários oolíticos da formação Teresina (Bacia do Paraná, Permiano Médio, Prudentópolis, PR)

Herein, it is presented the first detailed taphonomic study on bivalve mollusk shells preserved in the oolitic limestones of the Teresina Formation (probably Kungurian-Roadian, Lower-Middle Permian) in the eastern margin of the Parana basin. The selected beds are located in two quarries (informally named PRU 1 and PRU 2) in Prudentopolis municipality (Center-South Parana State), and positioned approximately in the middle of the formation and probably in the Pinzonella illusa Zone. The PRU 1 limestone ([approximately]30 cm thick), which is partially silicified and intercalated with predominantly pelitic rocks, is classified as a bivalve oolitic grainstone. The basal contact is erosive and the top shows symmetrical ripple marks, which are draped by shale with mud cracks. There are two fining-upwards successions characterized by dense to dispersed packing of the shells, which are usually disarticulated, randomly oriented (many nested/stacked) and mixed with some Formapelitic intraclasts. Microhummocky cross-stratification occurs a little below the top of the bed. The PRU2 bed is classified as ooidbivalve rudstone[approximately] (~5 cm thick), where all shells are disarticulated and fragmented, showing dense packing. The bivalves probably inhabited a muddy substrate and were mixed (as parautochtonous and allochthonous bioclasts) with ooids during high-energy storm events, including posterior shell displacement as a result of bioturbation. Thus, the calcareous beds represent amalgamated proximal tempestites with a complex taphonomic history, strong temporal/spatial mixing of bioclasts and limited paleoecological resolution. They are a typical example of shell beds generated in a huge epeiric sea, which was not necessarily connected to the ocean and where very low depositional-slope gradient, very slow subsidence and minimum sediment accommodation space caused frequent sediment reworking by storm related processes.

Anurofauna em área de cerrado aberto no município de Borebi, estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil: uso do habitat, abundância e variação sazonal

O bioma Cerrado encontra-se descaracterizado e menos de três por cento de suas áreas originais está legalmente protegida. A anurofauna desse bioma não é muito rica quando comparado a outros biomas, porém há um grande número de espécies endêmicas. Aqui apresentamos uma lista de espécies de anuros registrados em uma lagoa em área de cerrado aberto do município de Borebi, região Centro-Oeste do estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Durante 24 meses de estudo (2008 e 2009) caracterizamos a distribuição das espécies na lagoa estudada e descrevemos a variação sazonal das espécies. Foram registradas 27 espécies pertencentes a seis famílias: Bufonidae (duas espécies), Cycloramphidae (uma espécie), Hylidae (13 espécies), Leiuperidae (quatro espécies), Leptodactylidae (cinco espécies) e Microhylidae (duas espécies). A riqueza de espécies e abundância estiveram relacionadas com a precipitação. Dendropsophus minutus foi a espécie mais abundante e com registro de vocalização durante o ano inteiro. Rhinella ornata e Odontophrynus americanus foram restritas ao período seco e frio (abril a agosto). As outras espécies tiveram seu período de maior atividade nos meses chuvosos e quentes (setembro a março). A ocupação da lagoa variou com o tipo de vegetação e conforme a variação do seu volume de água, principalmente nos período de estiagem. A alta riqueza e abundância de anuros da lagoa pode ser resultado da ausência de peixes predadores, dos diversos tipos de microambientes do local e da ausência de outros corpos d'água próximos.

Caracterização florística e fitossociológica do componente arbustivo-arbóreo de uma floresta paludosa no Município de Rio Claro (SP), Brasil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização florística e estrutural das florestas naturalmente fragmentadas no Parque Estadual do Guartelá, município de Tibagi, estado do Paraná

A Floresta Ombrófila Mista na região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná é naturalmente fragmentada, ocorrendo em forma de capões ou ao longo dos cursos d'água. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a composição e estrutura destes fragmentos e avaliar as correlações entre a distribuição das espécies e variáveis do solo de tal região, realizou-se um estudo no Parque Estadual do Guartelá, Município de Tibagi (24°39'10S e 50°15'25W). Foram alocadas 50 parcelas de 10x10m, distribuídas em capões de diferentes tamanhos e ao longo da floresta que acompanha o Rio Iapó, amostrando todos os indivíduos com altura > 3m. Foram encontrados um alto número de espécies (140) e uma elevada diversidade (H'=4,10), valores acima daqueles relatados para o domínio da Floresta Ombrófila Mista. As análises da composição e estrutura revelaram uma flora de transição entre a Floresta Ombrófila Mista e a Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, com uma maior similaridade com esta última, possivelmente influenciada pelo clima. Uma análise de correspondência canônica identificou as variáveis textura e acidez como as correlacionadas com a distribuição de abundâncias das espécies, ordenando dois grupos distintos: um formado pelas parcelas distribuídas nos capões, relacionadas fortemente à textura do solo; e outro pelas parcelas alocadas na floresta de galeria, associadas principalmente com a disponibilidade de nutrientes.

Avaliação da chuva de sementes em áreas de restinga em diferentes estágios de regeneração

This study was conducted in an area of restinga in the municipality of Silo Vicente (SP). The study aimed to evaluate the seed rain in three different conditions of regeneration. Was selected the following conditions: High Forest of Restinga in the middle stage of regeneration, an area of clearing in the same condition mentioned above and a third in early stages of regeneration. hi each condition were installed 10 seed collectors made of wood and screen with 80% of shade, supported to a height of 20cm of soil. They were evaluated monthly for one yew; the densities of seed deposited in the collector these seedlings are identified and categorized based on their dispersion syndrome and successional classes. The Area of High Forest area was carried out a phytosociological survey to identify which seedlings present in the rain could be from these areas. It was found that the densities of seedlings are relatively low compared to other formations of the Atlantic rain forest, but consistent with other studies of the same type of vegetation used in the study. Regarding dispersal syndromes and successional classes, there was prevalence of the zoocoric syndrome and species of secondary successional classes. The results indicate that the area has good ability to maintain their succession dynamics.

Florística e fitossociologia em parcelas permanentes da Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal

This paper summarizes floristic and phytossociology data of 11, out of 14 plots of 1 ha, allocated along an altitudinal gradient in the Serra do Mar, Silo Paulo, Brazil. The study was conducted at Serra do Mar State Park and the plots start at the sea level (10 m - plot of Restinga Forest that occurs at Praia da Fazenda, Picinguaba, municipality of Ubatuba) up to 1100 m above sea level (the Montane Ombrophilous Dense occurs alongside the Itamambuca Trail, municipality of Silo Luis do Paraitinga). The Restinga Forest occurs in Pleistocenic Coastal Plain where the soil is classified as a sandy Quartzipsamment (Quartzenic Neosol), while along the slopes of the Serra do Mar, the Ombrophylus Dense Forest grows on the top of a pre-Cambrian crystalline basement with granitic rocks, where the soil is a sandy-loam Dystrophic Inceptisol (Cambisol/Latosol). In all 14 plots soils are acidic (pH 3 - 4), chemically poor, with high dilution of nutrients and high saturation of aluminum. In the Restinga and at the foot of the slope the climate is Tropical/Subtropical Humid (Af/Cfa), with no dry season, an average annual rainfall over 2,200 mm and an average annual temperature of 22 degrees C. Towards the top of the Serra do Mar there is a gradual cooling along the slope, but there is no reduction in rainfall, so at 1,100 m above sea level the climate is classified as Humid Subtropical (Cfa/Cfb), with no dry season and an average annual temperature of 17 degrees C. It is important to remark that, almost daily, from 400 m above sea level up to the top of slopes the mountains are covered by a dense fog. In the 14 plots 21,733 individuals with DBH >= 4.8 cm, including trees, palms and ferns, were marked, measured and sampled. The average number of individuals sampled in each plot was 1264 ind.ha(-1)(+/- 218 SE 95%). Within the parameters considered trees prevailed (71% in the Montane ODF to 90% in the Restinga Forest), followed by palms (10% in the RF and 25% in the Montane Ombrophilous Dense Forest/ODF) and ferns (0% % in the RF and 4% in the Montane ODF). Regarding these proportions the Exploited Lowlands ODF differs from the others with only 1.8% of palm trees and striking 10% of ferns. The forest canopy is irregular with heights ranging from 7 to 9 m, rarely emergent trees reach 18 m, and due to this irregularity of the canopy the amount of light that gets through sets conditions for the development of hundreds of epiphytic species. Aside from Montana ODF, where the number of dead trees was more than 5% of individuals sampled, in the other phytophysiognomies this value was below 2.5%. In the 11 plots where the floristic study was conducted we found 562 species in 195 genera and 68 families. Only seven species - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae), Calyptranthes lucida Mart. ex DC. and Marlierea tomentosa Cambess (both Myrtaceae), Guapira opposita (Veil.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae), Cupania oblongifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae), Cecropia glaziovii Snethl. and Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini (both Urticaceae) - occurred from Restinga to Montane ODF, while 12 other species did not occur only in the Restinga Forest. Families with the greatest number of species are Myrtaceae (133 spp), Fabaceae (47 spp), Rubiaceae (49) and Lauraceae (49) throughout the gradient and Monimiaceae (21) specifically in portions Montane ODF. Only in the F plot, where logging has occurred between 1950 and 1985, the abundance of palm trees has been replaced by Cyatheaceae. The study shows a peak of diversity and richness, Shannon-Weiner index (H') ranging from 3.96 to 4.48 nats.ind(-1), in the intermediate altitudes (300 to 400 m) along the slope. Several explanations for this result are raised here, including the fact that these elevations are within the limits expansions and retractions of the different phytophysiognomies of the Atlantic ODF due to climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the extraordinary richness of tree species of the Atlantic Rainforest from the northeastern coast of the State of São Paulo, reinforcing the importance of its conservation throughout the altitudinal gradient. The richness of this forest justifies a long term commitment to study its dynamics and functioning through permanent plots, and monitor the impacts of climate change in this vegetation.

Florística de uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, localizada em ecótono savânico-florestal, no município de Bauru, SP, Brasil

Informações florísticas escassas, referentes ao município de Bauru, e a elaboração de hipóteses sobre mecanismos de ocupação de fitocenoses florestais por espécies savânicas, representaram as principais questões motivadoras do presente estudo, desenvolvido em dois fragmentos de floresta estacional semidecidual (5 ha e 7 ha) mantidos pelo Jardim Botânico de Bauru, que abriga também savana florestada. O material botânico foi coletado a partir de caminhadas ao acaso e em parcelas implantadas durante estudo fitossociológico. Foram encontradas 264 espécies arbustivo-arbóreas, pertencentes a 58 famílias. Dessas espécies 126 foram coletadas apenas na fitocenose florestal, e 66 espécies foram coletadas em ambas as fitocenoses. As duas famílias com o maior número de espécies foram Rubiaceae (25 espécies) e Myrtaceae (21 espécies). Foi realizada análise de similaridade florística, a partir do índice de Jaccard (SJ), entre a floresta do JBMB e outros 11 remanescentes florestais, alguns dos quais, sob influência florística savânica. A riqueza florística dos fragmentos florestais do JBMB sofreu incremento, pela ocupação de espécies savânicas, oriundas da savana florestada contígua. Incêndios pretéritos, além da ocorrência de microambientes distintos, representaram prováveis fatores de facilitação para a invasão dessas espécies savânicas.

Flora vascular da Mata da Pavuna, Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estudo comparativo da fenologia de nove espécies arbóreas em três tipos de floresta atlântica no sudeste do Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Species composition and plant use in old urban homegardens in Rio Claro, Southeast of Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Obtenção e uso das plantas medicinais no distrito de Martim Francisco, Município de Mogi-Mirim, SP, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uma modalidade peculiar de privatização da educação pública: a aquisição de sistemas de ensino por municípios paulistas

Este artigo trata da tendência de crescimento das parcerias, pela via dos contratos, entre os municípios paulistas e empresas privadas da área educacional para a aquisição de sistemas apostilados de ensino. Os dados referem-se a levantamento desenvolvido no âmbito da pesquisa Estratégias municipais para a oferta da educação básica: uma análise de parcerias público-privadas no estado de São Paulo, financiada pela FAPESP. No período destacado neste trabalho, 1990 a 2007, percebe-se a ampliação deste tipo de relação acentuadamente nos municípios com até 50 mil habitantes. Tal percepção confirma hipótese de incremento da dependência das esferas municipais junto ao setor privado, na medida em que os municípios têm ampliadas suas responsabilidades para com a oferta e a manutenção da educação básica, sem a prévia organização técnico-política do aparato de gestão local.

A new species of torrent frog genus Hylodes (Anura : Leptodactylidae) from southeastern Brazil

We describe a new species of Hylodes from Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Conceicao do Ibitipoca, Municipality of Lima Duarte, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The new species is a member of the Hylodes lateristrigatus group, and it is characterized by small size, snout rounded in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view, presence of vocal slits and sacs, upper surface of finger discs without well developed scutes, dorsum light brown to gray with dark blotches, and details of the advertisement call. Descriptions of the tadpole, vocalizations, and information on natural history are provided. The tadpole has a ventral depression anterior to the coiled intestine, as in other species of the genus. Hylodes meridionalis (Mertens), previously considered a member of the H. nasus species group, is transferred to the H. lateristrigatus species group.

Two new species of Brachycephalus (Anura : Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic Forest in Parana State, Southern Brazil

Two new species of brachycephalid frogs are described from Pico Marumbi, municipality of Morretes, and Pico da Igreja, municipality of Guaratuba, Parana State, southern Brazil. The new species share the following attributes: body bufoniform; skin on top of the head, and central part of the back body smooth with no dermal co-ossification; outer metatarsal tubercle distinct; dermal roofing bones of skull unornamented; all paired cranial bones distinct and not fused; quadratojugals, and maxillary odontoids present. The new species from Pico Marumbi is characterized by male SVL = 11.6-12.5 and female SVL = 13.0-14.5 turn; and general color orange with dorsal reddish-brown irregular markings, lateral surfaces with small dark brown spots, and belly with brownish spots and small dots. The new species from Pico da Igreja is characterized by male SVL = 12.6-13.9 and female SVL = 14.6-15.3 mm; and general color orange, lateral surfaces with small dark brown spots, and belly with brownish coalescent spots and small dots. Comparisons with other brachycephalid species and osteological data are provided.

Social interactions in Hypsiboas albomarginatus (Anura : Hylidae) and the significance of acoustic and visual signals

Social behavior of Hypsiboas albomarginatus was studied in the Atlantic rain forest, Municipality of Ubatuba, in the north coast of the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Vocalizations of H. albomarginatus are described, including contexts in which they were emitted and temporal and spectral parameters differentiating advertisement from aggressive calls. Dominant call frequency was inversely correlated with male length and body mass but not with environmental temperature. Number of pulses per note was not correlated with any variable, and advertisement call amplitude was influenced by temperature and time. During chorus aggregation, males interacted acoustically by emitting advertisement calls in antiphony, or by emitting aggressive calls. Some disputes among males culminated in physical combat; males performed kicks and slaps on rivals' heads, in an apparent attempt to dislodge rivals from perches. Visual signals were also displayed during conflicts between males, contributing to an escalation of aggressive behavior. Visual signals were not recorded during courtship between males and females but may help in the accurate localization of the signaling male during aggressive interactions.