Avaliação do sistema de monitoramento computadorizado de digestão in vitro: 1. Testes preliminares

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar o sistema de monitoramento computadorizado da produção de gás in vitro. Essa técnica facilita estudos da degradação das frações solúveis e insolúveis das forragens, quantificadas pela produção de gás (CO2 e CH4) oriunda do metabolismo microbiano e medida por sensor de pressão. Diversas quantidades de amostras (50 a 110 mg de feno de alfafa) e outros alimentos foram testadas. Também, a influência da quantidade de líquido ruminal (2,0 ou 3,0 mL), com ou sem barras magnéticas agitadoras nos frascos incubatórios, na digestibilidade de 100 mg de feno de alfafa, foi estudada. A quantidade de 100 mg de amostra, 2,0 mL de líquido ruminal e sem barra magnética agitadora, proporcionou os menores coeficientes de variação na produção de gás. em conclusão, 2,0 mL de líquido ruminal, sem barra e com 100 mg de amostra, apresentaram maior precisão na curva de digestão.

Comparação do sistema de monitoramento computadorizado de digestão in vitro com os métodos in vivo e in situ: 2. Uso do resíduo da matéria seca de forragens

RESUMO - O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o sistema de monitoramento computadorizado da produção de gás in vitro com os métodos in vivo e in situ. Nas comparações, foram utilizadas silagens de milho com alto/baixo teores de matéria seca, com/sem inoculante. A digestibilidade das silagens com alto teor de matéria seca (MS), com/sem inoculação, não apresentou diferenças entre os métodos analisados. Quando avaliadas separadamente do efeito do inóculo, essas silagens diferiram nos métodos in vitro/gás e in situ, mas não no in vivo. Entretanto, quando analisadas somente sob efeito do inoculante, apenas no método in situ houve diferença. Não foram encontradas diferenças na digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) das silagens com alta ou baixa MS, inoculadas ou não, bem como em relação ao pH ao final da digestão. em conclusão, o desaparecimento da MS e FDN quantificada pelo resíduo no sistema in vitro/gás foi semelhante aos demais métodos avaliados.

Avaliação do sistema de monitoramento computadorizado de digestão in vitro: 3. Desaparecimento da matéria seca e/ou FDN pela produção de gás

RESUMO - Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o sistema de monitoramento computadorizado da produção de gás in vitro e compará-lo com os métodos in vivo e in situ. Nos métodos de digestibilidade (MS), foram utilizadas amostras de silagens de milho com alto/baixo teor de MS, com/sem inoculante. Avaliando a digestibilidade das silagens, pelo gás produzido na fermentação, os resultados da extensão da degradação (A+D) foram: 21,5; 22,6; 22,1; e 20,9 mL de gás/100 mg MS, sem diferença significativa. Os coeficientes de determinação obtidos na produção de gás total, em relação ao potencial de degradação obtido in situ, mostraram-se elevados para silagem de milho com alta MS inoculada (R²= 0,99), alta MS não-inoculada (R²= 0,98), baixa MS inoculada (R²= 0,94) e baixa MS não-inoculada (R²=0,93). O desaparecimento da MS e/ou fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), quantificada pelo gás produzido no sistema in vitro/gás, apresentou resultados semelhantes aos demais métodos avaliados.

Monitoramento sanitário de um sistema integrado de tratamento de águas residuárias da suinocultura

Objective. To assess the potential for contamination of wastewaters from pig farming. Methods. Wastewaters from pig farming were stored in a tank. After 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of hydraulic retention, they were added to lysimeters filled with argillaceous, sandy, or medium soil. Finally, these lysimeters were submitted to simulations of either a rainy season or a dry season. The number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci was measured in the effluents of the storage tank (for the various periods of hydraulic retention), in the percolate from the lysimeters, and in the three types of soil. The microbiological analyses were carried out using the membrane filter technique. The pH analyses were done potentiometrically. Results. For the three microorganisms, the largest decrease in bacterial counts in the storage tanks occurred with 90 or 120 days of retention. There was a marked decrease in the bacterial count in the percolates of the three soils. For the three soil types the greatest reduction in bacterial counts was found in medium soil, due to its acidity (pH < 7.0). Hydraulic retention was not sufficient to ensure the sanitary adequacy of the wastewaters and their use for irrigation, given that fecal coliform values were above 1 000 CFU per 100 mL. Therefore, adding the residues to the soil was considered a second stage of treatment. Conclusions. The retention of wastewaters followed by adding them to soil was effective in minimizing the contaminating effect of pig farming residues. The storage time for wastewaters from pig farming could be decreased from 120 to 90 days.

O Plano Real e outras experiências internacionais de estabilização

Incluye Bibliografía

Plano Real: uma segunda avaliação

Incluye Bibliografía

Avaliaçao do plano de açao para prevençao e controle do desmatamento na Amazônia legal: PPCDAm 2007-2010

Presentación de Alicia Bárcena

Juventude e coessao social na Ibero-América: um modelo a ser construído

Incluye Bibliografía

O processo institucional de avaliação do plano plurianual 2000-2003

Incluye Bibliografía

Los pueblos indígenas en el marco de las preocupaciones por el desarrollo en el plano internacional

Incluye Bibliografía

A qualidade ambiental urbana na legislação municipal: exemplo do plano diretor de araçatuba-SP 1

Environmental quality is a fundamental issue in order to characterize quality of life in the cities. The human activities interfere in environmental processes, causing impacts that must be minimized. It is the task of municipal laws to impose theoretic and practical foundations appropriated to the dimension of local problems. In this sense, the goal of this work was to propose a discussion about the recognition of environmental quality in municipal law, especially in the Municipal Master Plan of Araçatuba, city located in the state of São Paulo. It was possible to observe that in many aspects this law is far away from urban reality.

Uso do solo e monitoramento dos recursos hídricos no córrego do Ipê, Ilha Solteira, SP

Brazil has great potential of water resources, however, with deficiency in terms of qualitative and quantitative monitoring and knowledge of the influences of land use. So, this study had the purpose of presenting the qualitative and quantitative monitoring of water for irrigation and the influences caused by the use and occupation of land in the watershed of Ipê stream, in the municipality of Ilha Solteira, São Paulo. The qualitative monitoring was conducted from 2006 to 2011 and the quantitative monitoring from 2009 to 2011. In order to evaluate the influences, the Pearson correlation analysis was used. It was found that the watershed is mostly made up by the crop of sugar cane and the use in conflict with areas of permanent preservation are the fallow areas and pasture. The watershed is characterized with high concentrations of iron and coliforms, originating from degraded pastures and irregular use of urban and rural occupation. The small permanent preservation areas, bad soil conservation and expansion of urban areas imply in the deterioration of the quality and availability of water, generating socio-economic and environmental impact in the area.

Monitoramento temporal da pluma de contaminação no aterro de resíduos urbanos de Rio Claro (SP) por meio do método geofísico da eletrorresistividade

Several factors have contributed to the increase the world production of urban solid waste, resulting in difficulties to the correct management and the final environmentally appropriate disposal, in addition to causing serious socio-economic, environmental, and public health troubles. The soil and groundwater contamination by leachate in waste disposal sites is almost always present, leveraging the emergence and/or adaptation of methodologies for environmental assessment of these areas. The geophysical methods, especially the electrical resistivity method, are fast, reliable and low-cost alternative for this purpose. This paper reports the methodology adopted for the temporal monitoring of the plume of contamination of controlled landfill in the municipality of Rio Claro (SP). Electrical resistivity data were obtained in 1999 and 2008, by the resistivity method, using the techniques of vertical electrical sounding and electrical profile. In both years, similar tests were carried out in the same locations within the disposal area. The results indicated that the plume of contamination has resistivity values less than or equal to 50 ohm.m and moves guided by 2 flows: the main, to the southeast, and the secondary, to the west. Relatively to the first series of tests in 1999, the plume of contamination was higher and deeper in 2008, contrary to what was expected for a landfill deactivated for at least 10 years.

Plano municipal de saúde: Análise do instrumento de gestão

Among planning instruments used by manager instances of Brazilian Health System it pointed the Health Municipal Plan (PMS) that should be built collectively showing political intentions, directresses, priorities, objectives, goals framework, estimative of resources and need costs to get the goals of the health sector. The aim of this work was to analyze the plans in relation to attendance of legal requirements which manage the Brazilian Health System, its constitution and showing of essential items. The study included three municipalities form São Paulo State. It was used the documental analysis as research technique. Near all plans showed an analysis of situation with detailed descriptions of general situation of municipality, and only one of them realized critical analysis of their epidemiological data; the financial income applied on health was decrypted by only one municipality. About programming, all municipalities described the main problems and its solutions. Although they had goals framework, the question about cost estimative to get the goals was not approached. Any municipality showed an annual review, being one of them delayed over than two years. It was observed no participation of Municipal Health Council on elaboration and review of plans. It was concluded that there was a deficiency in the plans analyzed. It's necessary to execute continuing education with managers in relation to importance of systematic elaboration of plans and to incentive the promotion of active participation of Municipal Health Council promotion of aiming to became true the social control of health actions.

Tariffs and the Plano Real in Brazil

Includes bibliography