Catalyst size effects on the growth of single-walled nanotubes in neutral and plasma systems

The results of large-scale (∼109 atoms) numerical simulations of the growth of different-diameter vertically-aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes in plasma systems with different sheath widths and in neutral gases with the same operating parameters are reported. It is shown that the nanotube lengths and growth rates can be effectively controlled by varying the process conditions. The SWCNT growth rates in the plasma can be up to two orders of magnitude higher than in the equivalent neutral gas systems. Under specific process conditions, thin SWCNTs can grow much faster than their thicker counterparts despite the higher energies required for catalyst activation and nanotube nucleation. This selective growth of thin SWCNTs opens new avenues for the solution of the currently intractable problem of simultaneous control of the nanotube chirality and length during the growth stage.

Length control of He atmospheric plasma jet plumes: Effects of discharge parameters and ambient air

The effects of various discharge parameters and ambient gas on the length of He atmospheric plasma jet plumes expanding into the open air are studied. It is found that the voltage and width of the discharge-sustaining pulses exert significantly stronger effects on the plume length than the pulse frequency, gas flow rate, and nozzle diameter. This result is explained through detailed analysis of the I-V characteristics of the primary and secondary discharges which reveals the major role of the integrated total charges of the primary discharge in the plasma dynamics. The length of the jet plume can be significantly increased by guiding the propagating plume into a glass tube attached to the nozzle. This increase is attributed to elimination of the diffusion of surrounding air into the plasma plume, an absence which facilitates the propagation of the ionization front. These results are important for establishing a good level of understanding of the expansion dynamics and for enabling a high degree of control of atmospheric pressure plasmas in biomedical, materials synthesis and processing, environmental and other existing and emerging industrial applications. © 2009 American Institute of Physics.

Effects of plasterboard joints on the fire performance of cold-formed steel walls

This paper presents the effect of plasterboard joints on the fire performance of cold-formed steel walls. Plasterboard joints are unavoidable. However, they can be arranged in a way that they do not significantly influence the fire performance of cold-formed steel walls. Hence a research study into the effects of plasterboard joints on the fire performance of plasterboard lined cold-formed steel walls was undertaken using both full-scale fire tests and numerical studies. In this study a back-blocking technique was used to eliminate the plasterboard joints being located over the studs. Instead plasterboard joints were used between studs with 150 mm wide plasterboards as back-blocks. Both experimental and numerical results from this study show that the fire resistance rating of single plasterboard lined cold-formed steel walls can be increased by 25% through the use of a back-blocking joint arrangement in comparison to the traditional plasterboard joint arrangement over the studs.

Effects of ions and atomic hydrogen in plasma-assisted growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes

The growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is studied using a surface diffusion model. It is shown that at low substrate temperatures (≤1000 K), the atomic hydrogen and ion fluxes from the plasma can strongly affect nanotube growth. The ion-induced hydrocarbon dissociation can be the main process that supplies carbon atoms for SWCNT growth and is responsible for the frequently reported higher (compared to thermal chemical vapor deposition) nanotube growth rates in plasma-based processes. On the other hand, excessive deposition of plasma ions and atomic hydrogen can reduce the diffusion length of the carbon-bearing species and their residence time on the nanotube lateral surfaces. This reduction can adversely affect the nanotube growth rates. The results here are in good agreement with the available experimental data and can be used for optimizing SWCNT growth in PECVD.

Nonlinear effects of ionization on surface waves on a plasma-metal interface

Nonlinear effects associated with density modulation caused by wave-induced ionization in magnetized plasmas were studied. The ionizing surface waves propagate at the interface between the plasma and a metallic surface. It is shown that the ionization nonlinearity can be important for typical experimental conditions.

Plasma heating effects in catalyzed growth of carbon nanofibres

A theoretical model describing the plasma-assisted growth of carbon nanofibres (CNFs) that accounts for the nanostructure heating by ion and etching gas fluxes from the plasma is developed. Using the model, it is shown that fluxes from the plasma environment can substantially increase the temperature of the catalyst nanoparticle located on the top of the CNF with respect to the substrate temperature. The difference between the catalyst and the substrate temperatures depends on the substrate width, the length of the CNF, the neutral gas density and temperature as well as the densities of the ions and atoms of the etching gas. In addition to the heating of the nanostructure, the ions and etching gas atoms from the ionized gas environment also strongly affect the CNF growth rates. Due to ion bombardment, the CNF growth rates in plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition may be much higher than the rates in similar neutral gas-based thermal processes. The CNF growth model, which accounts for the nanostructure heating by the plasma-generated species, provides the growth rates that are in better agreement with the available experimental data on CNF growth than the models in which the heating effects are ignored.

Plasma-assembled carbon nanotubes : electric field–related effects

The paper presents results of comparative investigation of carbon nanotubes growth processes in dense low-temperature plasma and on substrate surface. Hybrid/Monte-Carlo numerical simulations were used to demonstrate the differences in the ion fluxes, growth rates and kinetics of adsorbed atoms re-distribution on substrate and nanotubes surfaces. We show that the plasma parameters significantly affect the nanotubes growth kinetics. We demonstrate that the growth rates of the nanotubes in plasma and on surface can differ by three orders, and the specific fluxes to the nanotube in the plasma can exceed the flux to surface-grown nanotube by six orders. We also show that the metal catalyst used for the nanotubes production on surface and in arc is a subject to very different conditions and this may be a key factor for the nanotube growth mode. The obtained dependencies for the ion fluxes to the nanotubes and nanotubes growth rates on the plasma parameters may be useful for selection of the production methods.

Semantic context and visual feature effects in object naming : an fMRI study using arterial spin labeling

Previous behavioral studies reported a robust effect of increased naming latencies when objects to be named were blocked within semantic category, compared to items blocked between category. This semantic context effect has been attributed to various mechanisms including inhibition or excitation of lexico-semantic representations and incremental learning of associations between semantic features and names, and is hypothesized to increase demands on verbal self-monitoring during speech production. Objects within categories also share many visual structural features, introducing a potential confound when interpreting the level at which the context effect might occur. Consistent with previous findings, we report a significant increase in response latencies when naming categorically related objects within blocks, an effect associated with increased perfusion fMRI signal bilaterally in the hippocampus and in the left middle to posterior superior temporal cortex. No perfusion changes were observed in the middle section of the left middle temporal cortex, a region associated with retrieval of lexical-semantic information in previous object naming studies. Although a manipulation of visual feature similarity did not influence naming latencies, we observed perfusion increases in the perirhinal cortex for naming objects with similar visual features that interacted with the semantic context in which objects were named. These results provide support for the view that the semantic context effect in object naming occurs due to an incremental learning mechanism, and involves increased demands on verbal self-monitoring.

Effects of wall transition regions on surface-wave propagation in a plasma layer bounded by a metal

Effect of near-wall transition regions on the surface wave propagation in a magnetoactive plasma layer bounded by a metal. It is shown that the account for inhomogeneities of plasma density or magnetic field causes an appearance of coupling between surface waves, propagating across magnetic field and localized near difference boundaries of the structure. The resonance damping of surface waves is analyzed too.

Effects of perspective taking and entitlement on consumers

Perspective taking involves mentally putting yourself in another's shoes and has been shown to offer interpersonal benefits, however, despite its use in campaigns targeting adolescents, it has been relatively neglected in marketing. This paper examines the moderating effect of entitlement in young adolescent consumers, focusing on perspective taking encouraging a prosocial behavior. This research extends existing marketing literature which to date has examined perspective taking in relation to adult behavior (Davis et al., 2004; Galinsky et al., 2008; Dietvorst et al., 2009), contributing to the study and understanding of adolescent consumers' consumer behavior. Three experiments were conducted which demonstrate that perspective taking benefits occur for nonentitled adolescents but not for entitled adolescents. Effects for perspective taking and entitlement are driven by evaluative concern for nonentitled adolescents and a perceived lack of relational closeness for entitled adolescents.

Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on user-generated content

User-generated content where content is created and shared among consumers is of key importance to marketers. This study investigates consumer intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to understand why people create user-generated branded video content. Specifically, we examine the role of altruism (individual difference – intrinsic motivation), social benefits (extrinsic reward), and economic incentives (extrinsic reward) on intentions to create user-generated content. Results show that extrinsic rewards (economic incentives) result in more positive intentions to create user-generated content than intrinsic motivations. However, an effect for altruism is also evident revealing that high altruism consumers are more likely to create positive user-generated content. The implication of these findings is that marketers wanting to encourage user-generated content about their brands should target high altruism consumers and offer economic incentives for content creation.

A review of the effects of sedation on thermoregulation : insights for the cardiac catheterisation laboratory

Purpose To examine the effects that the sedative and analgesic medications which are commonly used in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory have on thermoregulation. Design A structured review strategy was used. Methods Medline and CINAHL were searched for published studies and reference lists of retrieved studies were scrutinized for further research. Data were extracted using a standardised extraction tool. Results A total of nine studies examined the effect that sedative and analgesic medications have on thermoregulation. Midazolam has minimal impact on thermoregulation while opioids, dexmedetomidine and propofol markedly decrease vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Conclusions Patients who receive sedation in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory may be at risk of hypothermia, due to the use of medications that impair thermoregulation. Further research is required to identify the prevalence of unplanned hypothermia during sedation in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory.

The effects of low degree alteration on Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotope systematics in Eoarchean basalts from the Doolena Gap and Warralong Greenstone belts, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia

This research led to the discovery of one of the best preserved remnants of the Earth's surficial environment 3.47 billion years ago. These ancient volcanic and sedimentary rocks contain original minerals and textures that are rare in rocks of this age. The research concentrated on chemical analysis of volcanic rocks to differentiate secondary alteration from the primary magmatic signature. This study contributes to our understanding of melting processes and geochemical reservoirs in the early Earth, which is vital for forward modelling of Earth's geodynamic evolution.

Beliefs about infant regulation, early infant behaviors and maternal postnatal depressive symptoms

Background: Young infants may have irregular sleeping and feeding patterns. Such regulation difficulties are known correlates of maternal depressive symptoms. Parental beliefs regarding their role in regulating infant behaviours also may play a role. We investigated the association of depressive symptoms with infant feeding/sleeping behaviours, parent regulation beliefs, and the interaction of the two. Method: In 2006, 272 mothers of infants aged up to 24 weeks completed a questionnaire about infant behaviour and regulation beliefs. Participants were recruited from general medical practices and child health clinics in Brisbane, Australia. Depressive symptomology was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Other measures were adapted from the ALSPAC study. Results: Regression analyses were run controlling for partner support, other support, life events, and a range of demographic variables. Maternal depressive symptoms were associated with infant sleeping and feeding problems but not regulation beliefs. The most important infant predictor was sleep behaviours with feeding behaviours accounting for little additional variance. An interaction between regulation beliefs and sleep behaviours was found. Mothers with high regulation beliefs were more susceptible to postnatal depressive symptoms when infant sleep behaviours were problematic. Conclusion: Mothers of young infants who expect greater control are more susceptible to depressive symptoms when their infant presents challenging sleep behaviour.

A study of the effects metal residues in poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) have on field-effect transistor device characteristics

The amount of metal residues from organometallic reagents used in preparation of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) by palladium catalysed Suzuki and nickel-induced Yamamoto polycondensations have been determined, and their effect upon the behaviour of the polymer in field-effect transistors (FETs) has been measured. The metal levels from material polymerised by Suzuki method were found to be much higher than from that made by the Yamamoto procedure. Simple treatment of the polymers with suitable metal trapping reagents lowered the metal levels significantly, with EDTA giving best results for nickel and triphenylphosphine for palladium. Comparison of the behaviour of FETs using polyfluorenes with varying levels of metal contamination, showed that the metal residues have little effect upon the mobility values, but often affect the degree of hysteresis, possibly acting as charge traps. Satisfactory device performances were obtained from polymer with palladium levels of 2000 μg/g suggesting that complete removal of metal residues may not be necessary for satisfactory device performance.