Achievements and Challenges 20 Years after Beijing: A View from Switzerland

Despite being one of the world’s wealthiest countries and most modern economies, in Switzerland gender equality remains an elusive challenge. Paid maternity leave, legal abortion and an increase in women’s educational attainment are some of the milestones achieved since 1995, when the country was one of 189 states to adopt the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action at the Fourth World Conference on Women. But while legal gender equality may be nearly achieved, much remains to be done to achieve gender equality in practice. Rigid gender stereotypes, wage discrimination, women’s heavy care burden, segregation in the workplace, violence against women, under-representation of women in political and economic decision making, and structural obstacles to reconciling family duties with employment still stand in the way of gender equality. In order to realize gender equality, government, employers, politicians and civil society all need to take concrete and coordinated actions. These range from changes in the educational sector, in the labour market and in the social security system to an active foreign policy that promotes women’s human rights.

Combining qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze serious games outcomes: A pilot study for a new cognitive screening tool

Computer games for a serious purpose - so called serious games can provide additional information for the screening and diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Moreover, they have the advantage of being an ecological tool by involving daily living tasks. However, there is a need for better comprehensive designs regarding the acceptance of this technology, as the target population is older adults that are not used to interact with novel technologies. Moreover given the complexity of the diagnosis and the need for precise assessment, an evaluation of the best approach to analyze the performance data is required. The present study examines the usability of a new screening tool and proposes several new outlines for data analysis.

Intervertebral Disc Repair using Fleece-Membrane Composite Silk Material and Genipin-enhanced Fibrin Hydrogel

Introduction: Treating low back pain (LBP) has become an increasing challenge, as it is one of the main factors causing pain and is accompanied by high costs for the individual and the society. LBP can be caused by trauma of the intervertebral disc (IVD) or IVD degeneration. In the case of disc herniation the inner gelatinous part of the IVD, called nucleus pulposus, is pressed through the fibrous, annulus fibrosus that forms the outer part of the IVD. Today’s gold standard for treatment is extensive surgery as removal of the IVD and fusion of the vertebrae. In order to find a more gentle way to treat LBP and restore the native IVD we use a novel silk fleece-membrane composite from genetically modified silk worms whose silk contains a growth factor (GDF-6) that is associated with pushing stem cells towards a disc like phenotype (1). By combining it with a genipin-enhanced fibrin hydrogel we tested its suitability in organ culture on prior injured bovine IVD in our custom built two-degree of freedom bioreactor to mimic natural loading conditions. Material & Methods: Bovine IVDs of 12-17 months old animals were isolated by first removing all surrounding tissue followed by cutting out the IVDs as previously described (2). Culturing of discs occurred in high glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (HG-DMEM) supplemented with 5% serum as previously described (2). On the next day injury was induced using a 2mm biopsy punch (Polymed, Switzerland). The formed cavity was filled with (0.4%) genipin-enhanced human based fibrin hydrogel (35-55mg/mL human fibrinogen, Baxter, Austria) and sealed with a silk fleece-membrane composite (Spintec Engineering, Germany). Different culture conditions were applied: free swelling, static diurnal load of 0.2MPa for 8h/d and complex loading at 0.2MPa compression combined with ± 2° torsion at 0.2Hz for 8h/d (2). After 14 days of culture cell activity was determined with resazurin assay. Additionally, glycosaminoglycan (dimethyl-methylene blue), DNA (Hoechst) and collagen content (hydroxy- proline) were determined. Finally, real-time qPCR of major IVD marker and inflammation genes was performed to judge integrity of IVDs. Results: The fibrin hydrogel is able to keep the silk seal in place throughout the 14 days of in organ culture under all conditions. Additionally, cell activity showed optimistic results and we could not confirm negative effects of the repaired discs regarding overexpression of inflammation markers. Conclusions: The genipin-enhanced fibrin hydrogel in combination with the silk fleece- membrane composite seems to be a promising approach for IVD repair. Currently we assess the capability of GDF-6 incorporated in our silk composites on human mesenchymal stem cells and later on in organ culture. References 1. Clarke LE, McConnell JC, Sherratt MJ, Derby B, Richardson SM, Hoyland JA. Growth differentiation factor 6 and transforming growth factor-beta differentially mediate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, composition and micromechanical properties of nucleus pulposus constructs. Arthritis Res Ther 2014, Mar 12;16(2):R67. 2. Chan SC, Gantenbein-Ritter B. Preparation of intact bovine tail intervertebral discs for organ culture. J Vis Exp 2012, Feb 2;60(60):e3490. Acknowledgements. This work is funded by the Gebert Rüf Foundation, project number GRS-028/13.

A systematic review of literature to compare the fertility desires among HIV positive women and cancer survivors

Background. Decision-making on reproductive issues is influenced by an interplay of individual, familial, medical, religious and socio-cultural factors. Women with chronic medical illnesses such an HIV infection and cancers are often fraught with decisional conflicts about child-bearing. With increase in the incidence of these illnesses as well as improvement in survival rates, there is a need to pay due attention to the issue of reproductive decision-making. Examining the prevalence and determinants of fertility desires in the two groups in a comparative manner would help bring to light perception of the medical community and the society in general on the two illnesses and the issue of motherhood. ^ Methods. Systematic literature search was undertaken using databases such as MEDLINE (PubMED), MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycInfo and Web of Science. Articles published in English and English language abstracts for foreign articles were included. Studies that explore ‘fertility desires’ as the outcome variable were included. Quantitative studies which have assessed the prevalence of fertility desires as well as qualitative studies which have provided a descriptive understanding of factors governing reproductive desires were included in the review. ^ Results. A total of 34 articles (29 studies examining HIV and 5 studies examining cancer in relation to fertility desires). Variables such as age, stage of illness, support of spouse and family, perception of the medical community and one’s own view of motherhood were key determinants among both groups. ^ Conclusion. There is a need for uniform, systematic research in this field. It is important that health care workers acknowledge these decisional conflicts, include them as part of the medical care of these patients and provide guidance with the right balance of information, practicality and compassion.^

Pollen record and lithology of a profile from Dumfriesshire, Scotland

Four samples, G5, G7, G8, and G10, collected by Dr W. W. Bishop from an exposed section in the bank of the River Annan, at Roberthill Farm, Dumfriesshire (S35, 110794) were submitted for pollen analysis (Table I.). The samples, with the exception of the uppermost, were from thin peat layers that lie in the middle of a series of water- laid sands, silts and clays several feet in thickness and now rather strongly arched. The lowermost sample, G5, was taken from an organic layer about | in. thick overlying fine sand and underlying some 2.5 in. of grey, silty fine sand. A narrow layer of sandy peat immediately above the silty, fine sand yielded sample G7, and G8 was collected from a similar peaty layer separated from G7 by more sandy- silty peat. The uppermost sample, G10, was taken from light grey clay 13 in. above sample G8.

Humanos y máquinas : Aspectos epistemológicos de su relación en el debate humanismo-poshumanismo

En la tesis se consideran los procesos de cambio conceptual, teórico y metodológico que modelaron el desarrollo de los estudios sociales de la ciencia desde su emergencia hasta la actualidad, con el objeto de analizar los alcances y límites de las perspectivas humanistas y poshumanistas en la comprensión del vínculo "humano-no humano". Los estudios sociales de la ciencia conforman un campo marginal tanto dentro de los estudios metacientíficos como de la disciplina que les dio origen: la sociología. Si bien en las últimas décadas éstos han dado lugar a un significativo progreso en la comprensión cualitativa y cuantitativa de la ciencia y la tecnología, al responder primordialmente a la inquietud empírico-comparativa de programas de investigación de corte institucionalista han tendido a relegar de sus agendas de investigación el análisis epistemológico de los modelos explicativos considerados. En este sentido, en su afán de dar cuenta del carácter social de la ciencia apenas si han reparado en los nexos que pueden establecerse entre la explicación social de la ciencia y la explicación científica de "lo social". Con el objeto de atender a ello la tesis analiza las implicancias epistemológicas, metodológicas y ontológicas del estudio social de la ciencia considerando a la relación "humano-máquina" o "humano-no humano" como un hilo de Ariadna en la identificación de rupturas y continuidades en la consideración del vínculo "ciencia-sociedad". Desde esta perspectiva se estudia la dinámica de cambio conceptual, teórico y/o metodológico que dio lugar a la emergencia y desarrollo del estudio social de la ciencia en relación con aquella que modeló al estudio científico de "lo social", se identifican los cambios epistemológicos, ontológicos y metodológicos que configuraron a la dimensión no humana como un tópico relevante, cuando no ineludible, en la explicación social de la ciencia, se examinan las implicancias de la incorporación de los objetos naturales y/o tecnológicos a los modelos explicativos del estudio social de la ciencia en el contexto de la crítica poshumanista a las teorías de la acción que han asumido al sujeto como epicentro del análisis, y se analiza el impacto de la mencionada crítica en términos de un reordenamiento de los vínculos entre el estudio social de la ciencia y el estudio científico de "lo social". De este modo se ofrece una faceta de los estudios sociales de la ciencia inadvertida por buena parte de la literatura especializada, más atenta a la confrontación de imágenes sociológicas y filosóficas de la ciencia en el contexto de la denominada "guerra de las ciencias" que a sus implicancias epistemológicas para el estudio científico de "lo social". Enfatizando así el anclaje disciplinar del estudio social de la ciencia no se suscribe una visión "internalista" del progreso epistémico, sino que, por el contrario, se sugiere que la simultánea consideración de factores disciplinares y extra disciplinares resulta una estrategia tan fructífera como innovadora para analizar un campo que, al extender el dominio de la explicación social al ámbito de los fenómenos físico-naturales, ha dado lugar a uno de los más complejos casos de interacción disciplinar.

Humanos y máquinas : Aspectos epistemológicos de su relación en el debate humanismo-poshumanismo

En la tesis se consideran los procesos de cambio conceptual, teórico y metodológico que modelaron el desarrollo de los estudios sociales de la ciencia desde su emergencia hasta la actualidad, con el objeto de analizar los alcances y límites de las perspectivas humanistas y poshumanistas en la comprensión del vínculo "humano-no humano". Los estudios sociales de la ciencia conforman un campo marginal tanto dentro de los estudios metacientíficos como de la disciplina que les dio origen: la sociología. Si bien en las últimas décadas éstos han dado lugar a un significativo progreso en la comprensión cualitativa y cuantitativa de la ciencia y la tecnología, al responder primordialmente a la inquietud empírico-comparativa de programas de investigación de corte institucionalista han tendido a relegar de sus agendas de investigación el análisis epistemológico de los modelos explicativos considerados. En este sentido, en su afán de dar cuenta del carácter social de la ciencia apenas si han reparado en los nexos que pueden establecerse entre la explicación social de la ciencia y la explicación científica de "lo social". Con el objeto de atender a ello la tesis analiza las implicancias epistemológicas, metodológicas y ontológicas del estudio social de la ciencia considerando a la relación "humano-máquina" o "humano-no humano" como un hilo de Ariadna en la identificación de rupturas y continuidades en la consideración del vínculo "ciencia-sociedad". Desde esta perspectiva se estudia la dinámica de cambio conceptual, teórico y/o metodológico que dio lugar a la emergencia y desarrollo del estudio social de la ciencia en relación con aquella que modeló al estudio científico de "lo social", se identifican los cambios epistemológicos, ontológicos y metodológicos que configuraron a la dimensión no humana como un tópico relevante, cuando no ineludible, en la explicación social de la ciencia, se examinan las implicancias de la incorporación de los objetos naturales y/o tecnológicos a los modelos explicativos del estudio social de la ciencia en el contexto de la crítica poshumanista a las teorías de la acción que han asumido al sujeto como epicentro del análisis, y se analiza el impacto de la mencionada crítica en términos de un reordenamiento de los vínculos entre el estudio social de la ciencia y el estudio científico de "lo social". De este modo se ofrece una faceta de los estudios sociales de la ciencia inadvertida por buena parte de la literatura especializada, más atenta a la confrontación de imágenes sociológicas y filosóficas de la ciencia en el contexto de la denominada "guerra de las ciencias" que a sus implicancias epistemológicas para el estudio científico de "lo social". Enfatizando así el anclaje disciplinar del estudio social de la ciencia no se suscribe una visión "internalista" del progreso epistémico, sino que, por el contrario, se sugiere que la simultánea consideración de factores disciplinares y extra disciplinares resulta una estrategia tan fructífera como innovadora para analizar un campo que, al extender el dominio de la explicación social al ámbito de los fenómenos físico-naturales, ha dado lugar a uno de los más complejos casos de interacción disciplinar.

Humanos y máquinas : Aspectos epistemológicos de su relación en el debate humanismo-poshumanismo

En la tesis se consideran los procesos de cambio conceptual, teórico y metodológico que modelaron el desarrollo de los estudios sociales de la ciencia desde su emergencia hasta la actualidad, con el objeto de analizar los alcances y límites de las perspectivas humanistas y poshumanistas en la comprensión del vínculo "humano-no humano". Los estudios sociales de la ciencia conforman un campo marginal tanto dentro de los estudios metacientíficos como de la disciplina que les dio origen: la sociología. Si bien en las últimas décadas éstos han dado lugar a un significativo progreso en la comprensión cualitativa y cuantitativa de la ciencia y la tecnología, al responder primordialmente a la inquietud empírico-comparativa de programas de investigación de corte institucionalista han tendido a relegar de sus agendas de investigación el análisis epistemológico de los modelos explicativos considerados. En este sentido, en su afán de dar cuenta del carácter social de la ciencia apenas si han reparado en los nexos que pueden establecerse entre la explicación social de la ciencia y la explicación científica de "lo social". Con el objeto de atender a ello la tesis analiza las implicancias epistemológicas, metodológicas y ontológicas del estudio social de la ciencia considerando a la relación "humano-máquina" o "humano-no humano" como un hilo de Ariadna en la identificación de rupturas y continuidades en la consideración del vínculo "ciencia-sociedad". Desde esta perspectiva se estudia la dinámica de cambio conceptual, teórico y/o metodológico que dio lugar a la emergencia y desarrollo del estudio social de la ciencia en relación con aquella que modeló al estudio científico de "lo social", se identifican los cambios epistemológicos, ontológicos y metodológicos que configuraron a la dimensión no humana como un tópico relevante, cuando no ineludible, en la explicación social de la ciencia, se examinan las implicancias de la incorporación de los objetos naturales y/o tecnológicos a los modelos explicativos del estudio social de la ciencia en el contexto de la crítica poshumanista a las teorías de la acción que han asumido al sujeto como epicentro del análisis, y se analiza el impacto de la mencionada crítica en términos de un reordenamiento de los vínculos entre el estudio social de la ciencia y el estudio científico de "lo social". De este modo se ofrece una faceta de los estudios sociales de la ciencia inadvertida por buena parte de la literatura especializada, más atenta a la confrontación de imágenes sociológicas y filosóficas de la ciencia en el contexto de la denominada "guerra de las ciencias" que a sus implicancias epistemológicas para el estudio científico de "lo social". Enfatizando así el anclaje disciplinar del estudio social de la ciencia no se suscribe una visión "internalista" del progreso epistémico, sino que, por el contrario, se sugiere que la simultánea consideración de factores disciplinares y extra disciplinares resulta una estrategia tan fructífera como innovadora para analizar un campo que, al extender el dominio de la explicación social al ámbito de los fenómenos físico-naturales, ha dado lugar a uno de los más complejos casos de interacción disciplinar.

Energy subsidies from a climate and trade perspective

A short paper for dissemination based on a research piece published by the E15Initiative: Subsidies, Clean Energy, and Climate Change, February 2015. Implemented jointly by ICTSD and the World Economic Forum, the E15Initiative convenes world-class experts and institutions to generate strategic analysis and recommendations for government, business, and civil society geared towards strengthening the global trade and investment system. The paper is also published in Spanish and Portuguese.

Politics of the 1945 Constitution:Democratization and Its Impact on Political Institutions in Indonesia

Introduction : Before 1998, no one could think about the amendment of the 1945 Constitution. The 1945 Constitution was a product of nationalist who had hard fought for independence from the Dutch colonization. This historical background made it the symbol of independence of the Indonesian nation. Thus, it has been considered as forbidden to touch contents of the 1945 Constitution whereas political leaders have legitimized their authoritarian rulership by utilizing a symbolic character of the Constitution. With the largest political turmoil since its independence, that is, a breakdown of authoritarian regime and democratic transformation in 1998-1999, however, a myth of the "sacred and inviolable" constitution has disappeared. A new theme has then aroused: how can the 1945 Constitution be adapted for a new democratic regime in Indonesia? 　　　The Indonesian modern state has applied the 1945 Constitution as the basic law since its independence in 1945, except for around 10 years in the 1950s. In the period of independence struggle, contrary to the constitutional provision that a kind of presidential system is employed, a cabinet responsible for the Central National Committee was installed. Politics under this institution was in practice a parliamentary system of government. After the Dutch transferred sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949, West European constitutionalism and party politics under a parliamentary system was fully adopted with the introduction of two new constitutions: the 1949 Constitution of Federal Republic of Indonesia and the 1950 Provisional Constitution of Republic of Indonesia. Since a return from the 1950 Constitution to the 1945 Constitution was decided with the Presidential Decree in 1959, the 1945 Constitution had supported two authoritarian regimes of Soekarno's "Guided Democracy" and Soeharto's "New Order" as a legal base. When the 32-year Soeharto's government fell down and democratization started in 1998, the 1945 Constitution was not replaced with a new one, as seen in many other democratizing countries, but successively reformed to adapt itself to a new democratic regime. In the result of four constitutional amendments in 1999-2002, political institutions in Indonesia are experiencing a transformation from an authoritative structure, in which the executive branch monopolized power along with incompetent legislative and judicial branches, to a modern democratic structure, in which the legislative branch can maintain predominance over the executive. However, as observed that President Abdurrahman Wahid, the first president ever elected democratically in Indonesian history, was impeached after one and a half years in office, democratic politics under a new political institution has never been stable. 　　　Under the 1945 Constitution, how did authoritarian regimes maintain stability? Why can a democratic regime not achieve its stability? What did the two constitutional amendments in the process of democratization change? In the first place, how did the political institutions stipulated by the 1945 Constitution come out? Through answering the above questions, this chapter intends to survey the historical continuity and change of political institutions in Indonesia along with the 1945 Constitutions and to analyze impact of regime transformation on political institutions. First, we examine political institutions stipulated by the original 1945 Constitution as well as historical and philosophical origins of the constitution. Second, we search constitutional foundations in the 1945 Constitution that made it possible for Soekarno and Soeharto to establish and maintain authoritarian regimes. Third, we examine contents of constitutional amendments in the process of democratization since 1998. Fourth, we analyze new political dynamics caused by constitutional changes, looking at the impeachment process of President Abdurrahman Wahid. Finally, we consider tasks faced by Indonesia that seeks to establish a stable democracy.

Social movements and the crisis of neoliberalism in Malaysia and Thailand

Of the Southeast Asian countries most badly affected by the 1997 financial crisis, Malaysia and Thailand remain the most unsettled by its political fallout. Their present political situations are not akin to 'politics as usual'. Instead, they capture the unpredicted outcomes of post-crisis struggles to reorganize structures of economic and political power. Comparing the situations in Malaysia and Thailand, this paper focuses on their differing state and civil society engagements with neoliberalism. It is suggested that the post-crisis contestations, sometimes tied to pre-crisis conflicts in political economy, left something of a stalemate: neither neoliberalism nor the social movements satisfactorily fulfilled their agendas in either country.

An Automatic Quantification and Registration Strategy to Create a Gene Expression Atlas of Zebrafish Embryogenesis

In order to properly understand and model the gene regulatory networks in animals development, it is crucial to obtain detailed measurements, both in time and space, about their gene expression domains. In this paper, we propose a complete computational framework to fulfill this task and create a 3D Atlas of the early zebrafish embryogenesis annotated with both the cellular localizations and the level of expression of different genes at different developmental stages. The strategy to construct such an Atlas is described here with the expression pattern of 5 different genes at 6 hours of development post fertilization.

Land use modelling and the role of stakeholders in natural protected areas: the case of Doñana national park, Spain

Doñana, a National Park since 1969, a UNESCO site since 1994 among other protected area designations of national and international character, is a coastal dune and marshland ecosystem of outstanding importance for biodiversity and conservation at the mouth of the Guadalaquivir River, Southwest Spain. However, the Doñana natural area is seriously threatened by global change factors such as humanly induced climate change, habitat loss, overexploitation of ecosystem services, and pollution. Not all stakeholders are convinced of the benefits of the national park, and management of Doñana, its environs and watershed are the subject of intense disagreement. This interplay between natural characteristics of great value with intense human pressure makes Doñana a fascinating workshop for the study of global human environment interactions. Here, we discuss the role of stakeholders in the application of a cellular automatabased model to Doñana and its environs and present the results of a series of exercises undertaken with stakeholders to parametrize the model, something often done by researchers without stakeholder engagement. By engaging with stakeholders early in the project, feedback generated from workshops contributes to model development. Stakeholders are therefore contributors of empirical data for the model as well as independent evaluators providing local and specialist knowledge.