999 resultados para Mabillon, Jean (O.S.B.), 1632-1707
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Texto paralelo en francs y euskera
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Nouvelle d. destine aux maisons d'ducation
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O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de refletir a relevncia do Ensino de Filosofia no contexto histrico brasileiro em consonncia conjectural paulistana. Apontamos atravs do Decreto nro. 6.283 de 25 de janeiro de 1934, o qual instituiu-se sendo a primeira Universidade brasileira (Universidade de So Paulo) nas palavras de Vita iniciativa pioneira no Brasil (1969, p.16). Inspirada no modelo universitrio tradicional da cultura filosfica francesa, a Faculdade de Filosofia, Cincias e Letras adotou desde os seus contguos metodolgicos aos procedimentos intelectivos, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da interdisciplinaridade da formao cultural. Uma confluncia marcada por intensos envolvimentos ideolgicos estruturados do progresso moderno, infundindo competncias cientficas na faculdade profissional incorporada universidade, bem como formar professores para o ensino secundrio (SCHWARTZMAN, 2006, p.163). Sendo assim, a Faculdade de Filosofia seria o ncleo propulsor. Porm, o modelo centralizador de pensar o Ensino da Filosofia, a atribui uma superioridade tcnica intelectual e saber acumulado, pouco distingue da competncia escolar conquistada em outros pases, pelo potencial formativo dos professores filsofos Jean Maug (1955,1982) e Joo da Cruz Costa (1945, 1960, 1961,1967). Maugu aponta-nos quo a formao em Filosofia est diretamente atribuda ao docente e ao aluno, que a ela se dedica. Pela obra Ensino de Filosofia e Diretrizes, ele apresenta-nos tambm a concepo de docncia: o docente-intelectual, comprometido com a (re) construo dos significados epistemolgicos, legitimados por uma prtica pedaggica entre o j conhecido e ao conhecer, ou seja, entre o ensinado e ao ensinar. Nesse sentido, notvel que os argumentos do docente e do filsofo se imbricam, ao ponto de serem confundidos e potencializados durante a formao. Assim, Cruz Costa, tambm trabalha, quando assume a ctedra, porm ressalta que o processo formativo adquire sentido pela Histria das Ideias como construo do pensamento filosfico e, portanto, o ensino se faz quando se toma conscincia da concentricidade histrica, ideias que lhe concede significado conjugado s tcnicas de erudio, o que fez advertir aos seus alunos para as vicissitudes pelas quais passaram em nossa terra, as correntes filosficas estrangeiras, e, sobretudo, para a curiosa significao que elas tm apresentado no envolver de nossa histria (VITA, 1950, p.22). O conhecimento histrico o caminho norteador a ser percorrido, necessrio ao devir humano, isto , a conciliao entre o conhecimento terico e as condies histricas.
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Staphylococcus aureus produces a virulence factor, protein A (SpA), that contains five homologous Ig-binding domains. The interactions of SpA with the Fab region of membrane-anchored Igs can stimulate a large fraction of B cells, contributing to lymphocyte clonal selection. To understand the molecular basis for this activity, we have solved the crystal structure of the complex between domain D of SpA and the Fab fragment of a human IgM antibody to 2.7- resolution. In the complex, helices II and III of domain D interact with the variable region of the Fab heavy chain (VH) through framework residues, without the involvement of the hypervariable regions implicated in antigen recognition. The contact residues are highly conserved in human VH3 antibodies but not in other families. The contact residues from domain D also are conserved among all SpA Ig-binding domains, suggesting that each could bind in a similar manner. Features of this interaction parallel those reported for staphylococcal enterotoxins that are superantigens for many T cells. The structural homology between Ig VH regions and the T-cell receptor V regions facilitates their comparison, and both types of interactions involve lymphocyte receptor surface remote from the antigen binding site. However, T-cell superantigens reportedly interact through hydrogen bonds with T-cell receptor V backbone atoms in a primary sequence-independent manner, whereas SpA relies on a sequence-restricted conformational binding with residue side chains, suggesting that this common bacterial pathogen has adopted distinct molecular recognition strategies for affecting large sets of B and T lymphocytes.
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Ultraviolet-B (UVB) (290320 nm) radiation-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers within the DNA of epidermal cells are detrimental to human health by causing mutations and immunosuppressive effects that presumably contribute to photocarcinogenesis. Conventional photoprotection by sunscreens is exclusively prophylactic in nature and of no value once DNA damage has occurred. In this paper, we have therefore assessed whether it is possible to repair UVB radiation-induced DNA damage through topical application of the DNA-repair enzyme photolyase, derived from Anacystis nidulans, that specifically converts cyclobutane dimers into their original DNA structure after exposure to photoreactivating light. When a dose of UVB radiation sufficient to induce erythema was administered to the skin of healthy subjects, significant numbers of dimers were formed within epidermal cells. Topical application of photolyase-containing liposomes to UVB-irradiated skin and subsequent exposure to photoreactivating light decreased the number of UVB radiation-induced dimers by 4045%. No reduction was observed if the liposomes were not filled with photolyase or if photoreactivating exposure preceded the application of filled liposomes. The UVB dose administered resulted in suppression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a molecule required for immunity and inflammatory events in the epidermis. In addition, in subjects hypersensitive to nickel sulfate, elicitation of the hypersensitivity reaction in irradiated skin areas was prevented. Photolyase-induced dimer repair completely prevented these UVB radiation-induced immunosuppressive effects as well as erythema and sunburn-cell formation. These studies demonstrate that topical application of photolyase is effective in dimer reversal and thereby leads to immunoprotection.
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A live, cold-passaged (cp) candidate vaccine virus, designated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) B1 cp-52/2B5 (cp-52), replicated efficiently in Vero cells, but was found to be overattenuated for RSV-seronegative infants and children. Sequence analysis of reverse-transcriptionPCR-amplified fragments of this mutant revealed a large deletion spanning most of the coding sequences for the small hydrophobic (SH) and attachment (G) proteins. Northern blot analysis of cp-52 detected multiple unique read-through mRNAs containing SH and G sequences, consistent with a deletion mutation spanning the SH:G gene junction. Immunological studies confirmed that an intact G glycoprotein was not produced by the cp-52 virus. Nonetheless, cp-52 was infectious and replicated to high titer in tissue culture despite the absence of the viral surface SH and G glycoproteins. Thus, our characterization of this negative-strand RNA virus identified a novel replication-competent deletion mutant lacking two of its three surface glycoproteins. The requirement of SH and G for efficient replication in vivo suggests that selective deletion of one or both of these RSV genes may provide an alternative or additive strategy for developing an optimally attenuated vaccine candidate.
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[Muibb Allh ibn Abd al-Shakr al-Bihr].
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Lithograph.
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Why do we think more of the United States (US) than the European Union (EU) in discussing Afghani or Iraqi democratization, and EU more than US when it is East European? Should not democratization be the same? A comparative study asks what democracy has historically meant in the two regions, how democratization has been spelled out, why instruments utilized differ, and democracy within global leadership contexts. Neither treats democracy as a vital interest, but differences abound: (a) While the US shifted from relative bottom-up to top-down democracy, the EU added bottom-up to its top-down approach; (b) the US interprets democracy as the ends of other policy interests, the EU treats it as the means to other goals; and (c) flexible US instruments contrast with rigid EU counterparts. Among the implications: (a) the 4-stage US approach reaches globally wider than EUs multi-dimensional counterpart, but EUs regional approach sinks deeper than the USs; (b) human rights find better EU than US anchors; (c) whereas the US approach makes intergovernmental actions the sine qua non of democratization, EUs intergovernmental, transnational, and supranational admixture promotes quid pro quo dynamics and incremental growth; and (d) competitive democratization patterns creates lock-ins for both recipient and supplier countries.
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Ecological succession provides a widely accepted description of seasonal changes in phytoplankton and mesozooplankton assemblages in the natural environment, but concurrent changes in smaller (i.e. microbes) and larger (i.e. macroplankton) organisms are not included in the model because plankton ranging from bacteria to jellies are seldom sampled and analyzed simultaneously. Here we studied, for the first time in the aquatic literature, the succession of marine plankton in the whole-plankton assemblage that spanned 5 orders of magnitude in size from microbes to macroplankton predators (not including fish or fish larvae, for which no consistent data were available). Samples were collected in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Bay of Villefranche) weekly during 10 months. Simultaneously collected samples were analyzed by flow cytometry, inverse microscopy, FlowCam, and ZooScan. The whole-plankton assemblage underwent sharp reorganizations that corresponded to bottom-up events of vertical mixing in the water-column, and its development was top-down controlled by large gelatinous filter feeders and predators. Based on the results provided by our novel whole-plankton assemblage approach, we propose a new comprehensive conceptual model of the annual plankton succession (i.e. whole plankton model) characterized by both stepwise stacking of four broad trophic communities from early spring through summer, which is a new concept, and progressive replacement of ecological plankton categories within the different trophic communities, as recognised traditionally.
