Potential energy model for turbulent entrainment across density interface in a linearly stratified fluid

A potential energy model is developed for turbulent entrainment in the absence of mean shear in a linearly stratified fluid. The relation between the entrainment distance D and the time t and the relation between dimensionless entrainment rate E and the local Richardson number are obtained. An experiment is made for examination. The experimental results are in good agreement with the model, in which the dimensionless entrainment distance D is given by DBAR = A(i)(SBAR)-1/4(fBAR)1/2(tBAR)1/8, where A(i) is the proportional coefficient, S is the dimensionless stroke, fBAR is the dimensionless frequency of the grid oscillation, tBAR the dimensionless time.

Initial development of microdamage under impact loading

In this paper, the initial development of microdamage in material subjected to impulsive loading was investigated experimentally and analytically with controllable short-load duration. Based on a general solution to the statistical evolution of a one-dimensional system of ideal microcracks, a prerequisite to experimental investigation of nucleation of microcracks was derived. By counting the number of microcracks, the distribution of nucleation of microcracks was studied. The law of the nucleation rate of microcracks can be expressed as a separable function of stress and cracksize. It is roughly linear dependence on loading stress. The normalized number density of microcracks is in agreement with that of a second-phase particle.

Crack growth by grain boundary cavitation in the transient and extensive creep regimes

Crack growth due to cavity growth and coalescence along grain boundaries is analyzed under transient and extensive creep conditions in a compact tension specimen. Account is taken of the finite geometry changes accompanying crack tip blunting. The material is characterized as an elastic-power law creeping solid with an additional contribution to the creep rate arising from a given density of cavitating grain boundary facets. All voids are assumed present from the outset and distributed on a given density of cavitating grain boundary facets. The evolution of the stress fields with crack growth under three load histories is described in some detail for a relatively ductile material. The full-field plane strain finite element calculations show the competing effects of stress relaxation due to constrained creep, diffusion and crack tip blunting. and of stress increase due to the instantaneous elastic response to crack growth. At very high crack growth rates the Hui-Riedel fields dominate the crack tip region. However. the high growth rates are not sustained for any length of time in the compact tension geometry analyzed. The region of dominance of the Hui-Riedel field shrinks rapidly so that the near-tip fields are controlled by the HRR-type field shortly after the onset of crack growth. Crack growth rates under various conditions of loading and spanning the range of times from small scale creep to extensive creep are obtained. We show that there is a strong similarity between crack growth history and the behaviour of the C(t) and C(t) parameters. so that crack growth rates correlate rather well with C(t) and C(t). A relatively brittle material is also considered that has a very different near-tip stress field and crack growth history.

Influence of suspended particles and particle cover over the density interface

The effect of the particle cover over the density interface between two layers of fluids and of the suspended solid particles in the upper turbulcnt layer on the turbulent entrainment has been studied experimentally. The entrainment distance D is a function of the time of power: D=kt, where =0.200-0.130p. For suspended particles in the upper layer and pure 2-layer fluid is equal to 0.200, but the value of k for the suspended particles is smaller than that for the pure 2-layer fluid. The non-dimensional entrainment velocity is E=KRiln, where n=1.50+0.93 p. It is shown that the particle cover over the interface changes the power of Ril in the entrainment and hinders the turbulent entrainment. The variation rule of E for the suspended particles is the same as that for the pure 2-layer fluid, but the K value of the former is smaller than that of the latter. The turbulent mixing mechanism has been discussed.

Simultaneous measurement of temperature, density and velocity in gas-flows by modulated photoluminescence

A novel possibility to determine the temperature, density and velocity simultaneously in gas flows by measuring the average value, amplitude of modulation and phase shift of the photoluminescence excited by a temporally or spatially modulated light source is investigated. Time-dependent equations taking the flow, diffusion, excitation and decay into account are solved analytically. Different experimental arrangements are proposed. Measurements of velocity with two components, and temporal and spatial resolutions in the measurements are investigated. Numerical examples are given for N z with biacetyl as the seed gas. Practical considerations for the measurements and the relation between this method and some existing methods of lifetime measurement are discussed.

Strain-energy density ratio criterion for failure of composite-materials

n the authors' previous paper, the Strain Energy Density Ratio (SEDR) criterion was proposed. As an example of applications, it was used to predict cracking direction of mixed-mode fracture in a random short fibre laminated composite.

Speckle photography applied to the density field of a flame

are obtained by using implicit four-point and six-point schemes. The results from

Additional response: Additional discussion of “Mixed mode ductile fracture using the strain energy density criterion”

boundary-layer flows, the skin friction and wall heat-transfer are higher and the

Response: Discussion of “Mixed Mode ductile fracture using the strain energy density criterion,” by E.E. Gdoutos

thermal conduction, and acoustic wave propagation are included. This

Evolution and propagation of density waves on galactic disk .1. General evolution equation of wavelet and discussion of its solution

This paper presents a general self-consistent theory of evolution and propagation of wavelets on the galactic disk. A simplified model for this theory, i. e. the thin transition-layer approximation is proposed.There are three types of solutions to the basic equation governing the evolution of wavelets on the disk: (ⅰ) normal propagating type; (ⅱ) swing type; (ⅲ) general evolving type. The results show that the first two types are applicable to a certain domain on the galactic disk and a certain region of the wave number of wavelets. The third is needed to join the other two types and to yield a coherent total picture of the wave motion. From the present theory, it can be seen that the well-known "swing theory" of the G-L sheet model holds only for a certain class of basic states of galaxies.

Evolution and propagation of density waves on galactic disk .2. An approximation of the thin transition layer

In this part of the present work, a simplified model—the thin transition layer theory is proposed. The comparison of this model with the G-L sheet model is made.

Application of the strain energy density criterion to ductile fracture

The strain energy density criterion due to Sih is used to predict fracture loads of two thin plates subjected to large elastic-plastic deformation. The prediction is achieved with a finite element analysis which is based on Hill's variational principle for incremental deformations capable of solving gross yielding problems involving arbitrary amounts of deformation. The computed results are in excellent agreement with those obtained in Sih's earlier analysis and with an experimental observation.