Surface structure of thin asymmetric PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymers investigated by atomic force microscopy

Asymmetric poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymers of molecular weight M-n = 29,700g mol(-1) (M-PS = 9300 g mol(-1) M-PMMA = 20,100 g mol(-1), PD = 1.15, chi(PS) = 0.323, chi(PMMA) = 0.677) and M-n = 63,900 g mol(-1) (M-PS = 50,500 g mol(-1), M-PMMA = 13,400 g mol(-1), PD = 1.18, chi(PS) = 0.790, chi(PMMA) = 0.210) were prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the surface structure of thin films, prepared by spin-coating the diblock copolymers on a silicon substrate. We show that the nanostructure of the diblock copolymer depends on the molecular weight and volume fraction of the diblock copolymers. We observed a perpendicular lamellar structure for the high molar mass sample and a hexagonal-packed cylindrical patterning for the lower molar mass one. Small-angle X-ray scattering investigation of these samples without annealing did not reveal any ordered structure. Annealing of PS-b-PMMA samples at 160 degrees C for 24 h led to a change in surface structure.

First-order-reversal-curve analysis of Pr-Fe-B-based nanocomposites

Ribbons of nominal composition (Pr(9.5)Fe(84.5)B(6))(0.96)Cr(0.01)(TiC)(0.03) were produced by arc-melting and melt-spinning the alloys on a Cu wheel. X-ray diffraction reveals two main phases, one based upon alpha-Fe and the other upon Pr(2)Fe(14)B. The ribbons show exchange spring behavior with H(c)=12.5 kOe and (BH)(max)= 13.6 MGOe when these two phases are well coupled. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the coupled behavior is observed when the microstructure consists predominantly of alpha-Fe grains(diameter similar to 100 nm.) surrounded by hard material containing Pr(2)Fe(14)B. A first-order-reversal-curve (FORC) analysis was performed for both a well-coupled sample and a partially-coupled sample. The FORC diagrams show two strong peaks for both the partially-coupled sample and for the well coupled material. In both cases, the localization of the FORC probability suggests demagnetizing interactions between particles. Switching field distributions were calculated and are consistent with the sample microstructure. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The regulation of NHE₁ and NHE₃ activity by angiotensin II is mediated by the activation of the angiotensin II type I receptor/phospholipase C/calcium/calmodulin pathway in distal nephron cells

Angiotensin II (Ang II), acting via the AT1 receptor, induces an increase in intracellular calcium [Ca(2+)]i that then interacts with calmodulin (CaM). The Ca(2+)/CaM complex directly or indirectly activates sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) and phosphorylates calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII), which then regulates sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) activity. In this study, we investigated the cellular signaling pathways responsible for Ang II-mediated regulation of NHE1 and NHE3 in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The NHE1- and NHE3-dependent pHi recovery rates were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy using the fluorescent probe BCECF/AM, messenger RNA was evaluated with the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and protein expression was evaluated by immunoblot. We demonstrated that treatment with Ang II (1pM or 1 nM) for 30 min induced, via the AT1 but not the AT2 receptor, an equal increase in NHE1 and NHE3 activity that was reduced by the specific inhibitors HOE 694 and S3226, respectively. Ang II (1 nM) did not change the total expression of NHE1, NHE3 or calmodulin, but it induced CaMKII, cRaf-1, Erk1/2 and p90(RSK) phosphorylation. The stimulatory effects of Ang II (1 nM) on NHE1 or NHE3 activity or protein abundance was reduced by ophiobolin-A (CaM inhibitor), KN93 (CaMKII inhibitor) or PD98059 (Mek inhibitor). These results indicate that after 30 min, Ang II treatment may activate G protein-dependent pathways, including the AT1/PLC/Ca(2+)/CaM pathway, which induces CaMKII phosphorylation to stimulate NHE3 and induces cRaf-1/Mek/Erk1/2/p90(RSK) activity to stimulate NHE1

Untersuchung des murinen, nukleären pSS- und SLE-Autoantigens La/SS-B unter physiologischen und pathophysiologischen Bedingungen

Zusammenfassung der Dissertation von Christian Schörner 'Untersuchung des murinen, nukleären pSS- und SLE-Autoantigens La/SS-B unter physiologischen und pathophysiologischen Bedingungen' am Fachbereich Biologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Seren von Patienten mit Kollagenosen, wie SLE und pSS, enthalten Antikörper gegen das Autoantigen La/SS-B. Im murinen Tiermodell musste die Expression des La/SS-B verstanden werden. Das murine Strukturgen codierte für 13 Exons, das Start-AUG befand sich im Exon 2. Die alternativen mRNAs unterschieden sich nur in ihrer 5'-UTR. Das Exon 1b war im Vergleich zum Exon 1a am 3'-Ende um 27 Nukleotide verlängert. Die alternativen mRNAs entstanden durch einen Promotorwechsel in Kombination mit einem alternativen Spleißvorgang. Die Polyadenylierung erfolgte an zwei alternativen Polyadenylierungssequenzen. Die mRNAs waren vollständig gesplissen, zytoplasmatisch und funktionell. Die Exon 1a- und die Exon 1c-mRNA wurden ubiquitär exprimiert, die Exon 1b-mRNA dagegen nur in proliferierenden Zellen. Im C-Terminus fand sich eine Nager-spezifische Insertion sowie eine -deletion. Das Protein besaß mit 16 isoelektrischen Proteinformen eine hohe Ladungsheterogenität. NO steigerte die Proteinexpression um das 5fache und bewirkte eine Translokation des Proteins vom Zellkern in das Zytoplasma. Das humane La/SS-B-Neoepitop induzierte in Versuchstieren die Bildung von Antikörper gegen das Neoepitop und natives La/SS-B.

Untersuchungen über Wechselwirkungen zwischen Proteinen der Leber und dem großen Hüllprotein des Hepatitis-B-Virus

Zusammenfassung:Im Infektionszyklus des Hepatitis-B-Virus spielt das große L-Hüllprotein mit seiner einzigartigen PräS1-Domäne eine zentrale Rolle. Es vermittelt die Bindung und Aufnahme in die Leberzelle, die Verpackung der Nukleokapside in die Virushülle, die Regulation der cccDNA-Amplifikation und eine transkriptionelle Aktivierung in der Wirtszelle. Zur Erfüllung seiner vielfältigen Aufgaben benötigt das L-Protein Unterstützung durch Wirtzellfaktoren, von denen einige im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung durch Verwendung von PräS1-Konstrukten als Fängerproteine im Hefe-Zwei-Hybrid-System identifiziert wurden. Mehrere Klone, die im Hefe-Zwei-Hybrid-Test mit dem C-terminalen PräS1-Fängerprotein (Aminosäure 44-108) isoliert worden waren, enthielten Teile der cDNA von gamma2-Adaptin, einem mutmaßlichen Mitglied der Clathrin-Adaptor-Proteine. Diese sind für intrazelluläre Membrantransportprozesse mittels clathrinumhüllter Vesikel verantwortlich. Unter den interagierenden Klonen, die mit dem N-terminalen Konstrukt des L-Proteins (Aminosäure 1-70) isoliert worden waren, befand sich überproportional häufig eine cDNA, die der schweren Kette H4 der Inter-Alpha-Trypsin-Inhibitor-Familie homolog war. H4 besitzt vermutlich bei der 'Akute-Phase-Reaktion', die Entzündungen folgt, und bei der Stabilisierung der extrazellulären Matrix physiologische Bedeutung. Weitere Klone kodierten für die Serinprotease C1r. Diese ist Bestandteil des C1-Komplex, der ersten Komponente des klassischen Komplementsystems. Die Spezifität der Bindung zwischen den positiven Klonen und der PräS1-Domäne wurde in weiteren biochemischen Interaktionstests bestätigt, sodaß H4, C1r und gamma2-Adaptin als Wirtszellfaktoren in der Physiologie des Hepatitis-B-Virus wahrscheinlich eine Rolle spielen.Abstract:Little is known about host cell factors necessary for hepatitis B virus assembly and infectivity. Central to virogenesis is the large L envelope protein that mediates hepatocyte receptor binding, envelopment of viral capsids, regulation of supercoiled DNA amplification and transcriptional transactivation. To assess its multiple functions and host-protein assistance involved, we here initiated a yeast two-hybrid screen using the L-specific preS1 domain as bait to screen a human liver cDNA library for L-interacting proteins. One of the most prominent cDNAs interacting with aminoacid sequence 44-108 of L-protein encodes for gamma2-adaptin, a novel clathrin adaptor-related protein responsible for protein sorting and trafficking. Among the clones interacting with the N-terminal construct of L-protein (aminoacid sequence 1-70), a frequently isolated cDNA corresponds to the gene for inter-alpha-trypsin family heavy chain H4, likely to be involved in acute inflammatory phase response and stabilization of extracellular matrices. Some other interacting clones were found to carry the cDNA for the serine protease C1r, a subunit of the C1 complex which initiates the classical complement cascade. The specificity of the interaction between the positive clones and the preS1 domain was further confirmed in independent biochemical experiments. Taken together, the results suggest a role for H4, C1r and gamma2-adaptin as host-cell factors in L-mediated process of viral biogenesis and/or pathogenesis.

Bedeutung N- und C-terminaler Aminosäuren für die Monomer- und Dimerbildung von Lichtsammelproteinen des Photosystems I

Der LHCI-730 ist ein heterodimerer, Chlorophyll a/b-bindender Lichtsammelkomplex (LHC) des Photosystem I in höheren Pflanzen. Mit Hilfe rekombinanter, modifizierter Proteine wurde untersucht, welche terminalen Bereiche der Untereinheiten Lhca1 und Lhca4 für die Bildung von monomeren und dimeren Lichtsammelproteinen relevant sind. Durch PCR-Mutagenese modifizierte Apoproteine wurden in vitro mit Gesamtpigmentextrakt rekonstituiert und auf ihre Fähigkeit mono- bzw. dimere LHCs zu bilden untersucht.Für die Monomerbildung sind der extrinsische N-Terminus und die der amphipathischen vierten Helix folgenden Aminosäuren beider Proteine für die Faltung stabiler monomerer Pigmentproteinkomplexe nicht notwendig. Die Aminosäuren, mit deren Deletion die Monomerbildung an N- und C-Terminus verhindert wurde, verfügten über geladene (Glu, Asp), aromatische (Trp) oder neutrale Seitenketten (Leu).Die Untersuchungen zur Dimerbildung des LHCI-730 zeigten, daß am N-Terminus des Lhca1 nur bis zu einer Entfernung von drei Aminosäuren (Trp) eine Assemblierung der Untereinheiten möglich ist. Nur Phe (anstatt Trp) war in Substitutionsexperimenten im Vollängenprotein in der Lage, Dimere zu bilden. Das Ausbleiben der Dimerbildung der bis einschließlich zum Trp-39 und Ile-168 verkürzten Deletionsmutanten des Lhca4 ist vermutlich auf die Instabilität dieser Lhca4-Mutanten zurückzuführen. Die Deletion von Trp-185 am C-Terminus des Lhca1 führt zu einem Ausbleiben der Dimerbildung, die aber offensichtlich durch weitere, zuvor schon deletierte Aminosäuren beeinträchtigt wurde.

Investigation of the nuclear matter density distributions of the exotic 12 Be, 14 Be and 8 B nuclei by elastic proton scattering in inverse kinematics

The proton-nucleus elastic scattering at intermediate energies is a well-established method for the investigation of the nuclear matter distribution in stable nuclei and was recently applied also for the investigation of radioactive nuclei using the method of inverse kinematics. In the current experiment, the differential cross sections for proton elastic scattering on the isotopes $^{7,9,10,11,12,14}$Be and $^8$B were measured. The experiment was performed using the fragment separator at GSI, Darmstadt to produce the radioactive beams. The main part of the experimental setup was the time projection ionization chamber IKAR which was simultaneously used as hydrogen target and a detector for the recoil protons. Auxiliary detectors for projectile tracking and isotope identification were also installed. As results from the experiment, the absolute differential cross sections d$sigma$/d$t$ as a function of the four momentum transfer $t$ were obtained. In this work the differential cross sections for elastic p-$^{12}$Be, p-$^{14}$Be and p-$^{8}$B scattering at low $t$ ($t leq$~0.05~(GeV/c)$^2$) are presented. The measured cross sections were analyzed within the Glauber multiple-scattering theory using different density parameterizations, and the nuclear matter density distributions and radii of the investigated isotopes were determined. The analysis of the differential cross section for the isotope $^{14}$Be shows that a good description of the experimental data is obtained when density distributions consisting of separate core and halo components are used. The determined {it rms} matter radius is $3.11 pm 0.04 pm 0.13$~fm. In the case of the $^{12}$Be nucleus the results showed an extended matter distribution as well. For this nucleus a matter radius of $2.82 pm 0.03 pm 0.12$~fm was determined. An interesting result is that the free $^{12}$Be nucleus behaves differently from the core of $^{14}$Be and is much more extended than it. The data were also compared with theoretical densities calculated within the FMD and the few-body models. In the case of $^{14}$Be, the calculated cross sections describe the experimental data well while, in the case of $^{12}$Be there are discrepancies in the region of high momentum transfer. Preliminary experimental results for the isotope $^8$B are also presented. An extended matter distribution was obtained (though much more compact as compared to the neutron halos). A proton halo structure was observed for the first time with the proton elastic scattering method. The deduced matter radius is $2.60pm 0.02pm 0.26$~fm. The data were compared with microscopic calculations in the frame of the FMD model and reasonable agreement was observed. The results obtained in the present analysis are in most cases consistent with the previous experimental studies of the same isotopes with different experimental methods (total interaction and reaction cross section measurements, momentum distribution measurements). For future investigation of the structure of exotic nuclei a universal detector system EXL is being developed. It will be installed at the NESR at the future FAIR facility where higher intensity beams of radioactive ions are expected. The usage of storage ring techniques provides high luminosity and low background experimental conditions. Results from the feasibility studies of the EXL detector setup, performed at the present ESR storage ring, are presented.

Mechanisms of resistance of tumor cells in response to treatment with the vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor archazolid B

Resistance of cancer cells towards chemotherapy is the major cause of therapy failure. Hence, the evaluation of cellular defense mechanisms is essential in the establishment of new chemotherapeutics. In this study, classical intrinsic and acquired as well as new resistance mechanisms relevant in the cellular response to the novel vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor archazolid B were investigated. Archazolid B, originally produced by the myxobacterium Archangium gephyra, displayed cytotoxicity in the low nanomolar range on a panel of cancer cell lines. The drug showed enhanced cytotoxic activity against nearly all cancerous cells compared to their non-cancerous pendants. With regards to ABC transporters, archazolid B was identified as a moderate substrate of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) and a weak substrate of ABCG2 (BCRP), whereas hypersensitivity was observed in ABCB5-expressing cells. The cytotoxic effect of archazolid B was shown to be independent of the cellular p53 status. However, cells expressing constitutively active EGFR displayed significantly increased resistance. Acquired drug resistance was studied by establishing an archazolid B-resistant MCF-7 cell line. Experiments showed that this secondary resistance was not conferred by aberrant expression or DNA mutations of the gene encoding vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit c, the direct target of archazolid B. Instead, a slight increase of ABCB1 and a significant overexpression of EGFR as well as reduced proliferation may contribute to acquired archazolid B resistance. For identification of new resistance strategies upon archazolid B treatment, omics data from bladder cancer and glioblastoma cells were analyzed, revealing drastic disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis, affecting cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake and transport. As shown by filipin staining, archazolid B led to accumulation of free cholesterol in lysosomes, which triggered sterol responses, mediated by SREBP-2 and LXR, including up-regulation of HMGCR, the key enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, inhibition of LDL uptake as well as impaired LDLR surface expression were observed, indicating newly synthesized cholesterol to be the main source of cholesterol in archazolid B-treated cells. This was proven by the fact that under archazolid B treatment, total free cholesterol levels as well as cell survival were significantly reduced by inhibiting HMGCR with fluvastatin. The combination of archazolid B with statins may therefore be an attractive strategy to circumvent cholesterol-mediated cell survival and in turn potentiate the promising anticancer effects of archazolid B.

In vivo evaluation in cynomolgus monkey brain and metabolism of [¹⁸F]fluorodeprenyl: a new MAO-B pet radioligand

In this study, we evaluated the in vivo characteristics of a new monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) radioligand, [¹⁸F]fluorodeprenyl, by positron emission tomography (PET) in two cynomolgus monkeys. The brain uptake of [¹⁸F]fluorodeprenyl was more than 7% (600% SUV) of the total injected radioactivity and similar to that of [¹¹C]deprenyl, an established MAO-B radioligand. The highest uptake was observed in the striatum, one of the MAO-B-rich regions, with a peak at approximately 2-3 min after injection, followed by lower uptake in the thalamus and the cortex and lowest uptake in the cerebellum. Brain uptake of [¹⁸F]fluorodeprenyl was largely inhibited by preadministration of the MAO-B inhibitor, L-deprenyl, whereas clorgyline, a MAO Type A blocker, had no significant inhibitory effect, thus demonstrating selectivity for MAO-B. [¹⁸F]Fluorodeprenyl showed relatively slow metabolism with the presence of two radiometabolite peaks with similar retention time as the labeled metabolites of [¹¹C]deprenyl. These results suggest that [¹⁸F]fluorodeprenyl is a potential PET radioligand for visualization of MAO-B activity.

Conflicto político, demografía y modo de producción en la Antigua Roma, siglos II-I a.C

Este trabajo se propone analizar críticamente algunas teorías recientes sobre las consecuencias sociales de la Segunda Guerra Púnica (218-201 a. C.) en la antigua sociedadáromana. Mientras que laáinterpretación clásica había subrayado el efecto dañino que las guerras de expansión supusieronápara el campesinado romano, los nuevos enfoques en boga se caracterizan por dejar de lado las contradicciones del proceso histórico, adoptando una interpretación malthusiana en la cual laápoblación simplementeáhabría crecido mucho más que los recursos para sostenerla. Considerando que la demografía no es una variable independiente sino que se encuentra enmarcada en un modo de producción específico, se propone estudiar algunasálimitaciones de los enfoques mencionados paraáluego abordar el problema desde una óptica que enfatice en la dinámica contradictoria de la sociedad romana

(Reseña sobre) Pobre, como siempre, de Alicia B. Gutiérrez

Fil: Rausky, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Conflicto político, demografía y modo de producción en la Antigua Roma, siglos II-I a.C

Este trabajo se propone analizar críticamente algunas teorías recientes sobre las consecuencias sociales de la Segunda Guerra Púnica (218-201 a. C.) en la antigua sociedadáromana. Mientras que laáinterpretación clásica había subrayado el efecto dañino que las guerras de expansión supusieronápara el campesinado romano, los nuevos enfoques en boga se caracterizan por dejar de lado las contradicciones del proceso histórico, adoptando una interpretación malthusiana en la cual laápoblación simplementeáhabría crecido mucho más que los recursos para sostenerla. Considerando que la demografía no es una variable independiente sino que se encuentra enmarcada en un modo de producción específico, se propone estudiar algunasálimitaciones de los enfoques mencionados paraáluego abordar el problema desde una óptica que enfatice en la dinámica contradictoria de la sociedad romana

(Reseña sobre) Pobre, como siempre, de Alicia B. Gutiérrez

Fil: Rausky, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Conflicto político, demografía y modo de producción en la Antigua Roma, siglos II-I a.C

Este trabajo se propone analizar críticamente algunas teorías recientes sobre las consecuencias sociales de la Segunda Guerra Púnica (218-201 a. C.) en la antigua sociedadáromana. Mientras que laáinterpretación clásica había subrayado el efecto dañino que las guerras de expansión supusieronápara el campesinado romano, los nuevos enfoques en boga se caracterizan por dejar de lado las contradicciones del proceso histórico, adoptando una interpretación malthusiana en la cual laápoblación simplementeáhabría crecido mucho más que los recursos para sostenerla. Considerando que la demografía no es una variable independiente sino que se encuentra enmarcada en un modo de producción específico, se propone estudiar algunasálimitaciones de los enfoques mencionados paraáluego abordar el problema desde una óptica que enfatice en la dinámica contradictoria de la sociedad romana

Schiarimenti dati ad un amico sopra uno scritto critico-violento : lettera indirizzata all'egregio prof. B.A.G. /

Response to articles in Milan's Gazzetta Musicale regarding a pipe organ commissioned by the Ministry of War.