Major Events and the European Code of Police Ethics

Examines the symbolic significance of major events and their security provision in the historical and contemporary context of the European Code of Police Ethics. Stresses the potential of major events to set new practical policing and security standards of technology and in doing so necessitiate the maintenance of professional ethical standards for policing in Europe.

Espoo shootings: A failure of restraint

Argues that focus on the immigrant status of the Espoo shooter deflects attention from the failure of the relevant authorities to effectively respond to a foreseeable threat to public safety. Response to public discussion of New Year's Day shootings in Espoo shopping mall.

Drosophila indirect flight muscle specific Act88F actin mutants as a model system for studying congenital myopathies of the human ACTA1 skeletal muscle actin gene

Most human ACTA1 skeletal actin gene mutations cause dominant, congenital myopathies often with severely reduced muscle function and neonatal mortality. High sequence conservation of actin means many mutated ACTA1 residues are identical to those in the Drosophila Act88F, an indirect flight muscle specific sarcomeric actin. Four known Act88F mutations occur at the same actin residues mutated in ten ACTA1 nemaline mutations, A138D/P, R256H/L, G268C/D/R/S and R372C/S. These Act88F mutants were examined for similar muscle phenotypes. Mutant homozygotes show phenotypes ranging from a lack of myofibrils to almost normal sarcomeres at eclosion. Aberrant Z-disc-like structures and serial Z-disc arrays, ‘zebra bodies’, are observed in homozygotes and heterozygotes of all four Act88F mutants. These electron-dense structures show homologies to human nemaline bodies/rods, but are much smaller than those typically found in the human myopathy. We conclude that the Drosophila indirect flight muscles provide a good model system for studying ACTA1 mutations.

Maailmankuvan uskonnollisuus ja arvot moraaliarviointien selittäjinä

Moraalipsykologit ovat väitelleet vuosikymmeniä siitä, mitä moraali on ja minkälaisiin psykologisiin prosesseihin moraaliarvioinnit perustuvat. Yksi keskeinen kysymys on koskenut sitä vaikuttavatko ihmisten maailmankuvat ja niihin kietoutuvat tiedolliset uskomukset, arvot ja omat käsitykset moraalin luonteesta moraaliarviointeihin. Tämä tutkimus lähti selvittämään maailmankuvan uskonnollisuuden sekä arvojen yhteyttä moraaliarviointeihin tilastollisten analyysien valossa. Kyselytutkimusaineisto kerättiin helsinkiläisiltä yliopisto-opiskelijoilta (N = 161). Nykypäivän ihmisille tuttujen, mutta moraalisesti kiistanalaisten tekojen vääryyden arvioinneista muodostettiin pääkomponenttianalyysiin perustuen kolme tekotyyppiä, jotka nimettiin itseen kohdistuviksi teoiksi (ITSE-teot; abortti, avioero, eutanasia, seksin harrastaminen alaikäisenä ja itsemurha), muihin yksilöihin kohdistuviksi antisosiaalisiksi teoiksi (MYKS-teot; varastetun tavaran ostaminen tietoisesti, pysäköidylle autolle vahingossa aiheuttamansa vahingon ilmoittamatta jättäminen ja toiselle henkilölle kuuluvan auton luvaton käyttöönotto) sekä yhteiskuntaan kohdistuviksi antisosiaalisiksi teoiksi (YHT-teot; maksamatta jättäminen julkisessa liikenteessä ja verovilppi tilaisuuden salliessa). Maailmankuvaltaan perinteisesti uskonnolliset henkilöt arvioivat kaikki tekotyypit lähes yhtä vääriksi (sanallisesti ”väärin” oleviksi) sekä keskimäärin vääremmiksi kuin maailmankuvaltaan ei-perinteisesti uskonnolliset henkilöt. Sen sijaan ei-perinteisesti uskonnolliset henkilöt erottivat selkeästi kaikki kolme tekotyyppiä niin keskiarvojen kuin niiden sanallisten vastineidensakin mukaan (väärimmiksi arviointiin MYKS-teot ja vähiten vääriksi ITSE-teot). Hierarkkisissa regressioanalyyseissä maailmankuvan uskonnollisuuden perinteisyys ennusti merkittävästi ITSE-tekojen vääremmäksi arviointia, mutta kohtalaisesti myös YHT-tekojen vääremmäksi arviointia, kun ikä, sukupuoli ja arvoulottuvuudet oli vakioitu. Uskonnollisuuden perinteisyys ei kuitenkaan ennustanut MYKS-tekojen arviointia muut tekijät vakioituina ja sen ainoaksi tilastollisesti merkitseväksi selittäjäksi osoittautui säilyttämis−muutosvalmiusarvoulottuvuus, joskin melko vähäisellä selitysvoimalla. Kyseinen arvoulottuvuus ennusti myös ITSE- ja YHT-tekotyyppien arviointeja muut edellä mainitut tekijät vakioituina, mutta heikommin kuin maailmankuvan uskonnollisuuden perinteisyys. YHT-tekoja selitti lisäksi ikä, kun kaikki muut selittäjät oli vakioitu. Itsensäylittämis–itsensäkorostamisarvoulottuvuus ei ollut yhteydessä yhdenkään tekotyypin vääryyden arviointiin. Tulokset tukivat aiempia tutkimustuloksia siitä, että eri ihmiset hahmottavat ainakin omasta näkökulmastaan moraalin alaa eri tavoin eli arvioivat samat teot eri tavoin vääriksi tai vapaaehtoisiksi. Tulokset osoittivat myös, että ihmisten maailmankuvan uskonnollisuudella ja säilyttämisarvojen preferoinnilla on selkeä yhteys näihin eroihin arvioinneissa, mutta että muihin yksilöihin kohdistuvat vahingolliset ja epäoikeudenmukaiset antisosiaaliset teot tuomitaan hyvin yleisesti väärinä. Yhdessä nämä tekijät näyttäisivät viittaavan siihen, että ihmisten moraalikäsitykset todella vaihtelevat. Keskeisinä lähteinä toimivat Jonathan Haidtin, Lawrence Kohlbergin, Shalom Schwartzin, Richard Shwederin sekä Elliot Turielin tieteelliset julkaisut ja teokset.

Influence of cross-correlation between dipolar and chemical shift anisotropy relaxation mechanisms upon the transverse relaxation rates of 15N in macromolecules

Heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence relaxation rate are calculated for the individual transitions of the S spin in an AIS nuclear spin system assuming that the heteronucleus (S spin) has relaxation contributions from both intramolecular dipole-dipole and chemical shift anisotropy relaxation. The individual multiplet components of the heteronuclear zero- and double-quantum coherences are shown to have different transverse relaxation rates. The cross-correlation between the two relaxation mechanisms is shown to be the dominant cause of the calculated differential line broadening. Experimental data are presented using as an example a uniformly 15N labelled sample of human epidermal growth factor.

Formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in South India, links with paleo-monsoon and pedological conditions: Clues from Sr isotopes, U-Th series and REEs

The influence of the pedogenic and climatic contexts on the formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in a climosequence in the Western Ghats (Karnataka Plateau, South West India) has been studied. Along the climosequence, the current mean annual rainfall (MAR) varies within a 80 km transect from 6000 mm at the edge of the Plateau to 500 mm inland. Pedogenic carbonates occur in the MAR range of 500-1200 mm. In the semi-arid zone (MAR: 500-900 mm), carbonates occur (i) as rhick hardpan calcretes on pediment slopes and (ii) as nodular horizons in polygenic black soils (i.e. vertisols). In the sub-humid zone (MAR: 900-1500 mm), pedogenic carbonates are disseminated in the black soil matrices either as loose, irregular and friable nodules of millimetric size or as indurated botryoidal nodules of centimetric to pluricentimetric size. They also occur at the top layers of the saprolite either as disseminated pluricentimetric indurated nodules or carbonate-cemented lumps of centimetric to decimetric size. Chemical and isotopic (Sr-87/Sr-86) compositions of the carbonate fraction were determined after leaching with 0.25 N HCl. The corresponding residual fractions containing both primary minerals and authigenic clays were digested separately and analyzed. The trend defined by the Sr-87/Sr-86 signatures of both labile carbonate fractions and corresponding residual fractions indicates that a part of the labile carbonate fraction is genetically linked to the local soil composition. Considering the residual fraction of each sample as the most likely lithogenic source of Ca in carbonates, it is estimated that from 24% to 82% (55% on average) of Ca is derived from local bedrock weathering, leading to a consumption of an equivalent proportion of atmospheric CO2. These values indicate that climatic conditions were humid enough to allow silicate weathering: MAR at the time of carbonate formation likely ranged from 400 to 700 mm, which is 2- to 3-fold less than the current MAR at these locations. The Sr, U and Mg contents and the (U-234/U-238) activity ratio in the labile carbonate fraction help to understand the conditions of carbonate formation. The relatively high concentrations of Sr, U and Mg in black soil carbonates may indicate fast growth and accumulation compared to carbonates in saprolite, possibly due to a better confinement of the pore waters which is supported by their high (U-234/U-238) signatures, and/or to higher content of dissolved carbonates in the pore waters. The occurrence of Ce, Mn and Fe oxides in the cracks of carbonate reflects the existence of relatively humid periods after carbonate formation. The carbonate ages determined by the U-Th method range from 1.33 +/- 0.84 kyr to 7.5 +/- 2.7 kyr and to a cluster of five ages around 20 kyr, i.e. the Last Glacial Maximum period. The young occurrences are only located in the black soils, which therefore constitute sensitive environments for trapping and retaining atmospheric CO2 even on short time scales. The maximum age of carbonates depends on their location in the climatic gradient: from about 20 kyr for centimetric nodules at Mule Hole (MAR = 1100 mm/yr) to 200 kyr for the calcrete at Gundlupet (MAR = 700 mm/yr, Durand et al., 2007). The intensity of rainfall during wet periods would indeed control the lifetime of pedogenic carbonates and thus the duration of inorganic carbon storage in soils. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

3D MHD simulations of subsurface convection in OB stars

During their main sequence evolution, massive stars can develop convective regions very close to their surface. These regions are caused by an opacity peak associated with iron ionization. Cantiello et al. (2009) found a possible connection between the presence of sub-photospheric convective motions and small scale stochastic velocities in the photosphere of early-type stars. This supports a physical mechanism where microturbulence is caused by waves that are triggered by subsurface convection zones. They further suggest that clumping in the inner parts of the winds of OB stars could be related to subsurface convection, and that the convective layers may also be responsible for stochastic excitation of non-radial pulsations. Furthermore, magnetic fields produced in the iron convection zone could appear at the surface of such massive stars. Therefore subsurface convection could be responsible for the occurrence of observable phenomena such as line profile variability and discrete absorption components. These phenomena have been observed for decades, but still evade a clear theoretical explanation. Here we present preliminary results from 3D MHD simulations of such subsurface convection.

Variable Sparsity Kernel Learning

This paper(1) presents novel algorithms and applications for a particular class of mixed-norm regularization based Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) formulations. The formulations assume that the given kernels are grouped and employ l(1) norm regularization for promoting sparsity within RKHS norms of each group and l(s), s >= 2 norm regularization for promoting non-sparse combinations across groups. Various sparsity levels in combining the kernels can be achieved by varying the grouping of kernels-hence we name the formulations as Variable Sparsity Kernel Learning (VSKL) formulations. While previous attempts have a non-convex formulation, here we present a convex formulation which admits efficient Mirror-Descent (MD) based solving techniques. The proposed MD based algorithm optimizes over product of simplices and has a computational complexity of O (m(2)n(tot) log n(max)/epsilon(2)) where m is no. training data points, n(max), n(tot) are the maximum no. kernels in any group, total no. kernels respectively and epsilon is the error in approximating the objective. A detailed proof of convergence of the algorithm is also presented. Experimental results show that the VSKL formulations are well-suited for multi-modal learning tasks like object categorization. Results also show that the MD based algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art MKL solvers in terms of computational efficiency.

Computer-Based Design Synthesis Research: An Overview

One of the hallmarks of engineering design is the design synthesis phase where the creativity of the designer most prominently comes into play as solutions are generated to meet underlying needs. Over the past decades, methodologies for generating concepts and design solutions have matured to the point that computation-based synthesis provides a means to explore a wider variety of solutions and take over more tedious design tasks. This paper reviews advances in function-based, grammar-based, and analogy-based synthesis approaches and their contributions to computational design synthesis research in the last decade. DOI: 10.1115/1.3593409]

Protocols for Collection, Preservation and Enumeration of Diatoms from Aquatic Habitats fro Water Quality Monitoring in India

Diatoms have become important organisms for monitoring freshwaters and their value has been recognised in Europe, American and African continents. If India is to include diatoms in the current suite of bioindicators, then thorough testing of diatom-based techniques is required. This paper provides guidance on methods through all stages of diatom collection from different habitats from streams and lakes, preparation and examination for the purposes of water quality assessment that can be adapted to most aquatic ecosystems in India.

Hypoxia-Mediated Impairment of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Inhibits the Bactericidal Activity of Macrophages

In infected tissues oxygen tensions are low. As innate immune cells have to operate under these conditions, we analyzed the ability of macrophages (M phi) to kill Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus in a hypoxic microenvironment. Oxygen restriction did not promote intracellular bacterial growth but did impair the bactericidal activity of the host cells against both pathogens. This correlated with a decreased production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates. Experiments with phagocyte NADPH oxidase (PHOX) and inducible NO synthase (NOS2) double-deficient M phi revealed that in E. coli- or S. aureus-infected cells the reduced antibacterial activity during hypoxia was either entirely or partially independent of the diminished PHOX and NOS2 activity. Hypoxia impaired the mitochondrial activity of infected M phi. Inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity during normoxia (using rotenone or antimycin A) completely or partially mimicked the defective antibacterial activity observed in hypoxic E. coli-or S. aureus-infected wild-type M phi, respectively. Accordingly, inhibition of the respiratory chain of S. aureus-infected, normoxic PHOX-/- NOS2(-/-) M phi further raised the bacterial burden of the cells, which reached the level measured in hypoxic PHOX-/- NOS2(-/-) M phi cultures. Our data demonstrate that the reduced killing of S. aureus or E. coli during hypoxia is not simply due to a lack of PHOX and NOS2 activity but partially or completely results from an impaired mitochondrial antibacterial effector function. Since pharmacological inhibition of the respiratory chain raised the generation of ROI but nevertheless phenocopied the effect of hypoxia, ROI can be excluded as the mechanism underlying the antimicrobial activity of mitochondria.