Internal debt and financial adjustment in Peru

Includes bibliography

Ultrasonic activation of internal bleaching agents

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasonic activation of bleaching agents during ex vivo internal bleaching. Methodology: Fifty canine human teeth were artificially stained, root filled and divided into five groups (n = 10) that received SP - sodium perborate plus deionized water (control group), CP - 37% carbamide peroxide gel, CPUS - 37% carbamide peroxide gel plus ultrasonic application, HP - 35% hydrogen peroxide gel or HPUS - 35% hydrogen peroxide gel plus ultrasonic application. In groups CP and HP, the bleaching agent was left inside the pulp chamber for three applications of 10 min. In groups CPUS and HPUS, the same process was performed, but ultrasonic vibration was applied to the bleaching agent by an alloy tip for 30 s, with 30 s intervals. Two sessions were performed. The colour was measured initially and after each session by an intraoral dental spectrophotometer. The variation (Δ) of the colour parameters based on the CIELab system L*, a* and b*, and the colour alteration ΔE* were calculated after first and second section. Data were analysed by one-way anova and Tukey's test. Results: There was no significant difference amongst groups for ΔL*, Δa* and ΔE*, but there was a significant difference for Δb* in the first and second sessions (P = 0.0006 and 0.0016, respectively). After the first session, Δb* was significantly greater for groups HP and HPUS, without a significant difference between them. For the second session, group HPUS had the greatest Δb* values, but they were similar to groups HP and SP; group CP had the lowest values, which were similar to groups CPUS and SP. Conclusion: Ultrasonic activation of bleaching agents during ex vivo internal bleaching was no more effective than conventional internal bleaching procedures, without activation. © 2012 International Endodontic Journal.

Spatial distribution, internal migration and development in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Reliability and failure modes of internal conical dental implant connections

Objective: Biological and mechanical implant-abutment connection complications and failures are still present in clinical practice, frequently compromising oral function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and failure modes of anterior single-unit restorations in internal conical interface (ICI) implants using step-stress accelerated life testing (SSALT). Materials and methods: Forty-two ICI implants were distributed in two groups (n = 21 each): group AT-OsseoSpeed™ TX (Astra Tech, Waltham, MA, USA); group SV-Duocon System Line, Morse Taper (Signo Vinces Ltda., Campo Largo, PR, Brazil). The corresponding abutments were screwed to the implants and standardized maxillary central incisor metal crowns were cemented and subjected to SSALT in water. Use-level probability Weibull curves and reliability for a mission of 50,000 cycles at 200 N were calculated. Differences between groups were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis along with Bonferroni's post-hoc tests. Polarized-light and scanning electron microscopes were used for failure analyses. Results: The Beta (β) value derived from use level probability Weibull calculation was 1.62 (1.01-2.58) for group AT and 2.56 (1.76-3.74) for group SV, indicating that fatigue was an accelerating factor for failure of both groups. The reliability for group AT was 0.95 and for group SV was 0.88. Kruskal-Wallis along with Bonferroni's post-hoc tests showed no significant difference between the groups tested (P > 0.27). In all specimens of both groups, the chief failure mode was abutment fracture at the conical joint region and screw fracture at neck's region. Conclusions: Reliability was not different between investigated ICI connections supporting maxillary incisor crowns. Failure modes were similar. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

The peasant economy: internal logic, articulation and persistence

Includes bibliography

Stress distribution in implant-supported prosthesis with external and internal implant-abutment connections

Objective. This study aimed to investigate the stress distribution in screwed implant-supported prostheses with different implant-abutment connections by using a photoelastic analysis. Materials and methods. Four photoelastic models were fabricated in PL-2 resin and divided according to the implant-abutment connection (external hexagon (EH) and Morse taper (MT) implants (3.75 × 11.5 mm)) and the number crowns (single and 3-unit piece). Models were positioned in a circular polariscope and 100-N axial and oblique (45) loading were applied in the occlusal surface of the crowns by using a universal testing machine. The stresses were photographically recorded and qualitatively analyzed using software (Adobe Photoshop). Results. Under axial loading, the MT implants exhibited a lower number of fringes for single-unit crowns than EH implants, whereas for a 3-unit piece the MT implants showed a higher number of fringes vs EH implants. The oblique loading increased the number of fringes for all groups. Conclusion. In conclusion, the MT implant-abutment connection reduced the amount of stress in single-unit crowns, for 3-unit piece crowns the amount of stress was lower using an external hexagon connection. The stress pattern was similar for all groups. Oblique loading promoted a higher stress concentration than axial loading. © Informa Healthcare.

Medidas de política interna para facilitar la integración de las economías pequeñas en el Area de Libre Comercio de las Américas = Internal policy measures to facilitate the integration of smaller economies into the Free Trade Area of the Americas

Incluye Bibliografía

Note on internal reorganization

Analiza los aspectos de reorganizacion interna necesarios para que la Oficina de la CEPAL para el Caribe funcione como Secretaria del CDCC (Comite de Desarrollo y Cooperacion del Caribe)

Caracterização molecular de populações do inseto praga psilídeo de concha (Glycaspis brimblecombei) por meio de marcadores do tipo ITS 1 (Internal Tanscribed Spacer 1)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Internal migration in Brazil, 1890-1970. Draft for comments

Includes bibliography

Volume and characteristics of internal migration in Colombia

Includes bibliography

Internal migration in Guatemala during the period 1976-1981 by ethnicity, sex and age

El analisis forma parte del proyecto IMIN, orientado a realizar investigaciones en profundidad sobre la migracion interna a partir de los ultimos censos de poblacion. El enfasis se situa en la descripcion del fenomeno en Guatemala, durante 1976-1981 y la poblacion bajo estudio es aquella nacida en Guatemala que vivio en el pais hasta la fecha del censo y 5 anos antes. Los migrantes son personas cuya residencia habitual en 1981 era distinta de aquella en 1976. Guatemala, Esquintla y El Peten son los departamentos de inmigracion por excelencia por ser la sede de la capital, y por su desarrollo agrario. Las mujeres se dirigen hacia el departamento de Guatemala, independiente del grupo etnico; la migracion es selectiva por edad y los grupos en que se producen los desplazamientos mayores se situan entre 15 y 24 anos. Las migrantes son algo menores que los hombres migrantes y los no indios migran mas que los indios; entre estos ultimos, predominan los hombres.