La recuperación de la palabra. Perspectivas hermenéuticas sobre la cuestión del lenguaje

El planteamiento hermenéutico del tema del lenguaje, en su versión gadameriana,constituye una importante aportación al diálogo con las distintas posiciones en las que el pensamiento de nuestro siglo se hace eco de un problema: la incapacidad del lenguajepara articular la experiencia del mundo, en orden a posibilitar el ejercicio de la racionalidad práctica. La pretensión de estas páginas es presentar el sesgo desde el que estaintervención adquiere un especial protagonismo en la filosofía de las últinias décadas y poner en discusión algunas de las posibilidades de desarrollo que, en el curso del debatede estas cuestiones, se han ido proponiendo.

Relações fecundas entre pesquisa e formação docente: elementos para um programa

Este artigo propõe, na primeira parte, uma reflexão baseada nas dificuldades encontradas no âmbito dos Institutos Universitários de Formação de Professores - IUFMs -, na França, para articular de maneira eficaz os resultados da pesquisa em educação e formação com as práticas de formação docente. Nossa hipótese é que essas dificuldades referem-se a uma oposição entre aquilo que denominamos uma "epistemologia dos saberes" e uma "epistemologia da ação", o que se concretiza na concepção, organização e administração dos IUFMs. Essas duas epistemologias são em seguida comparadas, a fim de ilustrar algumas das aporias que persistem no exercício profissional e na formação e nas suas relações com a pesquisa e com os resultados desta. Na segunda parte, voltada para a apresentação de uma abordagem denominada ergonomia/formação, o artigo mostra que as dificuldades simétricas observadas por essas duas epistemologias poderiam ser parcialmente reposicionadas a partir de uma análise do trabalho e sobretudo do desenvolvimento do trabalho nas questões de formação e de pesquisa. Na seqüência, apresenta-se esse programa de ergonomia/formação a partir de um complexo que articula opões de ordem ética, ontológica e epistemológica, acreditando-se que ele pode contribuir para reconciliar os componentes acadêmicos e profissionais das formações e satisfazer ao mesmo tempo as exigências que são pertinentes à prática e ao rigor científico.

Analysis of the association between chondrocalcinosis and osteoarthritis: a community based study

To analyse the association between chondrocalcinosis and osteoarthritis (OA) of the hands and knees in an unselected elderly rural population. METHODS--A community based cross sectional study was performed in individuals randomly selected from a previous epidemiological survey on the prevalence of chondrocalcinosis in people older than 60 years from Osona county, Catalonia, northeastern Spain. Radiological OA (grade 2 or more of Kellgren's classification) was evaluated in 26 individuals with chondrocalcinosis and in 104 controls. A total of 18 articular areas of both knees (medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartments) and hands (first, second and third metacarpophalangeal (MCP), first carpometacarpal, trapezium-scaphoid, radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints) were studied. RESULTS--Radiological changes of OA in the knees were more common in subjects with chondrocalcinosis than in those without it, with an odds ratio adjusted for age and gender (aOR) of 4.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6 to 11.8, p = 0.005). OA was also more frequent in almost all areas of the hands in individuals with chondrocalcinosis, though the difference reached statistical significance only in the MCP joints (aOR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 8.8; p = 0.033). However, taking into account the side and the different joint compartments analysed, the association between chondrocalcinosis and OA was significant only in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment and the left MCP joints. CONCLUSIONS--In an elderly population unselected for their rheumatic complaints, there was a real association between OA and chondrocalcinosis. This association was particularly relevant in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment of the knee and in the first three left MCP joints.

Is intracerebral hemorrhage a time-dependent phenomenon after successful combined intravenous and intra-arterial therapy?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Onset-to-reperfusion time (ORT) has recently emerged as an essential prognostic factor in acute ischemic stroke therapy. Although favorable outcome is associated with reduced ORT, it remains unclear whether intracranial bleeding depends on ORT. We therefore sought to determine whether ORT influenced the risk and volume of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after combined intravenous and intra-arterial therapy. METHODS: Based on our prospective registry, we included 157 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients successfully recanalized with combined intravenous and intra-arterial therapy between April 2007 and October 2011. Primary outcome was any ICH within 24 hours posttreatment. Secondary outcomes included occurrence of symptomatic ICH (sICH) and ICH volume measured with the ABC/2. RESULTS: Any ICH occurred in 26% of the study sample (n=33). sICH occurred in 5.5% (n=7). Median ICH volume was 0.8 mL. ORT was increased in patients with ICH (median=260 minutes; interquartile range=230-306) compared with patients without ICH (median=226 minutes; interquartile range=200-281; P=0.008). In the setting of sICH, ORT reached a median of 300 minutes (interquartile range=276-401; P=0.004). The difference remained significant after adjustment for potential confounding factors (adjusted P=0.045 for ICH; adjusted P=0.002 for sICH). There was no correlation between ICH volume and ORT (r=0.16; P=0.33). CONCLUSIONS: ORT influences the rate but not the volume of ICH and appears to be a critical predictor of symptomatic hemorrhage after successful combined intravenous and intra-arterial therapy. To minimize the risk of bleeding, revascularization should be achieved within 4.5 hours of stroke onset.

Analysis of joint laxity after total ankle arthroplasty: cadaver study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical results of total ankle arthroplasty with early designs were disappointing. Recently-developed ankle prostheses have good mid-term results; however, limited information is available regarding effects of total ankle arthroplasty on ankle laxity. METHODS: Eight cadaveric lower extremities were tested with a custom device which enabled measurement of multi-axial forces, moments, and displacement during applied axial, shear, and rotational loading. Tests consisted of anterior-posterior and medial-lateral translation and internal-external rotation of the talus relative to the tibia during axial loads on the tibia simulating body weight (700 N) and an unloaded condition (5 N). Tests were performed in neutral, dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion. Laxity was determined for the intact ankle, and following insertion of an unconstrained total ankle implant, comparing load-displacement curve. FINDINGS: Laxity after total ankle arthroplasty did not approximate the normal ankle in most conditions tested. Displacement was significantly greater for total ankle arthroplasty in both posterior and lateral translation, and internal rotation, with 5 N axial loading, and anterior-posterior, medial-lateral translation, and internal-external rotation for 700 N axial loading. For the 700 N axial load condition, in the neutral ankle position, total anterior-posterior translation averaged 0.4 mm (SD 0.2 mm), but 6.0 mm (SD 1.5 mm) after total ankle arthroplasty (P<0.01). This study demonstrated more laxity in the replaced ankle than normal ankle for both unloaded and 700 N axially loaded conditions. INTERPRETATION: These data indicate the increased responsibility of the ligaments for ankle laxity after total ankle arthroplasty and suggest the importance of meticulous ligament reconstruction with total ankle arthroplasty operations.

Federalismo e planejamento educacional no exercício do par

Este texto insere-se no campo de estudos sobre avaliação de políticas públicas e tem por objetivo analisar o planejamento educacional realizado por meio do PAR. Especificamente, pretende responder às questões sobre a receptividade dos sistemas educativos na execução do PAR e a capacidade desse instrumento de planejamento de articular os entes da federação para a gestão da educação. As análises desenvolvidas têm por eixo questões concernentes ao processo de centralização/descentralização das políticas educativas. A implantação do PAR apresenta dificuldades no alcance dos objetivos de integração e colaboração entre os entes da federação, ao mesmo tempo que contribui para o desenvolvimento de ações de planejamento e de diálogo entre os sistemas educativos.

Trabalho social e intervenção social na França: o estado do conhecimento

As escolas de trabalho social na França estão, finalmente, desenvolvendo investigação científica nos centros de pesquisa e de estudo para formação e ação social - Prefas - ou em parceria com as universidades. O caráter científico do trabalho social é questionado e contestado de acordo com as interações entre os atores sociais e as referências que estes mobilizam enquanto competem. Essas questões metodológicas cristalizam-se em torno da luta entre os campos das ciências sociais e do trabalho social, bem como dentro do próprio trabalho social como parte de uma reativação da dicotomia entre conhecimentos teórico prático situado e universal. Assim, o desenvolvimento de um paradigma científico de profissões como o trabalho social e também a questão dos modelos institucionais com epistemologias híbridas podem não se encaixar totalmente na lógica existente em razão da recusa histórica da academia em articular ciência e eficiência.

Intrinsic coordinate system for the tibial plateau

Determination of the sub-chondral bone density, or more precisely the internal density spot, can be used to evaluate the capability of a knee to sustain normal kinematics. To use this technique as a mean of knee kinematics control, the position of the internal density spot must be determined in a reproducible way. This paper presents a definition of an intrinsic polar coordinate system, allowing to measure the position of the internal density spot of the tibial plateau. Tests of reproducibility gave good results and justify the use of this coordinate system for comparison of the internal density spot position between left and right paired knees.

MDCT arthrography of the hip: value of the adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction technique and potential for radiation dose reduction.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to assess the effect of the adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) technique on image quality in hip MDCT arthrography and to evaluate its potential for reducing radiation dose. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients examined with hip MDCT arthrography were prospectively randomized into three different protocols: one with a regular dose (volume CT dose index [CTDIvol], 38.4 mGy) and two with a reduced dose (CTDIvol, 24.6 or 15.4 mGy). Images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and four increasing percentages of ASIR (30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%). Image noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured. Two musculoskeletal radiologists independently evaluated several anatomic structures and image quality parameters using a 4-point scale. They also jointly assessed acetabular labrum tears and articular cartilage lesions. RESULTS: With decreasing radiation dose level, image noise statistically significantly increased (p=0.0009) and CNR statistically significantly decreased (p=0.001). We also found a statistically significant reduction in noise (p=0.0001) and increase in CNR (p≤0.003) with increasing percentage of ASIR; in addition, we noted statistically significant increases in image quality scores for the labrum and cartilage, subchondral bone, overall diagnostic quality (up to 50% ASIR), and subjective noise (p≤0.04), and statistically significant reductions for the trabecular bone and muscles (p≤0.03). Regardless of the radiation dose level, there were no statistically significant differences in the detection and characterization of labral tears (n=24; p=1) and cartilage lesions (n=40; p≥0.89) depending on the ASIR percentage. CONCLUSION: The use of up to 50% ASIR in hip MDCT arthrography helps to reduce radiation dose by approximately 35-60%, while maintaining diagnostic image quality comparable to that of a regular-dose protocol using FBP.

Manifestations neurologiques des troubles musculosquelettiques [Neurological manifestations in musculoskeletal disorders].

Musculoskeletal disorders are a crossroad among diverse specialties: neurology, rehabilitation, orthopedics, occupational medicine and psycho-traumatology. They are integrated into occupational medicine and encompass overuse syndromes, repeated micro-trauma and focal compressive neuropathies linked with professional or sports' activity. Neurological manifestations are omnipresent. Yet, their importance is not always recognized despite frequent resort to neurologists specialized in peripheral nervous system disorders and neurophysiology, as well as, to behavioral cognition specialists. Therapeutic approaches require preventive and work organization measures, neurophysiologic investigations and imaging in expert hands, and conservative treatment with physiotherapy, with or without paraneural and intra-articular injections.

La aventura 'americana' de Antoni Julià

Uno de los episodios más curiosos de la trayectoria personal y profesional de Toni Julià, es el de su corta pero fructífera estancia en tierras americanas a mediados de los 80. En ella, y como muestra de su talante, fue capaz de articular su compromiso y participar en la dinamización de la creación de una escuela de educadores en Maracaibo, Venezuela, denominada EDECAS (Formación de Educadores Especializados en Centros de Asistencia Socio-Jurídica), que empezó a funcionar a finales de 1986. Aquí dejaremos constancia de algunos de los pormenores de esta experiencia, partiendo fundamentalmente de las informaciones que obran en el 'Archivo Antoni Julià', depositado en le CEESC (Col·legi d"Educadores i Educadors Socials de Catalunya)

P value and the theory of hypothesis testing: an explanation for new researchers.

In the 1920s, Ronald Fisher developed the theory behind the p value and Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson developed the theory of hypothesis testing. These distinct theories have provided researchers important quantitative tools to confirm or refute their hypotheses. The p value is the probability to obtain an effect equal to or more extreme than the one observed presuming the null hypothesis of no effect is true; it gives researchers a measure of the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis. As commonly used, investigators will select a threshold p value below which they will reject the null hypothesis. The theory of hypothesis testing allows researchers to reject a null hypothesis in favor of an alternative hypothesis of some effect. As commonly used, investigators choose Type I error (rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true) and Type II error (accepting the null hypothesis when it is false) levels and determine some critical region. If the test statistic falls into that critical region, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Despite similarities between the two, the p value and the theory of hypothesis testing are different theories that often are misunderstood and confused, leading researchers to improper conclusions. Perhaps the most common misconception is to consider the p value as the probability that the null hypothesis is true rather than the probability of obtaining the difference observed, or one that is more extreme, considering the null is true. Another concern is the risk that an important proportion of statistically significant results are falsely significant. Researchers should have a minimum understanding of these two theories so that they are better able to plan, conduct, interpret, and report scientific experiments.

Outcome of subscapularis muscle release for shoulder contracture secondary to brachial plexus palsy at birth.

Children with unresolved brachial plexus palsy frequently develop a disabling internal rotation contracture of the shoulder. Several surgical options, including soft tissue procedures such as muscle releases and/or transfers, and bone operations such as humeral osteotomy are available to correct this deformity. This study describes the effect of subscapularis muscle release performed in isolation. Thirteen patients (5 boys, 8 girls) were reviewed at an average of 3.5 years after their surgery (range, 2-7 years). Their mean age at operation was 4.7 years (range, 1-8 years). Three children had C5-C6 palsies, 8 had C5-C7 palsies, and 2 had C5-C8 palsies. Postoperatively, patients presented significant gains in shoulder active lateral rotation (+49 degrees, from 5 to 54 degrees), active abduction (+30 degrees, from 63 to 93 degrees), active flexion (+46 degrees, from 98 to 144 degrees), and active extension (+23 degrees, from 7 to 30 degrees). Gains were also observed in passive range of motion, but of a lesser degree. Subscapularis muscle release is a procedure we found to have few significant complications and was highly effective in increasing active range of motion and restoring shoulder function.

El tiempo de la archivística: un estudio de sus espacios de racionalidad histórica

Nuestra propuesta tiene como objetivo principal la confección de las bases que conformen una Historia Cultural de la Archivística. Para ello, nos basamos en un eje fundamental: la formulación de los diferentes "espacios de racionalidad histórica" que han conformado la historia de la disciplina. Dicho esto,entendemos por espacio de racionalidad aquella combinación determinada y bien caracterizada de factores que conforman un sistema en función de una cierta homogeneidad histórica y cuyo modelo puede ser establecido. De este modo,concebimos que en el desarrollo archivístico hay cuatro grandes espacios de racionalidad histórica: la archivística como instrumento inductivo y funcional, la archivística como doctrina patrimonial y jurídico-administrativa, la archivística como desarrollo historiográfico y teoría especulativa y la archivística en la sociedad del conocimiento. Cuyas peculiaridades podrían quedar especificadas a través de la ampliación del campo de actuación de la archivística, su expansión científica, su inserción en el ámbito de las Ciencias de la Documentación, la determinación de los archivos como sistemas de información, y el determinismo tecnológico. En el desarrollo metodológico de nuestra propuesta precisamos la interacción que produce diferentes factores socio-culturales, que han sabido articular en su devenir histórico la configuración de los diferentes espacios de inteligibilidad de la historia de la archivística. De todo ello, inferimos como resultado principal que dichos espacios de inteligibilidad son básicos para la comprensión de la historia cultural de la archivística, concepto innovador.