Levantamento fitossociológico em pastagens de várzea no Estado do Amazonas

O levantamento fitossociológico em pastagens é uma importante ferramenta de suporte às recomendações de manejo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar um levantamento fitossociológico em pastagens de várzea do município de Autazes-AM. O estudo foi realizado em duas áreas de várzea sazonalmente inundadas, localizadas nesse município. No estudo, utilizou-se o método do quadrado, aplicado por meio de um quadrado de 1,0 m², lançado ao acaso 31 vezes em cada área de três hectares. Nas duas áreas foram encontrados 27.706 indivíduos, distribuídos em 12 famílias e 22 espécies. As famílias mais importantes em número de espécies nas duas áreas foram Poaceae (7) e Cyperaceae (4). Brachiaria subquadripara mostrou, nas duas áreas, maiores valores de frequência, densidade, abundância e IVI. As espécies que apresentaram maiores valores de IVI na área 1 foram: B. subquadripara (118,45), Paspalum fasciculatum (51,25), Cynodon dactylon (46,99) e Lindernia crustacea (25,25), e na área 2 foram: B. subquadripara (111,66), C. dactylon (55,44), Acroceras zizanioides (33,70) e L. crustacea (24,91). Em ambas as áreas, a família Poaceae representou mais de 90% do total de indivíduos encontrados, e algumas espécies apresentaram bom potencial forrageiro.

Sulfentrazone efficiency on Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as influenced by rain and sugarcane straw

The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of sulfentrazone applied in pre-emergence in controlling Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as a function of the time interval between herbicide application and the occurrence of rain, and the presence of sugarcane straw on the soil surface. Two greenhouse experiments and one field experiment were conducted. For the greenhouse experiments, the study included three doses of sulfentrazone applied by spraying 0, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ha-1, two amounts of straw on the soil (0 and 10 t ha-1), and five time intervals between the application of herbicide and rain simulation (0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 days). In the field experiment, five herbicide treatments (sulfentrazone at 0.6 and 0.9 kg ha-1, sulfentrazone + hexazinone at 0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1, amicarbazone at 1.4 kg ha-1, and imazapic at 0.147 kg ha-1) and two controls with no herbicide were studied. Management conditions with or without sugarcane straw on the soil were also assessed. From the greenhouse experiments, sulfentrazone application at 0.6 kg ha-1 was found to provide for the efficient control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit in a dry environment, with up to 90 days between herbicide application and rain simulation. After herbicide application, 20 mm of simulated rain was enough to leach sulfentrazone from the straw to the soil, as the biological effects observed in I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit remained unaffected. Under field conditions, either with or without sugarcane straw left on the soil, sulfentrazone alone (0.6 or 0.9 kg ha-1) or sulfentrazone combined with hexazinone (0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1) was effective in the control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit, exhibiting similar or better control than amicarbazone (1.4 kg ha-1) and imazapic (0.147 kg ha-1).

Carryover of Imazethapyr + Imazapic on Ryegrass and Non-tolerant Rice as Affected by Thickness of Soil Profile

Herbicides used in Clearfield(r) rice system may persist in the environment, damaging non-tolerant crops sown in succession and/or rotation. These damages vary according to soil characteristics, climate and soil management. The thickness of the soil profile may affect carryover effect; deeper soils may allow these molecules to leach, reaching areas below the roots absorption zone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the thickness of soil profile in the carryover of imazethapyr + imazapic on ryegrass and non-tolerant rice, sown in succession and rotation to rice, respectively. Lysimeters of different thicknesses (15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 65 cm) were constructed, where 1 L ha-1 of the imazethapyr + imazapic formulated mixture was applied in tolerant rice. Firstly, imidazolinone-tolerant rice was planted, followed by ryegrass and non-tolerant rice in succession and rotation, respectively. Herbicide injury, height reduction and dry weight of non-tolerant species were assessed. There was no visual symptoms of herbicide injury on ryegrass sown 128 days after the herbicide application; however it causes dry weight mass reduction of plants. The herbicides persist in the soil and cause injury in non-tolerant rice, sown 280 days after application, and the deeper the soil profile, the lower the herbicides injury on irrigated rice.

1969-70 Men's Basketball

Pictured here from left to right: Back Row - Les Korchok (Coach), Ken Cripps, Mike McGinnis, Bill Butler, Tim McKillop, Gary Jellum, Fred Kovacs (Manager). Front Row - Jim Leach, Wally Dick, Bob Tatti, Paul Zutautas, Tom Kearney (Trainer). Kneeling - Dave Luff, Dave Brent. Missing - Bill Levesque.

Studies on Copepod Parasites on Elasmobranchs of Kerala Coast

The present study of the parasitic copepods gives the taxonomic description of thirty one species of parasites collected from various elasmobranch fishes of Kerala coast. Copepods parasitic on fishes include three sub orders, viz. poecilostomatoida, cyclopoida and siphonostomatoida. Parasitic copepods of elasmobranch fishes for the present study were collected from different fish landing centres of Kerala and by undertaking regular fishing trips. The collected parasites are identified to the species level and described. It is found that out of thirty one species, fifteen are new to science. They belong to the genera viz. Nothobomolochus Vervoot, 1962, Caligus Muller, 1785, Alebion, Kroyer, 1863, Gloipotes Steenstrup and Lutken, 1861, Pandarus Leach,1819, Perissopus Steenstrup and Lutken, 1861, Echthrogaleus Steenstrup and Lutken, 1861 and Kroyeria van Beneden, 1853. Fifteen new host records were reported. Two genera viz. Echthrogaleus and Entepherus were reported for first time from Indian waters. A new genus called Penicillus was erected. The general observations made during this study revealed certain interesting aspects of host-parasite relationship, host specificity, site specificity, adaptive modifications and geographical distribution.

Energy-Efficient Cluster based Routing Schemes for Static and Mobile Sensor Networks

The theme of the thesis is centred around one important aspect of wireless sensor networks; the energy-efficiency.The limited energy source of the sensor nodes calls for design of energy-efficient routing protocols. The schemes for protocol design should try to minimize the number of communications among the nodes to save energy. Cluster based techniques were found energy-efficient. In this method clusters are formed and data from different nodes are collected under a cluster head belonging to each clusters and then forwarded it to the base station.Appropriate cluster head selection process and generation of desirable distribution of the clusters can reduce energy consumption of the network and prolong the network lifetime. In this work two such schemes were developed for static wireless sensor networks.In the first scheme, the energy wastage due to cluster rebuilding incorporating all the nodes were addressed. A tree based scheme is presented to alleviate this problem by rebuilding only sub clusters of the network. An analytical model of energy consumption of proposed scheme is developed and the scheme is compared with existing cluster based scheme. The simulation study proved the energy savings observed.The second scheme concentrated to build load-balanced energy efficient clusters to prolong the lifetime of the network. A voting based approach to utilise the neighbor node information in the cluster head selection process is proposed. The number of nodes joining a cluster is restricted to have equal sized optimum clusters. Multi-hop communication among the cluster heads is also introduced to reduce the energy consumption. The simulation study has shown that the scheme results in balanced clusters and the network achieves reduction in energy consumption.The main conclusion from the study was the routing scheme should pay attention on successful data delivery from node to base station in addition to the energy-efficiency. The cluster based protocols are extended from static scenario to mobile scenario by various authors. None of the proposals addresses cluster head election appropriately in view of mobility. An elegant scheme for electing cluster heads is presented to meet the challenge of handling cluster durability when all the nodes in the network are moving. The scheme has been simulated and compared with a similar approach.The proliferation of sensor networks enables users with large set of sensor information to utilise them in various applications. The sensor network programming is inherently difficult due to various reasons. There must be an elegant way to collect the data gathered by sensor networks with out worrying about the underlying structure of the network. The final work presented addresses a way to collect data from a sensor network and present it to the users in a flexible way.A service oriented architecture based application is built and data collection task is presented as a web service. This will enable composition of sensor data from different sensor networks to build interesting applications. The main objective of the thesis was to design energy-efficient routing schemes for both static as well as mobile sensor networks. A progressive approach was followed to achieve this goal.

Studies on some aspect of biology and utilisation of mantis-Shrimp Oratosquilla nepa(LATREILLA) (Crutacea stomatopoda)

The thesis is a study undertaken to understand the distribution pattern of Q nega in Cochin waters for better exploitation of the resource and to learn the biological aspects of the animal which has a direct bearing on its utilization for producing different products .The study also presents a thorough knowledge on the size groups available during different seasons for judicious exploitation and utilization of the resource and the changes in the biochemical composition of Q nega during different seasons so as to utilize it properly for producing suitable products throughout the year. The thesis also tests the suitability of the material for producing different products and to test the acceptability of the same for human consumption. The study also aims to show that Squilla can be utilized for the production of industrial products like chitin and chitosan.

The digestive system in the cephalopode

Three species of cephalopod molluacs collected from the waters in and around cochin area of the Arabian Sea, of south India formed the subject of the present study. The Species are loligo duvauceli, _Sepia_ aculeata and sepiella inermis, their food and feeding habits, morphology and histology of the gut as well as the physiology of digestion have been described

Biochemical Genetics Of Selected Commercially Important Penaeid Prawns

‘Biochemical genetics of selected commercially important penaeid prawns‘ dloted was carried out by collecting samples from different important fishing ceatres of India and the practical work was carried out in the Research Centre of CMFRI laboratories attached with those places. On the whole, in crustacea little importance has been given so far in finding out tin genetic characteristics of different species, genetic variation within and between species and ontogenetic variations in lobsters, prawns and other crustaceans. Prawn is caunercially important group where very little attention had been given so far to find out the racial divergence which may exist in cufferent species. with the increased foreign exchange earning and consequent indiscriminate over exploitation of existing resources of prawns resulting in depletion of the marine rescurces, alternative ways and augmenting production has become essential. In this connection genetic manipulation of the broodstock will surely bring about the heterogenous characters to multiply production. In order to understand racial fragmentation of sane of the coumercially important prawns such as Pengeus ggdicus and Parggenagsis sgliferg the isozyme studies were carried out. Qatogenetic variation of g. indicus showed stage specific electrophoretic variation. Inter species variation studies was carried out for the closely aligned Penaeus species

Ecobiology of helminth parasites of finfishes and shellfishes of Cochin waters with special reference to Digenetic trematodes

The great number of parasitic species of marine and brackishwater animals that have been described indicates that parasites play an important part in the ecology of the oceans and brackishwaters. Jnspite of their importance, marine and brackish parasites are probably the least known group of organisms. Considering the large number of marine and brackishwater hosts, especially in the tropics, it is no exaggeration to say that the description of marine and brackishwater parasites has hardly begun (Rohde, 1982). With this view in mind, an attempt has been made to study the ecobiology of the helminth parasites of finfishes and shellfishes of eochin waters with special reference to digenetic trematodes. The work is broadly divided into three chapters, Chapter 1 consists of a description of the study area, prevalence of infection and concurrent infections with helminth parasites, seasonal variation, host specificity> and zoogeography of digenetic trematodes; Chapter II deals with the systematics of digenetic trematodes; and Chapter III deals with studies on larval trematodes from molluscs and crustacea, adult from a molluscan host, life-cycle, biology and histopathology

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Antifouling Biocides in the Sediments of Cochin Estuarine System

The pollutants discharged into the estuaries are originate from two main sources-industrial and sewage. The former may be toxic which includes heavy metals, residues from antifouling paint particles and pesticides, while large discharges of sewage will contain pathogenic microorganisms. The contamination is enough to destroy the amenities of the waterfront, and the toxic substances may completely destroy the marine life and damage to birds, fishes and other marine organisms. Antifouling biocides are a type of chemical used in marine structure to prevent biofouling. These antifouling biocides gradually leach from the ships and other marine structures into water and finally settled in sediments. Once a saturation adsorption is reached they desorbed into overlying water and causes threat to marine organisms. Previous reports explained the imposex and shell thickening in bivalves owing to the effect of biocides. So bivalves are used as indicator organisms to understand the status of pollution. The nervous system is one of the best body part to understand the effect of toxicant. Acetylcholine esterase enzyme which is the main neurotransmitter in nervous was used to understand the effect of pollutants. Present study uses Acetylcholine esterase enzyme as pollution monitoring indicator

An adaptive cluster based routing scheme for mobile wireless sensor networks

Clustering schemes improve energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The inclusion of mobility as a new criterion for the cluster creation and maintenance adds new challenges for these clustering schemes. Cluster formation and cluster head selection is done on a stochastic basis for most of the algorithms. In this paper we introduce a cluster formation and routing algorithm based on a mobility factor. The proposed algorithm is compared with LEACH-M protocol based on metrics viz. number of cluster head transitions, average residual energy, number of alive nodes and number of messages lost

Evaluation of the Power Consumption of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor networks are one of the fastest growing areas in broad of a packet is in transit at any one time. In GBR, each node in the network can look at itsneighbors wireless ad hoc networking (? Eld. A sensor node, typically'hop count (depth) and use this to decide which node to forward contains signal-processing circuits, micro-controllers and a the packet on to. If the nodes' power level drops below a wireless transmitter/receiver antenna. Energy saving is one certain level it will increase the depth to discourage trafiE of the critical issue for sensor networks since most sensors are equipped with non-rechargeable batteries that have limitedlifetime. Routing schemes are used to transfer data collectedby sensor nodes to base stations. In the literature many routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are suggested. In this work, four routing protocols for wireless sensor networks viz Flooding, Gossiping, GBR and LEACH have been simulated using TinyOS and their power consumption is studied using PowerTOSSIM. A realization of these protocols has beencarried out using Mica2 Motes.

Energy Aware Cluster-based Multihop Routing Protocol for Sensor Networks

Clustering combined with multihop communication is a promising solution to cope with the energy requirements of large scale Wireless Sensor Networks. In this work, a new cluster based routing protocol referred to as Energy Aware Cluster-based Multihop (EACM) Routing Protocol is introduced, with multihop communication between cluster heads for transmitting messages to the base station and direct communication within clusters. We propose EACM with both static and dynamic clustering. The network is partitioned into near optimal load balanced clusters by using a voting technique, which ensures that the suitability of a node to become a cluster head is determined by all its neighbors. Results show that the new protocol performs better than LEACH on network lifetime and energy dissipation

Evaluation of the Power Consumption of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor networks are one of the fastest growing areas in broadwireless ad hoc networking (?Eld. A sensor node, typically'contains signal-processing circuits, micro-controllers and awireless transmitter/receiver antenna. Energy saving is oneof the critical issue for sensor networks since most sensorsare equipped with non-rechargeable batteries that have limited lifetime.In thiswork, four routing protocols for wireless sensor networks vizFlooding, Gossiping, GBR and LEACH have been simulated using Tiny OS and their power consumption is studied usingcaorwreiredTOoSuStIuMs.ingAMirceaal2izMaotitoens.of these protocols has been carried out using mica 2 motes