Patriot PAC-3 ja S-300PMU-2 ballististen ohjusten torjuntajärjestelminä

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää kahden loppuvaiheen torjuntajärjestelmän kyky ballististen ohjusten torjuntaan niiden ominaisuuksia ja käyttöperiaatteita tutkimalla. Länsimaisista järjestelmistä tutkittiin yhdysvaltalaista Patriot PAC-3 -järjestelmää ja venäläisistä järjestelmistä tutkittavaksi otettiin S-300PMU-2. Kumpaakin järjestelmää käytetään kohteensuojaustehtäviin. Torjunnat tapahtuvat ilmakehän alaosissa alle 20km:n korkeudessa.

Design and development of the architecture of an agricultural mobile robot

Parameters such as tolerance, scale and agility utilized in data sampling for using in Precision Agriculture required an expressive number of researches and development of techniques and instruments for automation. It is highlighted the employment of methodologies in remote sensing used in coupled to a Geographic Information System (GIS), adapted or developed for agricultural use. Aiming this, the application of Agricultural Mobile Robots is a strong tendency, mainly in the European Union, the USA and Japan. In Brazil, researches are necessary for the development of robotics platforms, serving as a basis for semi-autonomous and autonomous navigation systems. The aim of this work is to describe the project of an experimental platform for data acquisition in field for the study of the spatial variability and development of agricultural robotics technologies to operate in agricultural environments. The proposal is based on a systematization of scientific work to choose the design parameters utilized for the construction of the model. The kinematic study of the mechanical structure was made by the virtual prototyping process, based on modeling and simulating of the tension applied in frame, using the.

Cadastral maps of irrigated areas by center pivots in the State of Minas Gerais, using CBERS-2B/CCD satellite imaging

Medium-resolution satellite images have been widely used for the identification and quantification of irrigated areas by center pivot. These areas, which present predominantly circular forms, can be easily identified by visual analyses of these images. In addition to identifying and quantifying areas irrigated by center pivot, other information that is associated to these areas is fundamental for producing cadastral maps. The goal of this work was to generate cadastral mapping of areas irrigated by center pivots in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with the purpose of supplying information on irrigated agriculture. Using the satellite CBERS2B/CCD, images were used to identify and quantify irrigated areas and then associate these areas with a database containing information about: irrigated area, perimeter, municipality, path row, basin in which the pivot is located, and the date of image acquisition.3,781 center pivots systems were identified. The smallest area irrigated was 4.6 hectares and the largest one was 192.6 hectares. The total estimated value of irrigated area was 254,875 hectares. The largest number of center pivots appeared in the municipalities of Unaí and Paracatu, with 495 and 459 systems, respectively. Cadastral mapping is a very useful tool to assist and enhance information on irrigated agriculture in the State of Minas Gerais.

Relative reduction in annual soil loss in micro watersheds due to the relief and forest cover

With the intense debate, in Brazil, between landowners and public agencies about the amount of area with forest cover needed in different regions, there is an increase of the need for provision of technical data used as a basis for decision making. One of the criteria to evaluate the effect of forest cover in protecting water resources is the soil loss, which leads to several consequences on the environment, including the silting of the rivers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the reduction in the soil loss in micro watersheds with different reliefs, size and location of forest cover, in the Corumbataí River watershed, in the state of São Paulo, using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in a GIS environment. For this study, 18 watersheds in three degrees of slope were selected, and 20 scenarios for land-use were established, by analyzing the influence of the PPA size, and the size and the location of the Legal Reserve. The results showed that: a) the effect of forest cover in reducing annual soil loss varies depending on the average slope of the watershed; b) the PPA width must be determined taking into account the slope of the watershed; c) the Legal Reserve must be located along the PPA. These provide better results in reducing annual soil loss.

Comparison between hydrographically conditioned digital elevation models in the morphometric charaterization of watersheds

The aim of this study was to compare the hydrographically conditioned digital elevation models (HCDEMs) generated from data of VNIR (Visible Near Infrared) sensor of ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer), of SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) and topographical maps from IBGE in a scale of 1:50,000, processed in the Geographical Information System (GIS), aiming the morphometric characterization of watersheds. It was taken as basis the Sub-basin of São Bartolomeu River, obtaining morphometric characteristics from HCDEMs. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and cross validation were the statistics indexes used to evaluate the quality of HCDEMs. The percentage differences in the morphometric parameters obtained from these three different data sets were less than 10%, except for the mean slope (21%). In general, it was observed a good agreement between HCDEMs generated from remote sensing data and IBGE maps. The result of HCDEM ASTER was slightly higher than that from HCDEM SRTM. The HCDEM ASTER was more accurate than the HCDEM SRTM in basins with high altitudes and rugged terrain, by presenting frequency altimetry nearest to HCDEM IBGE, considered standard in this study.

Georeferenced database generation with the purpose of hydrologic molding in reservoirs of the hydrographic basin of Jaguaribe river in the state of Ceará, Brazil

The edafoclimatic conditions of the Brazilian semiarid region favor the water loss by surface runoff. The state of Ceará, almost completely covered by semiarid, has developed public policies for the construction of dams in order to attend the varied water demand. Several hydrological models were developed to support decisive processes in the complex management of reservoirs. This study aimed to establish a methodology for obtaining a georeferenced database suitable for use as input data in hydrological modeling in the semiarid of Ceará. It was used images of Landsat satellite and SRTM Mission, and soil maps of the state of Ceará. The Landsat images allowed the determination of the land cover and the SRTM Mission images, the automatic delineation of hydrographic basins. The soil type was obtained through the soil map. The database was obtained for Jaguaribe River hydrographic basin, in the state of Ceará, and is applicable to hydrological modeling based on the Curve Number method for estimating the surface runoff.

Mapping of use and occupation of the soil and irrigation water quality in the city of Salto do Lontra-Paraná, Brazil

The objective of this study consisted on mapping the use and soil occupation and evaluation of the quality of irrigation water used in Salto do Lontra, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Images of the satellite SPOT-5 were used to perform the supervised classification of the Maximum Likelihood algorithm - MAXVER, and the water quality parameters analyzed were pH, EC, HCO3-, Cl-, PO4(3-), NO3-, turbidity, temperature and thermotolerant coliforms in two distinct rainfall periods. The water quality data were subjected to statistical analysis by the techniques of PCA and FA, to identify the most relevant variables in assessing the quality of irrigation water. The characterization of soil use and occupation by the classifier MAXVER allowed the identification of the following classes: crops, bare soil/stubble, forests and urban area. The PCA technique applied to irrigation water quality data explained 53.27% of the variation in water quality among the sampled points. Nitrate, thermotolerant coliforms, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the parameters that best explained the spatial variation of water quality.

Geostatistics and remote sensing methods in the classification of images of areas cultivated with citrus

This study compares the precision of three image classification methods, two of remote sensing and one of geostatistics applied to areas cultivated with citrus. The 5,296.52ha area of study is located in the city of Araraquara - central region of the state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The multispectral image from the CCD/CBERS-2B satellite was acquired in 2009 and processed through the Geographic Information System (GIS) SPRING. Three classification methods were used, one unsupervised (Cluster), and two supervised (Indicator Kriging/IK and Maximum Likelihood/Maxver), in addition to the screen classification taken as field checking.. Reliability of classifications was evaluated by Kappa index. In accordance with the Kappa index, the Indicator kriging method obtained the highest degree of reliability for bands 2 and 4. Moreover the Cluster method applied to band 2 (green) was the best quality classification between all the methods. Indicator Kriging was the classifier that presented the citrus total area closest to the field check estimated by -3.01%, whereas Maxver overestimated the total citrus area by 42.94%.

The impact of the law 10,267/2001 in the brazilian rural registration

The publication of the Law 10,267 of 08/28/2001 changed the paradigm of rural registration in Brazil, because this law known as the "Law of Georeferencing" has created the National Registration of Rural Property, that unifies in a common basis different registrations present in several government agencies, such as the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA), the Secretariat of Federal Revenue, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, and the National Indian Foundation. Also, this new registration system has a graphical component which has not existed until such date, where the boundaries of rural property are georeferenced to the Brazilian Geodetic System. This new paradigm has resulted in a standardization of the survey and its representation of rural properties according to the Technical Standard for Georeferencing of Rural Properties, published by INCRA in compliance with the new legislation. Due to the georeferencing, the creation of a public GIS of free access on the Internet was possible. Among the difficulties found it may be observed the great Brazilian territory, the need for specialized professionals, and especially the certification process that INCRA has to perform for each georeferenced property. It is hoped that this last difficulty is solved with the implementation of the Land Management System that will allow automated and online certification, making the process more transparent, agile and fast.

Tricobezoar gástrico

Bezoar is a foreign body in the digestive tract originated from ingestion of varied substances, mainly vegetal hair or coats, staple fibers among others. We present a case of a 16-year-old female with trichotillomania history of approximately 5 months, diagnosed through clinical evidence of traumatic alopecia made by her dermatologist. Though asymptomatic the presence of tricobezoar was suspected and confirmed through digestive seriography and high digestive endoscopy. The patient was operated on for gastrotomy and removal of bezoar, with good postoperative follow-up, except for surgical wound infection.

Seuraavan hävittäjähankkeen ideointivaiheessa käytettäviä suorituskykykriteerejä

Nykyisen torjuntahävittäjäkaluston elinkaaren päättyminen 2025 - 2030 aiheuttaa tarpeen aloittaa korvaavan suorituskyvyn rakentamisen suunnittelu ja tutkiminen lähivuosina. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kartoittaa suorituskykykriteerejä huomioitavaksi seuraavan hävittäjähankkeen ideointivaiheessa tapahtuvaan operatiivisten suorituskykyvaatimusten laadintaan. Ideointivaiheessa ei päätetä miten suorituskyky toteutetaan ja sen takia tutkimuksessa hävittäjä -termi käsitti laaja-alaisesti miehittämättömän ja miehitetyn vaihtoehdon. Strateginen suunnittelunprosessi ja suorituskyvyn rakentaminen on puolustusvoimissa muutoksen alla. Puolustusvoimat on siirtymässä enemmän suorituskykylähtöiseen kehittämiseen. Suorituskykylähtöisen kehittämisen mahdollistamiseksi on meneillään olevalla suunnittelukierroksella luotu luonnoksena määrittely puolustusjärjestelmän suorituskykyalueista. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin suorituskyvyn käsitemallin kyvykkyysnäkymää luvussa 3 esitellyin rajauksin. Kyvykkyysnäkymän soveltuvuuden selvittämiseksi tutkimuksessa tutkittiin puolustusjärjestelmän suorituskykyalueiden sekä suorituskyvyn käsitemallin ja sen kyvykkyysnäkymän liittymistä suorituskyvyn rakentamiseen tulevaisuudessa. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin pääosin Survey -kirjallisuustutkimusta ja puolustusvoimien asiantuntijoille sekä teollisuudelle suunnattua avointa kyselyä tulevaisuuden suorituskykykriteereistä. Tutkimuksen näkökulmana oli projekti-/hankehenkilöstön näkökulma seuraavassa hävittäjähankkeessa. Kyselyjen ja alaan liittyvien julkaisujen perusteella koottiin merkittävimpiä havaintoja kyvykkyysnäkymäalueittain. Tulokset on esitetty edellä mainitulla jaottelulla luvussa 4. Toimintaympäristötietoisuus ei esiintynyt alkuperäisessä merkityksessään, vaan se rajattiin tässä tutkimuksessa käsittelemään tilannetietoisuutta. Merkittävimpinä tuloksina oli suorituskykyjen osalta verkottumisen, toimintaympäristötietoisuuden, tiedon vastaanottamisen ja jakamisen sekä tiedon yhdistämistä tukevan automatiikan vaatimusten korostuminen. Huomattava tekijä oli edellä mainittujen kykyjen sidonnaisuus toisiinsa. Tulevaisuuden järjestelmät nähtiin komplekseina ja nykyisiä kalliimpina. Verkottuminen korostuu taistelun lisäksi myös logistiikassa (huoltoketjun optimointi) ja joukkojen tuottamisessa (virtuaalisimulaattoriympäristöjen tarve). Hävittäjällä pitää olla kyky vaikuttaa tarkasti kauas ja lähelle, joko omaan tai muiden antamaan maalinosoitukseen. Vaikutukseen tulee pystyä kineettisesti ja ei-kineettisesti. Hävittäjän suojan on koostuttava laajasta keinovalikoimasta, johon liittyy oleellisesti erilaiset häiveteknologiat. Puolustusministeriön materiaalistrategian vaatimuksena oleva kansallinen ja kansainvälinen yhteistoimintakyky nähtiin kaluston optimoinnin kannalta välttämättömänä. Elinjakson kustannustehokkuuden varmistamiseksi seuraavan hävittäjän sensori- ja asejärjestelmä tulisi kyetä ylläpitämään uhkaa vastaavalla tasolla koko elinkaaren ajan ilman suuria rakenteellisia päivityksiä. Käytettävyys pidetään korkeana esimerkiksi hävittäjän kyvyllä ottaa vastaan uusia aseita ja sensoreita plug and play tyylisesti. Tutkimustulosten perusteella mielenkiintoisin jatkotutkimustarve on verkottumisen tuoma suorituskyvyn lisääntyminen ja sen merkitys tulevaisuuden hävittäjäkoneissa.

E-PORT. Improving efficiency of Finnish port community by intelligent systems Final report of the Mobile Port project

The management of port-related supply chains is challenging due to the complex and heterogeneous operations of the ports with several actors and processes. That is why the importance of information sharing is emphasised in the ports. However, the information exchange between different port-related actors is often cumbersome and it still involves a lot of manual work and paper. Major ports and port-related actors usually have advanced information systems in daily use but these systems are seldom interoperable with each other, which prevents economies of scale to be reached. Smaller ports and companies might not be equipped with electronic data transmission at all. This is the final report of the Mobile port (MOPO) project, which has sought ways to improve the management and control of port-related sea and inland traffic with the aid of ICT technologies. The project has studied port community systems (PCS) used worldwide, evaluated the suitability of a PCS for the Finnish port operating environment and created a pilot solution of a Finnish PCS in the port of HaminaKotka. Further, the dry port concept and its influences on the transportation system have been explored. The Mobile Port project comprised of several literature reviews, interviews of over 50 port-related logistics and/or ICT professionals, two different kinds of simulation models as well as designing and implementing of the pilot solution of the Finnish PCS. The results of these multiple studies are summarised in this report. Furthermore, recommendations for future actions and the topics for further studies are addressed in the report. The study revealed that the information sharing in a typical Finnish port-related supply chain contains several bottlenecks that cause delays in shipments and waste resources. The study showed that many of these bottlenecks could be solved by building a port community system for the Finnish port community. Almost 30 different kinds of potential services or service entities of a Finnish PCS were found out during the study. The basic requirements, structure, interfaces and operation model of the Finnish PCS were also defined in the study. On the basis of the results of the study, a pilot solution of the Finnish PCS was implemented in the port of HaminaKotka. The pilot solution includes a Portconnect portal for the Finnish port community system (available at https://www.portconnect.fi) and two pilot applications, which are a service for handling the information flows concerning the movements of railway wagons and a service for handling the information flows between Finnish ports and Finland-Russian border. The study also showed that port community systems can be used to improve the environmental aspects of logistics in two different ways: 1) PCSs can bring direct environmental benefits and 2) PCSs can be used as an environmental tool in a port community. On the basis of the study, the development of the Finnish port community system should be continued by surveying other potential applications for the Finnish PCS. It is also important to study if there is need and resources to extend the Finnish PCS to operate in several ports or even on a national level. In the long run, it could be reasonable to clarify whether there would be possibilities to connect the Finnish PCS as a part of Baltic Sea wide, European-wide or even worldwide maritime and port-related network in order to get the best benefit from the system

Kestävän kehityksen huomiointi suomalaisen koulun rakentamisessa

Tämän kandidaatin työn tavoitteena on selvittää, miten olemassa olevat kansainväliset ympäristöluokitusjärjestelmät soveltuvat suomalaisen koulurakennuksen ympäristönsuojeluntason arviointiin. Kysymystä lähestytään tutustumalla kolmeen kansainväliseen ja yhteen suomalaiseen rakennusten ympäristöluokitusjärjestelmään. Tarkasteltavat järjestelmät ovat Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) ja Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB) ja Promise. Tämän jälkeen tunnistetaan suomalaisen rakentamisen ja koulurakentamisen erityispiirteitä. Lopuksi arvioidaan BREEAM:n ja LEED:n koulurakennuksille tarkoitettujen ohjelmien soveltuvuutta suomalaisen koulurakennuksen ympäristönsuojelutason arviointiin.