Being Female: a handicap for researchers in the competion for NCCR.

The Swiss National Science Foundation made a call for National Centers fo Competence in Research (NCCR) for the first time in 1999 and 2004. Together, these announcements concerned all disciplines and led to 126 preproposals, which were put forward by 2134 men and women researchers. It can be assumed that this operation mobilised Swiss researchers who regarded themselves as particularly well qualified to conduct high-level research in their field. The article uses network analysis and regression analysis methods to examine to what extend women had a lower success rate than men in the two selection rounds because of their sex. On the whole, the findings attest the gender neutrality of the National Science Foundation's selection procedures. However, they also confirm the well-known fact that women scientists are less represented in the higher echelons of academia and concentrated in the social sciences and humanities, as well as showing that this concentration reduces women's chances of success in scientific competition. The article shows that unequal gender-specific success rates prior to the NCCR funding contest play a fairly significant role.

Transobturator surgery for female stress incontinence: a comparative anatomical study of outside-in vs inside-out techniques.

OBJECTIVE To assess the specific risks of injury to neural and vascular structures inherent in two approaches to transobturator surgery for inserting a suburethral sling, i.e. the outside-in (standard technique) and inside-out approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised seven cadavers, providing 14 obturator regions. Five specimens had a tape inserted outside-in on one side, and inside-out on the other; of the remaining two cadavers, one had an inside-out tape and one an outside-in tape, bilaterally. After tape insertion, the cadavers were dissected. Particular attention was paid to the distances between the tape and the deep external pudendal vessels, and between the tape and the posterior branch of the obturator nerve. RESULTS With the inside-out technique, the safety margins were reduced, and the external pudendal vessels and the posterior branch of the obturator nerve were at greater risk of injury. CONCLUSION The two techniques are not equivalent, with a lower risk of injury to vascular and nerve structures with the outside-in technique.

Influence of nitrogen deficiency on photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure of pepper plants

Selostus: Typen puutteen vaikutus paprikan fotosynteesiin ja kloroplastien rakenteeseen

Antifungal compounds from plants

Due to the increase of the incidence of fungal infections in humans and the limitations of the available antimycotic drugs, among which the emergence of resistant strains, there is a need for the discovery of new antifungal agents. Plants, especially those used in Traditional Medicine, linked to an unmatched chemical diversity, either as pure compounds or as plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for the development of new antifungals. Inrecent years, compounds from different phytochemical groups have been described as having antifungal activity, including polyphenols, saponins, or peptides, among others, as well asessential oils and their constituents. After screening of ethnopharmacologically selected plants, mainly from Latin-America, followed by bio-guided isolation, our group hasdescribed the antifungal activity of different types of plant constituents, such as sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, lignans, fatty acids and essential oils.

Herbivory in the previous generation primes plants for enhanced insect resistance.

Inducible defenses, which provide enhanced resistance after initial attack, are nearly universal in plants. This defense signaling cascade is mediated by the synthesis, movement, and perception of jasmonic acid and related plant metabolites. To characterize the long-term persistence of plant immunity, we challenged Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with caterpillar herbivory, application of methyl jasmonate, or mechanical damage during vegetative growth and assessed plant resistance in subsequent generations. Here, we show that induced resistance was associated with transgenerational priming of jasmonic acid-dependent defense responses in both species, caused caterpillars to grow up to 50% smaller than on control plants, and persisted for two generations in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis mutants that are deficient in jasmonate perception (coronatine insensitive1) or in the biogenesis of small interfering RNA (dicer-like2 dicer-like3 dicer-like4 and nuclear RNA polymerase d2a nuclear RNA polymerase d2b) do not exhibit inherited resistance. The observation of inherited resistance in both the Brassicaceae and Solanaceae suggests that this trait may be more widely distributed in plants. Epigenetic resistance to herbivory thus represents a phenotypically plastic mechanism for enhanced defense across generations.

Phytochemical investigation of alpine plants : the cottonsedges Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe, E. angustifolium Honck. and E. latifolium Hoppe (CYPERACEAE)

Résumé: Alpine plants living at high altitudes undergo a series of climatic stress factors (chilling, enhanced UV radiation, short growing season, low nutriment supply...) which may influence their secondary compounds composition. Many publications showed in these last years that plants under stress conditions do synthesize a range of specific defence compounds (terpenes, flavonoids, coumarines...). A careful phytochemical investigation of those plants could therefore lead to the discovery of active molecules. Thus, for the biological and chemical screening, about 30 alpine plants have been collected above 2000 metres, in the alpine grass-lands. Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe (Cyperaceae), not yet investigated phytochemically, revealed in its lipophilic and polar extracts the presence of various radical scavengers in a TLC autography with the DPPH (2,2-dipheny1-1- picrylhydrazyl) radical as spray reagent, as well as several antifungal compounds acitve against Cladosporium cucumerinum and Candida albi cans. The first part of this study consisted in the detection, isolation and characterization of the bioactive natural compounds present in the lipophilic extract of Eriophorum scheuchzeri. Among the eight isolated compounds, six were isoflavones. No isoflavones have been reported in the Cyperaceae family yet, nor in related families such as Poaceae or Juncaceae. Besides, isoflavones are generally rare in the plant kingdom and and they occur only in some families, such as Fabaceae, Rosaceae or Myristicaceae. In addition, out of these six isoflavones, three were new isoflavones. The known compounds were parvisoflavone A and B and cajanin which are already known isoflavones in the Fabaceae family. Two of the new isoflavones were particular, as they were C-methylated on the B-ring at the C-3' position. Methylated flavonoids are particularly rare in the plant kingdom. At present, no C-methylated isoflavones with methyl groups on the B-ring have ever been reported. The fourth new compound was a prenylated flavanone. Flavanones are also rare in the Cyperaceae family since they were found only in two genera (Cyperus and Schoenus). Finally, the widespread flavone tricin, characteristic of the Cyperaceae and Poaceae family has also been isolated. The second part of this study consisted in the characterization of the polar components present in the Me0H extract. In order to obtain mass and UV information about the secondary compounds present in the Eriophorum scheuchzeri methanolic extract, a LC-UV/DAD-APCl/MSn analysis has been performed as a first dereplication step. The UV/DAD spectra showed the presence of polyphenol compounds (phenylpropanoids and flavonoids). The LC-APCI/MSn analysis allowed the determination of the molecular weight of these compounds. Moreover, the fragmentation pattern of the [M+H]+ ions indicated presence of mono-, di- and tri-glycosides. LC-UV in combination with UV shift reagents added post-column was used in a second phase for the structural elucidation of the flavonoids. It allowed the positioning of the sugars on the aglycones. Finally, LC-NMR was used for a more detailed structural investigation of the compounds present in the crude MEOH extract. Thus, 10 fiavonoids have been totally or partially characterized by LC-UV-MS and LC-1H-RMN and UV-shift reagents added post column. However, the information obtained on-line was not always sufficient to allow a complete identification of all the compounds. Some of these compounds especially those with more than two sugar units attached to them, have been isolated in order to proceed to their complete characterization. Moreover, the Eriophorum scheuchzeri species was compared to two other species from the same genus. A LC-UV-ESI/MS analysis enabled a survey of the chemical composition of the DCM extracts of two related species E. angustifolium (Honck) and E. latifolium (Hoppe). The chromatograms of the three species showed some similarities in their flavonoid contents, especially by the recurrent presence of three compounds. The MEOH extracts of all three species have been compared by means of LC-UV-APCl/MS analyses. The chromatographic profile of all the three species showed even closer similarities than those found in the DCM extracts. E. angustifolium Honck. and E. latifolium species showed 7 compounds in common. Finally, the pure compounds obtained from the DCM (CH2Cl2) fraction were tested at different concentration, in order to evaluate their chemical and biological activities. All eight compounds showed an anti-scavenger activity against the DPPH radical, and four compounds showed antifungal activities against Cladosporium cucumerinum and Candida albicans. The pure compounds isolated from the MeOH extract were tested only for their biological activities as their antioxidant activity is already well documented in the literature. No compound showed a biological activity against Cladosporium cucumerinum and Candida albicans. Résumé: De nombreux travaux ont démontré ces dernières décennies que les plantes soumises à différents types de stress (basse température, UV, stress hydrique) synthétisent des composés secondaires (fiavonoides, coumarines, terpènes...) de protection et de défense. Les plantes d'altitude par exemple qui sont exposées à des conditions climatiques et environnementales difficiles, ont tendance à synthétiser des substances antioxydantes et antiradicalaires. Une investigation phytochirnique de ces plantes a conduit à la découverte de nouvelles molécules actives. Ainsi plusieurs plantes alpines ont été sélectionnées en fonction de leur habitat en vue de les soumettre aux tests biologiques (antifongiques) et chimiques (antiradicalaires) menés en routine dans notre laboratoire. Dans ce criblage biologique préliminaire, les extraits d'Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe (Cyperaceae) ont réagi positivement aux différents tests. Il a donc été décidé d'entreprendre l'isolement des composés actifs. La première partie de ce travail a consisté à détecter, isoler et caractériser les composés naturels actifs présents dans l'extrait apolaire d' Eriophorum scheuchzeri. Parmi les huit composés isolés, quatre d'entre eux sont nouveaux. Un de ces produits est une flavanone et trois sont de nouvelles isoflavones, particulièrement intéressantes car elles possèdent des groupements C-méthylés au niveau du cycle B. Les flavonoides C-méthylés sont peu répandus dans le règne végétal et les rares exemples connus sont généralement C-méthylés sur le cycle A. Les quatre autres composés isolés n'ont jamais été décrits dans cette famille. Il s'agit d' isoflavones, les parvisoflavones A et B et la cajanine. Enfin, la flavone tricine, flavonoide caractéristique des Cyperaceae et des Poaceae a également été isolée. La deuxième partie de ce travail a consisté à caractériser les constituants polaires présents dans l'extrait methanolique. L'extrait a été analysé par chromatographie analytique couplée à différentes méthodes spectroscopiques (LC-UV-MS et LC-UV-1H RMN). De cette façon, douze flavonoides et un dérivé du phénylpropane, l'acide chlorogénique ont été identifiés. Les flavonoides tri-glycosylés ont dû être isolés afin de déterminer la nature et l'enchaînement des sucres. Finalement, l'espèce Eriophorum scheuchzeri a été comparée à deux autres espèces d' Eriophorum, soit E. angustifolium et E. latifolium. En conclusion, cette étude phytochimique a abouti à l'isolement de plusieurs nouvelles isoflavones aux activités antioxydantes et antifongiques ainsi qu'oestrogéniques.

Reproductive characteristics of the predator Podisus nigrispinus fed with an insect resistant soybean variety

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the insect resistant soybean genotype IAC 17 on reproductive characteristics of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) females compared to the soybean insect susceptible genotype UFV 16. Treatments were: T1) females of P. nigrispinus fed on plants of the UFV 16 and Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillars reared on leaves of this variety; T2) females of P. nigrispinus fed on plants of the IAC 17 and A. gemmatalis caterpillars reared on leaves of this variety. Longevity of females, pre-oviposition, oviposition and pos-oviposition periods, number of eggs and egg masses/female, egg weight, interval between egg mass laying, number of eggs/egg mass, percentage of nymphs, number of nymphs/female and total number of prey killed/female of P. nigrispinus were evaluated. Most of the characteristics evaluated showed similar results between treatments, but the oviposition period was longer for females reared on the resistant genotype than on the susceptible one and the percentage of total females that laid eggs was lower on the IAC 17. Also, the resistant genotype caused higher mortality of P. nigrispinus females at the beginning of its adult stage and egg production by females of this predator was better spread along its adult stage with this resistant genotype. On the other hand, results suggest no effect of the resistant genotype on the offspring of this predator.

Harvesting strategy and N fertilization influence ¹³⁴Cs uptake by forage plants

Selostus: Korjuuaika ja typpilannoitus vaikuttavat rehukasvien radiocesiumpitoisuuteen

Changes in the foraging strategy of female South American sea lions (Carnivora: Pinnipedia) after parturition.

This study tests the hypothesis that female South American sea lions shift from off-shore, pelagic prey to coastal, benthic prey after parturition in order to reduce the foraging trip duration and hence the time pups remain unattended on the beach during early lactation. The δ13C and δ15N values of the serum and blood cells of 26 South American sea lion suckling pups from northern Patagonia were used to track the dietary changes of their mothers from late pregnancy to early lactation, after correction for differential isotopic fractionation between tissues. Primary producers and potential prey species were also analysed to establish a baseline for interpreting the stable isotope concentration of serum and blood cells. Isotopic ratios revealed a generalized increase in the consumption of coastal-benthic prey after parturition. Such a generalized post-partum shift will allow females to spend more time on land and look after their pups. The effects of this foraging strategy on the nutritional quality of the female"s diet are discussed.

Selenium uptake by edible plants from enriched peat.

As a constituent of selenoproteins, selenium (Se) is considered an essential element for human health.The main way that Se enters the body is via the consumption of vegetables, whose concentration of thiselement depends on soil Se content. We grew cabbage, lettuce, chard and parsley, in peat enriched in Seby means of the additive Selcote Ultra®and Na2SeO3and Na2SeO4. Total Se in plants was determinedby acidic digestion and Se speciation by an enzymatic extraction. Both were measured by ICP/MS. Theconcentration ranges were between 0.1 mg Se kg−1and 30 mg Se kg−1for plants grown in Selcote Ultra®media, and between 0.4 mg Se kg−1and 1606 mg Se kg−1for those grown in peat enriched with Se sodiumsalts. We found Se (IV), Se (VI) and SeMet in all the extracts. Peat fortified with Selcote Ultra®gave slightlyhigher Se concentration than natural content values. For plants grown with selenium sodium salts, Secontent increases with the Se added and part of the inorganic Se was converted mainly to SeMet. A highSe fortification can damage or inhibit plant growth. Cabbage showed the greatest tolerance to Se.

Critical values of nitrogen indices in tomato plants grown in soil and nutrient solution determined by different statistical procedures

The objective of this study was to establish critical values of the N indices, namely soil-plant analysis development (SPAD), petiole sap N-NO3 and organic N in the tomato leaf adjacent to the first cluster (LAC), under soil and nutrient solution conditions, determined by different statistical approaches. Two experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design with four repli-cations. Tomato plants were grown in soil, in 3 L pot, with five N rates (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg-1) and in solution at N rates of 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mmol L-1. Experiments in nutrient solution and soil were finished at thirty seven and forty two days after transplanting, respectively. At those times, SPAD index and petiole sap N-NO3 were evaluated in the LAC. Then, plants were harvested, separated in leaves and stem, dried at 70ºC, ground and weighted. The organic N was determined in LAC dry matter. Three statistical procedures were used to calculate critical N values. There were accentuated discrepancies for critical values of N indices obtained with plants grown in soil and nutrient solution as well as for different statistical procedures. Critical values of nitrogen indices at all situations are presented.

Remorins form a novel family of coiled coil-forming oligomeric and filamentous proteins associated with apical, vascular and embryonic tissues in plants.

Remorins form a superfamily of plant-specific plasma membrane/lipid-raft-associated proteins of unknown structure and function. Using specific antibodies, we localized tomato remorin 1 to apical tissues, leaf primordia and vascular traces. The deduced remorin protein sequence contains a predicted coiled coil-domain, suggesting its participation in protein-protein interactions. Circular dichroism revealed that recombinant potato remorin contains an alpha-helical region that forms a functional coiled-coil domain. Electron microscopy of purified preparations of four different recombinant remorins, one from potato, two divergent isologs from tomato, and one from Arabidopsis thaliana , demonstrated that the proteins form highly similar filamentous structures. The diameters of the negatively-stained filaments ranged from 4.6-7.4 nm for potato remorin 1, 4.3-6.2 nm for tomato remorin 1, 5.7-7.5 nm for tomato remorin 2, and 5.7-8.0 nm for Arabidopsis Dbp. Highly polymerized remorin 1 was detected in glutaraldehyde-crosslinked tomato plasma membrane preparations and a population of the protein was immunolocalized in tomato root tips to structures associated with discrete regions of the plasma membrane.

A simple and reliable method for the screening of transgenic tobacco plants

Even though much improvement has been made in plant transformation methods, the screening of transgenic plants is often a laborious work. Most approaches for detecting the transgene in transformed plants are still timeconsuming, and can be quite expensive. The objective of this study was to search for a simpler method to screen for transgenic plants. The infiltration of kanamycin (100 mg/mL) into tobacco leaves resulted in conspicuous chlorotic spots on the non-transgenic plant leaves, while no spots were seen on the leaves of transformed plants. This reaction occurred regardless of age of the tested plants, and the method has proven to be simple, fast, non-destructive, relatively cheap, and reliable. These results were comparable to those obtained by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the transgene using specific primers.

Genetic variability of Brazilian phytoplasma and spiroplasma isolated from maize plants

The objective of this work was to characterize the genetic variability of phytoplasma and Spiroplasma kunkelii isolated from maize plants showing symptoms of stunt collected from different Brazilian geographic regions. A DNA fragment of 500 base pairs (bp) was amplified from the spiralin gene in S. kunkelii and one fragment of 1,200 bp was generated from 16S rDNA gene in phytoplasma. The partial sequences of the spiralin gene showed similarity of 98% among the isolates of S. kunkelii analyzed. These sequences were compared with the sequence of the spiralin gene from other Spiroplasma species deposited in the GenBank, resulting in a similarity varying from 76.9% to 88.1%. The 16S rDNA sequence from the phytoplasma were completely similar within the Brazilian isolates and showed up to 98% of the similarity with sequences already found from other phytoplasmas. A very narrow genetic variability was detected by these gene fragments within phytoplasma and Spiroplasma analyzed. However, other genomic regions with higher polymorphic levels shall be identified in order to better evaluate the genetic diversity within these microorganisms population.