Density Functional Theory Study of Iron and Cobalt Carbides for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Carbides are important phases in heterogeneous catalysis. However, the understanding of carbide phases is inadequate: Fe and Co are the two commercial catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, and experimental work showed that Fe carbide is the active phase in FT synthesis, whereas the appearance of Co carbide is considered as a possible deactivation cause, TO understand very different catalytic roles of carbides, all the key elementary steps in FT synthesis, that is, CO dissociation, C(1) hydrogenation, and C(1)+C(1) coupling, are extensively investigated on both carbide surfaces using first principles calculations. In particular, the most important issues in FT synthesis, the activity and methane selectivity, on the carbide surfaces are quantitatively determined and analyzed. They are also discussed together with metallic Fe and Co surfaces. It is found that (i) Fe carbide is more active than metallic Fe and has similar methane selectivity to Fe, being consistent with the experiments; and (ii) Co carbide is less active than Co and has higher methane selectivity, providing evidence on the molecular level to support the suggestion that the formation of Co carbide is a cause of relatively high methane selectivity and deactivation on Co catalysts.

A density functional theory study of CO oxidation on Ru(0001) at low coverage

We have performed ab initio density functional theory calculations with the generalized gradient approximation to investigate CO oxidation on Ru(0001). Several reaction pathways and transition states are identified. A much higher reaction barrier compared to that on Pt(111) is determined, confirming that the Ru is very inactive for CO oxidation under UHV conditions. The origin of the reaction barrier was analyzed. It is found that in the transition state the chemisorbed O atom sits in an unfavorable bonding site and a significant competition for bonding with the same substrate atoms occurs between the CO and the chemisorbed O, resulting in the high barrier. Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations show that the activation of the chemisorbed O atom from the initial hcp hollow site (the most stable site) to the bridge site is the crucial step for the reaction. The CO oxidation on Ru(0001) via the Eley-Rideal mechanism has also been investigated. A comparison with previous theoretical work has been made. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(00)31223-5].

A comprehensive strategy to detect the fraudulent adulteration of herbs: The oregano approach

Fraud in the global food supply chain is becoming increasingly common due to the huge profits associated with this type of criminal activity. Food commodities and ingredients that are expensive and are part of complex supply chains are particularly vulnerable. Both herbs and spices fit these criteria perfectly and yet strategies to detect fraudulent adulteration are still far from robust. An FT-IR screening method coupled to data analysis using chemometrics and a second method using LC-HRMS were developed, with the latter detecting commonly used adulterants by biomarker identification. The two tier testing strategy was applied to 78 samples obtained from a variety of retail and on-line sources. There was 100% agreement between the two tests that over 24% of all samples tested had some form of adulterants present. The innovative strategy devised could potentially be used for testing the global supply chains for fraud in many different forms of herbs.

Generating Data Augmented Spectroscopic Data For Performance Enhancement

The application of chemometrics in food science has revolutionized the field by allowing the creation of models able to automate a broad range of applications such as food authenticity and food fraud detection. In order to create effective and general models able to address the complexity of real life problems, a vast amount of varied training samples are required. Training dataset has to cover all possible types of sample and instrument variability. However, acquiring a varied amount of samples is a time consuming and costly process, in which collecting samples representative of the real world variation is not always possible, specially in some application fields. To address this problem, a novel framework for the application of data augmentation techniques to spectroscopic data has been designed and implemented. This is a carefully designed pipeline of four complementary and independent blocks which can be finely tuned depending on the desired variance for enhancing model's robustness: a) blending spectra, b) changing baseline, c) shifting along x axis, and d) adding random noise.
This novel data augmentation solution has been tested in order to obtain highly efficient generalised classification model based on spectroscopic data. Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic data of eleven pure vegetable oils (106 admixtures) for the rapid identification of vegetable oil species in mixtures of oils have been used as a case study to demonstrate the influence of this pioneering approach in chemometrics, obtaining a 10% improvement in classification which is crucial in some applications of food adulteration.

Bursaphelenchus pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) associated with nematangia on Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), from the Czech Republic

The occurrence of Bursaphelenchus species in the Czech Republic is poorly known, the first report of the genus being made by Kubátová et al. (2000) who reported the association of B. eremus with the hyphomycetous microfungus, Esteya vermicola, and the bark beetle, Scolytus intricatus, collected from Quercus robur, in central Bohemia. To date, four other species have been reported from the country, namely B. fungivorus (Braasch et al., 2002), B. hofmanni (see Braasch, 2001), B. mucronatus (see Braasch, 2001) and B. vallesianus (Gaar et al., 2006). More recently, a survey for Bursaphelenchus species associated with bark- and wood-boring insects in the Czech Republic identified B. pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 from the Moravia region. Although this represents a new country record, it was also associated with nematangia on the hind wings of a new insect vector. A total of 404 bark- and wood-boring insects were collected from declining or symptomatic trees and screened for the presence of Bursaphelenchus. Bark and longhorn beetles were captured manually after debarking parts of the trunk displaying symptoms of insect attacks. Longhorn beetle larvae were also collected together with logs cut from the trunk. Logs were kept at room temperature in the laboratory until insect emergence. Each adult insect was individually dissected in water and examined for nematodes. All nematodes resembling dauer juveniles of Bursaphelenchus were collected and identified by molecular characterisation using a region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) containing the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2. ITS-RFLP analyses using five restriction enzymes (AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, MspI, RsaI) were performed to generate the species-specific profile according to Burgermeister et al. (2009). Species identification was also confirmed by morphological data after culture of the dauers on Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Ft., growing in 5% malt extract agar. During this survey, only species belonging to the Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, revealed the presence of nematodes belonging to Bursaphelenchus. Dauers of this genus were found aggregated under the elytra in nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings (Fig. 1). The dauers were identified from 12 individuals of Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) collected under the bark of Pinus sylvestris trunks. Each insect carried ca 10-100 dauers. The ITS-RFLP patterns of the dauers so obtained confirmed the identification of B. pinophilus associated with this insect species. Bursaphelenchus pinophilus has been found mainly in Europe and has been reported from various countries such as Poland (Brzeski & Baujard, 1997), Germany (Braasch, 2001), and Portugal (Penas et al., 2007). The recent detection of this species associated with dead P. koraiensis in Korea (Han et al., 2009) expands its geographical distribution and potential importance. It has been found associated only with Pinus species, but very little is known about the insect vector. The bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda, was initially suggested as the insect vector by Pe-nas et al. (2006), although the nematode associated with this insect was later reclassified as B. sexdentati by morphological and molecular analysis (Penas et al., 2007). According to the literature, P. bidentatus has been cited as a vector of Ektaphelenchus sp. (Kakuliya, 1966) in Georgia, and an unidentified nematode species in Spain (Roberston et al., 2008). Interestingly, B. pinophilus was found in the nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings of P. bidentatus. Although this phenomenon is not so common in other Bursaphelenchus species, B. rufipennis has been found recently in such a structure on the hind wings of the insect Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kanzaki et al., 2008). Although other nematode species (e.g., Ektaphelenchus spp.) are frequently found associated within the same nematangia (see Kanzaki et al., 2008), in this particular case, only dauers of B. pinophilus were identified. The association between B. pinophilus and P. bidentatus represents the first report of this biological association and the association with the Scolytinae strengthens the tight and specific links between this group of Bursaphelenchus species and members of the Scolytinae (Ryss et al., 2005).

Novos sistemas catalíticos baseados em óxidos de metais de transição

A presente dissertação descreve a síntese de novos sistemas catalíticos: (a) os complexos MoO2Cl2(pypzH), [MoO2Cl2(pypzH)]·pyHpzHCl, Mo2O4(μ2- O)Cl2(pypzH)2, MoO(O2)2Cl(pyHpzH), MoO2(OSiPh3)2(pypzH) (pypzH = 2-[3(5)- pirazolil]piridina), (η6-C6H5CH3)Mo(CO)3, (b) os materiais híbridos orgânicosinorgânicos PMO-ph suportados com as unidades Mo(CO)3 e Cr(CO)3, (c) e os complexos de inclusão CpMo(CO)3Cl@β-CD e CpMo(CO)3Cl@TRIMEB. Os novos sistemas catalíticos foram caracterizados utilizando os métodos de caracterização usuais (AE, FT-IR, Raman, NMR 1H) assim como os métodos de caracterização de estado sólido (XRD de pós, de cristal único, 13C e 29Si NMR CP MAS) e pela técnica microscópica de alta resolução (TEM). Os compostos com propriedades catalíticas e pré-catalíticas promissoras foram investigados nas reacções catalíticas de epoxidação de várias olefinas, nomeadamente o cis-cicloocteno.

Catalisadores ou precursores de espécies activas à base de molibdénio

Atendendo à produção de epóxidos em larga escala e à sua importância como intermediários versáteis, muita atenção tem sido dada à epoxidação de olefinas. Destaca-se a implementação do processo industrial de epoxidação de propileno em fase líquida com tBHP, usando complexos de molibdénio como catalisadores homogéneos (Halcon-ARCO). Neste trabalho foram investigados novos complexos à base de molibdénio como catalisadores (ou precursores) para epoxidação de olefinas em fase líquida. Foi objecto de estudo a identificação das espécies activas e a estabilidade dos catalisadores através da sua separação no final das reacções catalíticas, caracterização e reutilização. Escolheu-se como reacção modelo a epoxidação do ciscicloocteno com tBHP (em decano, tBHPdec), a 55 ºC. Estendeu-se o estudo dos desempenhos catalíticos a diferentes substratos, oxidantes, solventes e métodos de aquecimento. A maior actividade catalítica foi observada para os complexos [MoO2Cl2L2] (L=ligando dialquilamida), mais estáveis e fáceis de manusear que [MoO2Cl2] e complexos análogos com L {THF, MeCN} (Cap. 2). A partir destes complexos podem-se formar in situ espécies activas intermediárias do tipo [(MoO2ClL2)2(μ-O)]. O complexo [MoO2(Lzol)], Lzol= ligando oxazolina quiral (Cap. 3), é um catalisador estável e versátil, activo para a epoxidação de diversas olefinas (selectividades elevadas para epóxidos, mas enantioselectividades baixas), desidrogenação oxidativa de álcoois e sulfoxidação de sulfuretos. O catalisador foi também reciclado eficientemente, usando um líquido iónico (LI). O complexo iónico [MoO2Cl{HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}]BF4 (Cap.4) converteu-se nos complexos activos [{MoO2(HC(3,5-Me2pz)3)}2(μ-O)](BF4)2, [Mo2O3(O2)2(μ-O){HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}] e [MoO3{HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}]; quando dissolvido num LI, o catalisador foi reciclado com sucesso. A presença de água e o meio oxidante influenciaram a formação destas espécies. Os complexos [CpMo(CO)3Me] (Cap.5) e [CpMo(CO)2(η3- C3H5)] (Cap.6) originaram espécies activas similares (baseado nos testes catalíticos e nos espectros FT-IR ATR dos sólidos recuperados). Para [Cp'Mo(CO)2(η3-C3H5)], a influência do Cp' na actividade catalítica sugeriu a formação de espécies activas com este ligando. A partir dos complexos [Mo(CO)4L] formaram-se in situ catalisadores estáveis, que podem ser heterogéneos: para L=2-[3(5)-pirazolil]piridina formou-se [Mo4O12L4]; para L=[3- (2-piridil)-1-pirazolil]acetato de etilo formou-se [Mo8O24L4] (Cap.7). O uso de microondas (MO) como método de aquecimento em vez de um banho de óleo (BO) resultou no aumento da velocidade da reacção catalítica, devido ao aquecimento mais rápido da mistura reaccional (Caps. 5 e 7). A utilização da solução aquosa de tBHP em vez de tBHPdec era preferível, porque excluía o decano do sistema reaccional e mantinham-se elevados os rendimentos em epóxido (Caps. 2 e 6); optimizou-se o desempenho catalítico removendo a água das misturas reaccionais (Caps. 4 e 7). O melhor resultado para a epoxidação de limoneno foi observado para [CpMoCO3Me]: 88% de rendimento em epóxido (2 h, 55 ºC, método de aquecimento MO).

Síntese de ésteres catalisada por fosfatos e fosfonatos metálicos(IV)

No âmbito do Mestrado em Química, com especialização em Química Orgânica e Produtos Naturais, será apresentado nesta dissertação o trabalho desenvolvido sobre a síntese e caracterização de fosfatos e fosfonatos metálicos tetravalentes, assim como a avaliação da sua capacidade catalítica em reações de esterificação. Iniciou-se este trabalho pela síntese de vários fosfatos e fosfonatos metálicos tetravalentes, que apresentam a fórmula geral MIV(HXO4)2.nH2O e MIV(RXO3)2.nH2O, respetivamente, onde MIV = Zr, X = P, W, Mo e R = grupo orgânico. Os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espetroscopia de infravermelho, difração de raios-X de pós e por análise elementar e termogravimétrica. Os fosfatos e fosfonatos metálicos tetravalentes foram avaliados como catalisadores em reações de esterificação de Fischer entre os ácidos acético, ou benzóico, e diferentes álcoois. Após esta avaliação foram efetuados estudos de otimização das condições reacionais para a síntese de cada éster. Em cada um dos casos foi utilizado o catalisador com o qual se obtiveram os melhores rendimentos nos estudos iniciais, ou seja com o molibdato-fenilfosfonato de zircónio(IV), ZrMoPhP. Todas as reações foram monitorizadas por cromatografia gasosa ou por cromatografia líquida de alta pressão. Todos os ésteres foram identificados por comparação com os padrões correspondentes.

Metal-organic frameworks based on phosphonate linkers

During the last few decades, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), also known as Coordination Polymers, have attracted worldwide research attentions due to their incremented fascinating architectures and unique properties. These multidimensional materials have been potential applications in distinct areas: gas storage and separation, ion exchange, catalysis, magnetism, in optical sensors, among several others. The MOF research group at the University of Aveiro has prepared MOFs from the combination of phosphonate organic primary building units (PBUs) with, mainly, lanthanides. This thesis documents the last findings in this area involving the synthesis of multidimensional MOFs based on four di- or tripodal phosphonates ligands. The organic PBUs were designed and prepared by selecting and optimizing the best reaction conditions and synthetic routes. The self-assembly between phosphonate PBUs and rare-earths cations led to the formation of several 1D, 2D and 3D families of isotypical MOFs. The preparation of these materials was achieved by using distinct synthetic approaches: hydro(solvo)thermal, microwave- and ultrasound-assisted, one-pot and ionothermal synthesis. The selection of the organic PBUs showed to have an important role in the final architectures: while flexible phosphonate ligands afforded 1D, 2D and dense 3D structures, a large and rigid organic PBU isolated a porous 3D MOF. The crystal structure of these materials was successfully unveiled by powder or single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All multidimensional MOFs were characterized by standard solid-state techniques (FT-IR, electron microscopy (SEM and EDS), solid-state NMR, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis). Some MOF materials exhibited remarkable thermal stability and robustness up to ca. 400 ºC. The intrinsic properties of some MOFs were investigated. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the selected organic PBUs are suitable sensitizers of Tb3+ leading to the isolation of intense green-emitting materials. The suppression of the O−H quenchers by deuteration or dehydration processes improves substantially the photoluminescence of the optically-active Eu3+-based materials. Some MOF materials exhibited high heterogeneous catalytic activity and excellent regioselectivity in the ring-opening reaction of styrene oxide (PhEtO) with methanol (100% conversion of PhEtO at 55 ºC for 30 min). The porous MOF material was employed in gas separation processes. This compound showed the ability to separate propane over propylene. The ionexchanged form of this material (containing K+ cations into its network) exhibited higher affinity for CO2 being capable to separate acetylene over this environment non-friendly gas.

New oxomolybdenum(VI) hybrid materials

In this thesis, 2,2’-bipyridine (bipy), di-tert-butyl-2,2’-bipyridine (di-t-Bubipy), 2,2’-bipyridine-5,5’-dicarboxylic acid (H2bpdc), 2-[3(5)-pyrazolyl]pyridine (pzpy) and 2-(1-pentyl-3-pyrazolyl)pyridine (pent-pp) ligands were used as the N,N-chelate ligands in the formation of discrete [MoO2Cl2L]-type complexes. These complexes were employed as precursors for the preparation in aqueous media of oxomolybdenum(VI) products with a wide range of structural diversity. Three distinct heating methods were studied: hydrothermal, reflux or microwave-assisted synthesis. An alternative reaction with the inorganic molybdenum(VI) trioxide (MoO3) and the ligands di-t-Bu-bipy, H2bpdc and pzpy was also investigated under hydrothermal conditions. The distinct nature of the N,N-chelate ligands and/or the heating method employed promoted the isolation of a series of new oxomolybdenum(VI) hybrid materials that clearly reflected the strong structure-directing influence of these ligands. Thus, this thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of the discrete mononuclear [MoO2Cl2(pent-pp)], the dinuclear [Mo2O6(di-t-Bu-bipy)2] and the octanuclear [Mo8O22(OH)4(di-t-Bu-bipy)4] complexes as well as the highly unique polymeric materials {[MoO3(bipy)][MoO3(H2O)]}n, (DMA)[MoO3(Hbpdc)]·nH2O, [Mo3O9(pzpy)]n and [Mo2O6(pent-pp)]n (fine structural details of compound [Mo2O6(pent-pp)]n are presently unknown; however, characterization data strongly pointed toward a polymeric oxide hybrid compound). The catalytic behaviour of the discrete complexes and the polymeric compounds was tested in olefin epoxidation reactions. Compounds [Mo3O9(pzpy)]n and [Mo2O6(pent-pp)]n acted as sources of soluble active species that where identified as the oxodiperoxido complexes [MoO(O2)2(pzpy)] and [MoO(O2)2(pent-pp)], respectively. The majority of the compounds here presented were fully characterized by using solid-state techniques, namely elemental analyses, thermogravimetry, FT-IR, solid-state NMR, electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (both from laboratory and/or synchrotron sources).

Catalytic routes to convert saccharides to furanic aldehydes

The conversion of plant biomass-derived carbohydrates (preferably non-edible) into added-value products is envisaged to be at the core of the future biorefineries. Carbohydrates are the most abundant natural organic polymers on Earth. This work deals with the chemical valorisation of plant biomass, focusing on the acid-catalysed conversion of carbohydrates (mono and polysaccharides) to furanic aldehydes, namely 2-furaldehyde (Fur) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (Hmf), which are valuable platform chemicals that have the potential to replace a variety of oil derived chemicals and materials. The investigated reaction systems can be divided into two types depending on the solvent used to dissolve the carbohydrates in the reaction medium: water or ionic liquid-based systems. The reaction temperatures were greater than 150 ºC when the solvent was water, and lower than 150 º C in the cases of the ionic liquid-based catalytic systems. As alternatives to liquid acids (typically used in the industrial production of Fur), solid acid catalysts were investigated in these reaction systems. Aiming at the identification of (soluble and insoluble) reaction products, complementary characterisation techniques were used namely, FT-IR spectroscopy, liquid and solid state NMR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC and GC´GC-ToFMS analyses. Complex mixtures of soluble reaction products were obtained and different types of side reactions may occur. The requirements to be put on the catalysts for these reaction systems partly depend on the type of carbohydrates to be converted and the reaction conditions used. The thermal stability is important due to the fact that formation of humins and catalyst coking phenomena are characteristically inherent to these types of reactions systems leading to the need to regenerate the catalyst which can be effectively accomplished by calcination. Special attention was given to fully inorganic nanoporous solid acids, amorphous or crystalline, and consisting of nano to micro-size particles. The investigated catalysts were silicoaluminophosphates, aluminosilicates and zirconium-tungsten mixed oxides which are versatile catalysts in that their physicochemical properties can be fine-tuned to improve the catalytic performances in the conversion of different substrates (e.g. introduction of mesoporosity and modification of the acid properties). The catalytic systems consisting of aluminosilicates as solid acids and water as solvent seem to be more effective in converting pentoses and related polysaccharides into Fur, than hexoses and related polysaccharides into Hmf. The investigated solid acids exhibited fairly good hydrothermal stabilities. On the other hand, ionic liquid-based catalytic systems can allow reaching simultaneously high Fur and Hmf yields, particularly when Hmf is obtained from D-fructose and related polysaccharides; however, catalyst deactivation occurs and the catalytic reactions take place in homogeneous phase. As pointed out in a review of the state of the art on this topic, the development of truly heterogeneous ionic liquid-based catalytic systems for producing Fur and Hmf in high yields remains a challenge.

DPSIR framework application supported by integrated watershed modeling for irrigation from Alqueva dam (Portugal) on Guadiana river estuary

Dissertação de mest., Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Estudo de metodologias de caracterização de sinais de fluxo sanguíneo em bypass cardíacos

O processamento de sinais de fluxo sanguíneo tem sido objecto de interesse de muitos investigadores, no entanto até este momento, tanto quanto se sabe, não existe caracterização de sinais de ultra-som Doppler de fluxo sanguíneo em vasos cardíacos com inserção de bypass. A presente dissertação, inserida nos objectivos de um projecto de investigação internacional, apresenta as metodologias desenvolvidas com vista à tipificação de sinais ultra-sónicos de fluxo sanguíneo recolhidos em bypass cardíacos e à verificação da variabilidade da composição do sangue artificial com a temperatura ambiente e com a utilização de diferentes marcas dos seus compostos. No que concerne à composição do sangue artificial verifica-se que a utilização de detergentes de marcas diferentes não influencia o espectrograma dos sinais ultra-sónicos; contudo, o glicerol brasileiro possibilita melhor dispersão das partículas de PVC que o glicerol português. Verifica-se também que o aumento da temperatura a que o sangue artificial e o ambiente envolvente se encontram potencia claramente a identificação das envolventes do espectrograma correspondente. Os sinais ultra-sónicos de fluxo sanguíneo foram distinguidos em siglas FL, FR e FT e foram pré-processados removendo-se o ruído de baixas frequências (até 430Hz) e as baixas intensidades de potência (inferiores a um limiar de 35). Após a determinação da envolvente dos ciclos cardíacos, foi calculado o ciclo cardíaco médio de cada sigla. Analisando as características dos ciclos cardíacos médios: tempos de subida e descida do pico máximo, tempo acima da média do ciclo cardíaco médio, índice de pulsatilidade, frequências máxima e média e ainda a duração temporal, conseguiu identificar-se que os sinais FT apresentam durações temporais maiores e um espectrograma maioritariamente acima da frequência média do ciclo cardíaco, os sinais FR apresentam maior índice de pulsatilidade e maiores valores de frequência máxima. Os sinais FL apresentam características intermédias.

Study of sewage sludge aimed at agricultural soil amendment by thermogravimetric analysis and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Thermal degradation and gaseous products evolving from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge, aimed at agricultural soil amendment, were investigated using Thermogravimetric Analysis in conjunction with Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (TG-FTIR). The materials were studied in temperatures ranging from 30 to 800 ºC. Furthermore infrared spectra of sewage sludge samples were performed as a complementary technique. In parallel the sewage sludge was spiked with ibuprofen in order to test whether the mentioned techniques are able to detect the drug. Thermal analysis showed the range of 200-400ºC as the most characteristic for weight loss, corresponding with the organic matter volatilization, while the range of 500-800ºC was also characteristic and due to the volatilization of carbonates. On the other hand, ibuprofen-spiking tests identified at temperature range (150-250ºC) where the compound totally volatilizes, therefore, in this work, the detection of ibuprofen by TGA was established for concentrations higher than 0.5 g/kg sludge, concentration 102 times higher than the concentrations measured by other authors in regular sewage sludge (Martín, et al., 2010). A correlation has been found between the ibuprofen concentrations in the sludge and the intensity of the absorption bands, both for FT-IR spectra at the maximum emission temperature for ibuprofen (232ºC) as for the FT-IR spectra of the non-pyrolyzed samples.

Design de compostos oxometálicos e estudo das suas propriedades catalíticas em reações de oxidação

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal contribuir para um maior conhecimento e compreensão das propriedades catalíticas de sistemas baseados em metais de transição com estado de oxidação elevado. O trabalho desenvolvido englobou a síntese e a caracterização de novos compostos de molibdénio, tendo como ponto de partida a síntese de cis-dioxocomplexos do tipo MoO2Cl2Ln (n = 1 ou 2, conforme ligandos bidentados ou monodentados, respetivamente) a partir dos precursores MoO2Cl2, MoO3 e Na2MoO4 com ligandos como dimetilformamida (DMF), tris(benzimidazolil)metano (HC(bim)3). Os compostos MoO2Cl2(DMF)2 (Capítulo2) e [MoO2Cl(HC(bim)3]Y (Y = Cl, BF4 e PF6) (Capítulo 3) foram testados como precursores catalíticos na epoxidação de olefinas, em fase heterogénea. O primeiro foi imobilizado no suporte MCM-41 enquanto os últimos foram heterogeneizados com recurso a líquidos iónicos - [BMIM]Y e [BMPy]Y (BIM = 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio, BMPy = 1-n-butil-3-metilpiridina; Y = BF4 ou PF6), como estratégia alternativa à heterogeneização dos catalisadores homogéneos. Por outro lado, aprofundou-se também a epoxidação de olefinas em fase homogénea e, para isso, sintetizaram-se os compostos Mo(CO)3(HC(pz)3) (HC(pz)3 = tris(1-pirazoli)metano), Mo(CO)3(HC(3,5-Me2pz)3 (HC(3,5-Me2pz)3 = tris(3,5-dimetil-1-pirazolil)metano) (Capítulo 4) e Mo(CO)4(BPM) (BPM = bis(pirazolil)metano) (Capítulo 5) a partir do material de partida Mo(CO)6. A descarbonilação oxidativa destes compostos, com TBHP, originaram estruturas cristalinas do tipo dioxo--oxo, [{MoO2(HC(pz)3)}2(2-O)][Mo6O19] e [{MoO2(HC(3,5-Me2pz)3)}2(2-O)][Mo6O19], e oxodiperoxo, MoO(O2)2(BPM), respetivamente. Obtiveram-se os mesmos produtos in situ durante as respetivas reações catalíticas. Todos os compostos foram utilizados como catalisadores ou pré-catalisadores na epoxidação de olefinas, com bons resultados. Por fim e, tendo em conta o crescente interesse em materiais híbridos orgânicos-inorgânicos baseados em óxidos de molibdénio, sintetizou-se o composto MoO2Cl2(pypzEA) (pypzEA = etil[(3-piridin-2-il)-1H-pirazol-1-il]acetato) o qual, ao reagir com água, originou o material híbrido [Mo2O6(HpypzA)] (HpypzA = [3-(piridin-2-il)-1H-pirazol-1-il]acetato) (Capítulo 6). A estrutura deste último composto foi resolvida por difração de monocristal e de raio-X de pós, em conjunto com a informação proveniente de técnicas como FT-IR, RMN 13C CP/MAS e análise elementar. Este material híbrido apresenta um bom desempenho catalítico quando o TBHP é usado como oxidante e continua estável e a comportar-se como um catalisador heterogéneo mesmo após sofrer testes de reciclagem e de filtração. Ainda durante este estudo constatou-se que a reação oxidativa do material de partida, MoO2Cl2(pypzEA), com TBHP, originou o oxo(diperoxo)complexo MoO(O2)2(pypzEA) e o complexo octamérico [Mo8O24(pypzEA)4] obtido previamente pela descarbonilação oxidativa do Mo(CO)4(pypzEA). Todos os catalisadores ou precursores de espécies ativas foram analisados por técnicas de caracterização comuns (AE, FT-IR, Raman, ATR, 1H RMN) bem como por técnicas de caracterização do estado sólido (EXAFS, DRX de pós e de cristal único, 13C e 29Si RMN CP MAS). Os compostos com propriedades catalíticas e pré-catalíticas promissoras foram estudados nas reações catalíticas de epoxidação de diversas olefinas, nomeadamente, cis-cicloocteno, 1-octeno, trans-2-octeno, -pineno, (R)-(+)-limoneno, estireno, norborneno, entre outras.