Africa, ca. 1865 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Stanford's library map of Africa, constructed by A. Keith Johnston. It was published by Edward Stanford ca. 1865. Scale 1:5,977,382. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. Covers also a small portion of Europe and the Middle East. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, railroads, selected buildings and historical points of interest, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

East & Southern Africa, 1862 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Zambezia e Sofálla : mappa coordenado sobre numerosos documentos antigos e modernos portuguezes e estrangeiros, pelo Vde. de Sá da Bandeira, 1861 ; dressé à la moitié de l'original sous la direction de M. V.A Malte-Brun ; gravé chez Erhard. It was published by Société de Géographie in 1862. Scale [ca. 1:7,250,000]. Covers Zimbabwe and portions of Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Botswana, and South Africa. Map in Portuguese.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, administrative and territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes inset of Africa showing Portuguese possessions.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

West Coast of Africa, 1745 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A draught of the coast of Africa from the streights-mouth to Cape Bona-Esprance. It was published by E. Say in 1745. Scale [ca. 1:19,000,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features (ports, shoals), and more. Shows trading posts by national claim.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Africa, 1785 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: L'Afrique, revüe, corrigée et publiée par M. Moithey, ingénieur géographe du Roi. It was published by chez Crepy, rüe St. Jacques à Saint Pierre, près la rue de la parcheminerie in 1785. Scale [ca. 1:14,500,000]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the western portion of the map. Covers Africa and small portions of southern Europe, the Middle East, and South America. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also text and notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Africa, 1785 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: L'Afrique, revüe, corrigée et publiée par M. Moithey, ingénieur géographe du Roi. It was published by chez Crepy, rüe St. Jacques à Saint Pierre, près la rue de la parcheminerie in 1785. Scale [ca. 1:14,500,000]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the eastern portion of the map. Covers Africa and small portions of southern Europe, the Middle East, and South America. Map in French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also text and notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Africa, 1811 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Africa, A. Arrowsmith. It was published by A. Arrowsmith, Soho Square. Additions to 1811. Scale [ca. 1:6,750,000]. This layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map. Covers also a small portion of Europe and the Middle East.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, roads, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Africa, 1811 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Africa, A. Arrowsmith. It was published by A. Arrowsmith, Soho Square. Additions to 1811. Scale [ca. 1:6,750,000]. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map. Covers also a small portion of Europe and the Middle East.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, roads, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Africa, 1811 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Africa, A. Arrowsmith. It was published by A. Arrowsmith, Soho Square. Additions to 1811. Scale [ca. 1:6,750,000]. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. Covers also a small portion of Europe and the Middle East.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, roads, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Africa, 1811 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Africa, A. Arrowsmith. It was published by A. Arrowsmith, Soho Square. Additions to 1811. Scale [ca. 1:6,750,000]. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. Covers also a small portion of Europe and the Middle East.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, roads, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

South America, 1807 (Image 1 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Colombia Prima or South America : in which it has been attempted to delineate the extent of our knowledge of that continent, extracted chiefly from the original manuscript maps of ... Pinto, likewise fom those of João Joaquin da Rocha, João da Costa Ferreira ... Francisco Manuel Sobreviela &c. and from the most authentic edited accounts of those countries, digested & constructed by ... Louis Stanislas D'Arcy Delarochette. It was published by William Faden geographer to His Majesty and to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in June 4th, 1807. Scale [ca. 1:3,000,000]. This layer is image 1 of 7 total images of the eight sheet map, representing the southeast portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, mines, tribes, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

An Economic History of Portugal, 1143-2010

This book is about the evolution of the Portuguese economy during the course of eight centuries, from the foundation of the kingdom, in 1143, when political boundaries began to take shape in the midst of the Christian Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula, to the integration of the nation in the European Communities and the Economic and Monetary Union. While the economy we are interested in responded to external influences across the land and sea borders, its activity also exerted influence on events occurring elsewhere.

An economy with unrealistic indicators: an evaluation of the economic situation in Belarus and a forecast for 2013. OSW Commentary No. 103, 2013-02-20

The macroeconomic results achieved by Belarus in 2012 laid bare the weakness and the inefficiency of its economy. Belarus’s GDP and positive trade balance were growing in the first half of last year. However, this trend was reversed when Russia blocked the scheme of extremely lucrative manipulations in the re-export of Russian petroleum products by Belarus and when the demand for potassium fertilisers fell on the global market. It became clear once again that the outdated Belarusian model of a centrally planned economy is unable to generate sustainable growth, and the Belarusian economy needs thorough structural reforms. Nevertheless, President Alyaksandr Lukashenka consistently continues to block any changes in the system and at the same time expects that the economic indicators this year will reach levels far beyond the possibilities of the Belarusian economy. Therefore, there is a risk that the Belarusian government may employ – as they used to do – instruments aimed at artificially stimulating domestic demand, including money creation. This may upset the relative stability of state finances, which the regime managed to achieve last year. The worst case scenario would see a repeat of what happened in 2011, when a serious financial crisis occurred, forcing Minsk to make concessions (including selling the national network of gas pipelines) to Moscow, its only real source of loans. It thus cannot be ruled out that also this time the only way to recover from the slump will be to receive additional loan support and energy subsidies from Russia at the expense of selling further strategic companies to Russian investors.

Protocol, image, and discourse in political leadership competition:the case of Prime Minister Lionel Jospin, 1997-2002

This article examines the relationship between Prime Minister Jospin and President Chirac in the period 1997 to 2002. It is concerned in particular with symbolism, discourse and protocol, and how these have mediated the political competition between Chirac and Jospin. We develop a framework of analysis with several main strands. We consider the effects of the institutions of the Fifth Republic upon the political conduct of Prime Minister and President. We observe the perceived character traits of the individuals concerned, as well as the character traits expected of the offices of President and Prime Minister. We investigate the influence of the past upon the behaviour of Chirac and Jospin in the present, both in terms of notions of regime crisis which configured the institutions in the first place, and in relation to the image of previous holders of the offices (especially Charles de Gaulle and Franois Mitterrand).

The semiology of changing brand image

This article considers the attempted change to the image of an established brand by studying the semiotics within the brand’s historical advertising campaigns. The use of semiotics to study the interpretation of messages is discussed, and the link between interpretation of messages and advertising effectiveness in changing brand image is explored. The authors deconstruct advertisements of a brand to provide a model containing opposing dialectics that may aid managers by highlighting alternative symbolic messages contained in advertisements. Oncwe identified, these alternative symbolic messages may be used to help change brand image and influence advertising effectiveness. Although the study focuses upon a major brand of beer, this is an industry in which there are numerous small firms, and many of those have constrained marketing budgets, and thus need to make sure that their advertising is effective. Equally, entrepreneurial marketing is not to found only in the small firm, and the case study discusses a radical and imaginative brand repositioning of a well established product.

Management and management education in a less developed economy: the case of Malawi

Malawi is seen as a society in transition, and as a consequence, it is argued, Malawian managers face particular problems where traditional and Western values intersect. The role of the Polytechnic of Malawi as a provider of management education in this environment is thus problematical. The thesis begins with a description of the Malawian business environment in its geographical, historical, political, cultural, economic and institutional forms, and then goes on to examine the problems practising managers themselves feel they face, and attempts to explain these problems in terms of the environmental factors described, and the environmental changes taking place. It is concluded, from the analysis conducted, that the environmental features discussed interact in a complex way to make Malawian managers averse to exercising initiative and taking decisions. The question of what the Polytechnic can do to help overcome this aversion is addressed. The field research was conducted in Malawi in the seven months January to July, 1980, during which time 207 questionnaires were administered to junior and middle managers working in all sectors of the economy at levels equivalent to Polytechnic graduate entry. In addition, a number of senior managers (both Malawian and expatriate) were interviewed, a case study was conducted in a manufacturing organisation, and a second questionnaire was administered to all business students at the Polytechnic. Extensive use of official statistics was also made where appropriate.