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Estudos e revisão dos principais testes para o diagnóstico precoce da gravidez: I. Testes biológicos
Resumo:
Os A. A., visando aplicar a bartonelose do rato albino esplenectomizado como teste para o estudo das funções do baço, uma vez que há evidência de um mecanismo de proteção de natureza hormonal, estudam a evolução da anemia nesse animal após a esplenectomia. Discutem aspectos e trabalhos sôbre o assunto. Comparam a anemia da bartonelose à da fenilhidrazina e discutem a influência dos traumatismos inespecíficos sôbre o desencadeiamento dessa infecção. Aproveitam o material para a verificação do efeito terapêutico da penicilina bárica, fabricada no Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, na bartonelose experimental do rato albino. Descrevem os métodos e concluem sôbre a extrema sensibilidade dos animais utilizados e da ineficácia da penicilina, pelo menos na dose empregada.
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A anemia que se processa em caes quando se administra grandes doses de benzoato de estradiol, nao parece ser produzida por processes conhecidos de destrui?ao intra-organica. Esta substantia paraliza os fenomenos de rege¬nerate hematica, parece interferir por processo desconhecido na fisiologia sanguinea, produz graves lesoes na rede circulatoria que irriga a mucosa do intestino, principalmente jejuno, ocasipnando nesse orgao «extravasamento variavel de sangue, fator seguramente coadjuvante na formação da anemia.
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Os autores dividem o trabalho em quatro capítulos: Capítulo I - Tratam das origens da esquistossomose no Brasil. Procuram evidenciar que os argumentos exitentes a favos da origem africana da moléstia são falhos. Põem em dúvida esta procedência e levantam a hipótese da natureza autóctone da moléstia. Publicam um mapa epidemiológico do Estado de Minas Gerais. Capítulo II - Citam 176 trabalhos brasileiros sôbre a moléstia, visando facilitar os nacionais que, em futuro, se interessam por uma ou outra face do problema. Capítulo III - Focalizam os casos de morte determinadas pelos antimoniais na terapêutica da parasitose de Manson. Estudam as ações do antimônio sôbre os diversos órgãos e aparelhos e, em especial, sôbre o coração e vasos. Dão os resultados obtidos no curso de 7 experiências em cães com doses tõxicas e 27 observação humanas com doses terapêuticas. Concluem que o antimônio tem ação vaso-dilatadoura. Esta, ao nível do coração, é extensa e intensa e dá lugar, possivelmente por diminuição do sangue circulante, que por sua vez diminue a oxigenação, a fenômenos de sofrimento miocárdicos, revelados electrocardiogràficamente. Ilustram o trabalho com seis microfotografias. Capítulo IV - Estudam a localização miocárdica do ovo do parasito, discutindo a possibilidade de existir uma forma cardíaca da doença. Seus argumentos se fundamentam em 43 indivíduos examinados clínica e elecetrocardiogràficamente e na revisão de 22 necropsias. Concluem em Belo Horizonte nada foi encontrada, para o lada do aparelho circulatório.
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One of the features of pneumococcus which has deserved the attention of investigators is the capsule. Since Pasteur, Chamberland and Roux (1881) several functions have been ascribed to it as well as peculiar properties. In the present paper, we take into consideration one only aspect of this problem; it is the relationship which there possibly may be between acidity of the culture medium and the power of capsule formation by pneumococcus. As it is known, this germ requires for its development 7.8 as an optimum pH, but maintains its biological activities down to 5.6. These variations do not take place without large alterations, particularly of the capsule, not only from the morphological but also from the chemical viewpoint. The diameter of the mucous envelopment of the pneumococcus decreases in proportion to the increase of acidity down to its complete extinction. This fact has been regarded by investigators as a biological feature inhe¬ring to the germ itself and as proceeding of self-defense. In an acid medium the existing capsule is destroyed and the germ does not produce it again; consequently, acidity inhibits the formation of the capsule. We tried to check how this phenomenon comes to pass and to elucidated it. As we know, the fundamental compound of the pneumococcus capsule is mucin. In the first place, we experimented the action of acidity on same in the following manner: Mucin extracted from bovine submaxillary gland is precipitated by HC1 at a determined concentration degree; the mucin dissolves again and precipi¬tates in function of this concentration. This property of mucin (solubility in acid medium) modifies a little the interpretation of the mechanism of disappearance of the capsule from the said germ in the culture medium. Indeed: The acidification of the medium consecutive to the growth of pneumococcus reduces the dimensions of the capsule until causing its com¬plete disappearance; but on transferring this strain to new optimum cultiva¬ting conditions the capsule appears again exhuberantly, at times as anteriorly, although with biased virulence. Linking these two facts we draw the following conclusions: Pneumo¬coccus does not lose its capacity of capsule formation in an acid medium; but mucin, whilst being produced, is entirely dissolved in this medium by the aid of acidity; we venture to state that, in spite of medium acidity, the capacity of capsule production is a constant feature of pneumococcus and that the disappearance of the capsule does not depend on the pneumococcus in itself when it produces smooth colonies, but on the chemical properties of mucin, mainly on its solubility in acid medium.
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The microbiological assay for riboflavin was employed for the determination in liver, yeast and plasma extracts. Snell and Strong's method was used and slight modifications were introduced for the preparation of the basal medium. Accurate results were obtained and the practical value of the method is discussed.
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The microbiological assay method of Snell and Wright for niacine was studied and some modifications of the basal medium were proposed. A maximal growth of the "Lactobacillus arabinosus" was obtained by the addition to the basal medium of 25 mg % asparagine and increasing the percentages of glucose and sodium acetate. Liver and yeast extracts were assayed satisfactory and the niacine added was recovered quantitatively.
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O índice de sinclêmicos encontrado foi de 10%, examinando-se uma amostra heterógenea de 1130 indivíduos de grupo étnico negróide e mestiços desta etnia. Foi negativa a pesquisa em 120 indivíduos caucasóides e 30 mongolóides. O "índice familiar de siclêmicos" - a percentagem desses indivíduos em um grupo de famílias - fornece um resultado mais proximo do verdadeiro número de siclêmicos em uma amostra de população. O método clássico fornece um número inferior ao existente na amostra estudada. A aplicação do teste de siclemia em Jurisprudência, Antropologia e Etnografia, poderá contribuir, na qualidade de método auxiliar, no estudo de vários problemas. São indicados como métodos de escolha: o de Emmel e o de maceração de tecidos conservados em solução de formol ou alcool. Êste último permite estudos retrospectivos. A estase circulatória parece não ser fator suficiente para a passagem da condição de siclêmico para anemico. O parasitismo da hemátia pelo Plasmodium vivax não impede o fenômeno da siclisação. Infecção por plasmodídeos (P. falciparum e P. vivax) não é fator suficiente para desencadear a doença. A importância da descoberta de Emmel (descoberta do fenômeno da siclisação) reside no conhecimento em doença heredofamiliar de fato novo de máxima significação: a possibilidade de identificar os indivíduos ainda na fase de latência, ou seja, no período que medeia entre o nascimento e a instalação dos primeiros sintomas da doença. A relação entre casos de anemia falciforme ocorridos em gerações por vêzes muito afastadas (fenômeno denominado "skipping" - salto - pelos autores de lingua inglêsa) é mantida através dos siclêmicos. Êsses indivíduos podem ser comparados aos portadores de germe no sentido empregado na profilaxia das doenças infectuosas. Exames periódicos dos siclêmicos poderiam contribuir para esclarecimento da patogenia e forneceriam dados úteis para a profilaxia da doença. Seriam de grande alcance medidas idênticas em outras doenças hereditárias...
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The author has studied the influence of acetylcholine solutions directly applied on the motor cortex of dogs, cats monkeys and rabbits. For this purpose small squares of filter paper were soaked in the acetylcholine solution and soon afterwards laid on the motor cortex. Solutions varying from 0,2 to 10 per cent have been experimented. It has been shown that local application of the solutions on the motor points, previously localized by induction coil, produced motor reactions. It has been found, in the dogs that 10 per cent acetylcholine solutions cause localized muscular twitchings (clonus) in almost all the animals experimented. Generalised epileptiform convulsions were obtained in44,4% of the dogs. Convulsions were also obtained by employing 1 per cent solution of acetylcholine. Definite response has been obtained with 0,2 per cent solution. Failure of motor action, pointed out by other authors, has been related to the use of anesthetics. Convulsions were easily produced by rapid light mechanical stimulations of the skin covering the muscles in conection with the excited motor point, and the application on the motor point of acetylcholine. The results on monkeys can be summarized as follows. Two species of monkeys were experimented: Cebus capucinus and Macaca mulata. In the monkeys C. capucinus generalised convulsive reactions were induced with actylcholine solutions in a concentration as low as 0,5 per cent. Motor reaction or convulsive seizeres were obtained in seven of the eight monkeys used. Three monkeys M. mulata were stimulated with 10 per cent acetylcholine solution but only localized muscular contraction hae been observed. Similar results has been obtained on the motor cortex of cats and rabbits. One of the three cats employed has shown epileptiform convulsions and the remaining only localized muscular contractions. In the rabbits muscular twitchings have been also induced. The sensitizing power of eserine on the action of acetylcholine has been also searched. The results indicate that a previous application of eserine solution on the motor center, potentiates the action of acetylcholine. The intensity of the muscular twitchings is greater than the obtained before the application of the eserine solution. Generalised epileptiform convulsions sometimes appeared following the use of lower concentrations of acetylcholine than those previously employed. Experiments have been carried out by injecting eserine and prostigmine by parenteral route. A dosis dufficient for induce small muscular tremors did not enhance obviously the motor effects produced by the application of the acetylcholine solutions on the motor cortex. From seven dogs experimented, all previously tested for convulsive seiruzes by application of 1 and 10 per cent acetylcholine solution with negative results, only one has shown epileptiform convulsions after the injection of prostigmine. Morphine has also been tested as facilitating substance for convulsions induced by acetylcholine. Six from the nine dogs submitted to the experiments, developed epileptiform seizures after injection of morphine and stimulation of the motor cortex with acetylcholine. (Table IV). In another series of experiments atropine and nicotine have been studied as for to their action on the motor effects of acetylcholine. Nicotine has a strong convulsant action, even when employed in very high concentration. Since a depressant effect has not appeared even by the applications of high concentrations of nicotine in the motor corteõ of dogs, unlike the classical observations for the autonomus nervous system, it was not possible to verify the action of acetylcholine on a motor center paralised by nicotine. It is important to not that the motor phenomena observed after the first aplication of acetylcholine, can desappear by the renewal of the pieces of filter paper soaked in the acetylcholine solution. Atropine, either applied on the motor point in low concentration, or injected in sufficient amount for inhibiting the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine on the autonomous nervous system, did not prevent the motor reactions of acetylcholine on the cerebral cortex.
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Oito espécies novas de Flebotomus do Vale Amazônico são descritas e os princiapis caracteres ilustrados dem 8 estampas com quarenta e sete figuras no total. As descrições são baseadas em exemplares machos.
Resumo:
As observações que fizemos nos mostraram que: Guaiamú (Cardisoma guanhumi) As tocas tem água quase doce; entre 2 partes de água do mar para 998 de água doce e 20 partes de água do mar para 980 de água doce. Agua de composição pouco variavel, a pequena concentração de sais cae mais por ocasião das chuvas. Toca sempre fresca, no verão atinge 23º C. Sem grandes variações. Toda escavada em terra arenosa. Não é invadida pelas aguas da maré. A toca é proxima a manguesais possue enxames de mosquitos. As larvas de insetos crescem bem nesta água. Toca com cheiro das valas de água doce. Frepentemente o guaiamú sáe de seu buraco e vae para longe do manguesal. Ucá (Ucides cordatus) As tocas apresentam água salobra, de regime polihalino, com salinidade média anual variando entre 30 e 25 por mil. os uças na natureza não toleram a água de clorinidade 5, saem das tocas e passeiam pelo brejo procurando um local mais salgado (vimos isto em 4 set. 1939 e 6 abr. 1944). A toca do uça apresenta duas variações de salinidade em cada 24 horas, é levada duas vezes por dia pelas águas da preamar. os estuários as variações de salinidade são mais bruscas que nas ilhas, mesmo pouco afastadas das fozes de rios como a Ilha do Pinheiro. Toca muitas vêzes expostas ao sol, é quente de dia e fria de noite. No verão encontramos 44.5°C. A toca é escavada na argila preta macia, molhada pelas aguas da maré enchente. Toca dentro do manguesal, sem nenhuma larva de inseto. Toca em geral de cheiro particular, parecendo ao da marezia misturada com gazes sulfídricos e metânicos. Via de regra o uça se afasta pouco de seu buraco.
Resumo:
Studies have been carried out on the method of Britton and Silvette modified by Reinecke and Kendall, for the evaluation of cortico-adrenal extracts, based on the deposition of glycogen in the liver of adrenaletomized rats. The test was performed in a total of 180 normal and adrenalectomized rats. The extracts tested were: a) an aqueous extract of cortico-adrenal cortex prepared by the Swingle and Pfiffner technique; b) the same extract added with ascorbic acid (Supracortin Labor); c) desoxycorticosterone acetate (Percortol Ciba and Syncortyl Roussell). Male rats were used, ranging from 40-200g, fed since the 18 th days old with a special diet, in which they were maintained until the day before the injection. Adrenalectomy was performed under urethane anesthesia. The fourth day after operation, food was removed and they were fasted for 24 hours. In the morning of the fifth day, injections of the material to be assayed were given at hourly and two hours intervals, during four to eight hours. One or two hours after the last injection, the animals were sacrified, the livers removed and dropped into a hot 30% solution of potassium hydroxide, and worked by Good, Kramer and Somogyi method. The glycogen was calculated as milligrams per lOOg of body and liver weight. The results obtained are shown in the tables I, II, and III. When several dosages of the same sample of extract were made (5 animals each dose), the amount of glycogen deposited in the liver per lOOg of body and liver weight, was found to be a positive function of the dose injected. The graph 2, shows these results. The synthetic compounds were ineffective. Our results are in agreement with those of Reinecke and Kendall and of Olson et al.