Contribui����o ao estudo da vasculariza����o arterial do test��culo de b��falos da ra��a Murrah

Estudamos o comportamento da art��ria testicular, o n��mero e a distribui����o dos vasos penetrantes em 30 pares de test��culos de b��falos da ra��a Murrah (Bubalus bubalis), com idade entre 8 meses e 5 anos, procedentes da regi��o de Ilha Solteira, no Estado de S��o Paulo, mediante a an��lise de moldes obtidos pela inje����o de vinil, na art��ria testicular e em seguida corros��o do ��rg��o em ��cido sulf��rico a 30%. Encontramos mais freq��entemente (68,4%) a art��ria testicular cedendo dois ramos, o cranial e o caudal, com participa����o equivalente de ambos os ramos na vasculariza����o do ��rg��o (35,0%), ou com predomin��ncia do ramo cranial (21,7%) ou do ramo caudal (11,7%). em outros arranjos, a art��ria testicular cede tr��s ramos: o cranial, o m��dio e o caudal (20,0%) ou ainda n��mero vari��vel de ramos craniais (4 a 7) e caudais (3 a 5) (11,6%) para a vasculariza����o arterial do test��culo.

Remo����o, por flota����o, de ��leo em ��guas produzidas na ind��stria de petr��leo: efici��ncia e modelagem do processo

The separation oil-water by the use of flotation process is characterized by the involvement between the liquid and gas phases. For the comprehension of this process, it s necessary to analyze the physical and chemical properties command float flotation, defining the nature and forces over the particles. The interface chemistry has an important role on the flotation technology once, by dispersion of a gas phase into a liquid mixture the particles desired get stuck into air bubbles, being conduced to a superficial layer where can be physically separated. Through the study of interface interaction involved in the system used for this work, was possible to apply the results in an mathematical model able to determine the probability of flotation using a different view related to petroleum emulsions such as oil-water. The terms of probability of flotation correlate the collision and addition between particles of oil and air bubbles, that as more collisions, better is the probability of flotation. The additional probability was analyzed by the isotherm of absorption from Freundlich, represents itself the add probability between air bubbles and oil particles. The mathematical scheme for float flotation involved the injected air flow, the size of bubbles and quantity for second, the volume of float cell, viscosity of environment and concentration of demulsifier. The results shown that the float agent developed by castor oil, pos pH variation, salt quantity, temperature, concentration and water-oil quantity, presented efficient extraction of oil from water, up to 95%, using concentrations around 11 ppm of demulsifier. The best results were compared to other commercial products, codified by ―W‖ and ―Z‖, being observed an equivalent demulsifier power between Agflot and commercial product ―W‖ and superior to commercial product ―Z‖

Evolving Future Internet clean-slate Entity Title Architecture with quality-oriented control-plane extensions

A Internet atual vem sofrendo v��rios problemas em termos de escalabilidade, desempenho, mobilidade, etc., devido ao vertiginoso incremento no n��mero de usu��rios e o surgimento de novos servi��os com novas demandas, propiciando assim o nascimento da Internet do Futuro. Novas propostas sobre redes orientadas a conte��do, como a arquitetura Entidade Titulo (ETArch), proveem novos servi��os para este tipo de cen��rios, implementados sobre o paradigma de redes definidas por software. Contudo, o modelo de transporte do ETArch �� equivalente ao modelo best-effort da Internet atual, e vem limitando a confiabilidade das suas comunica����es. Neste trabalho, ETArch �� redesenhado seguindo o paradigma do sobreaprovisionamento de recursos para conseguir uma aloca����o de recursos avan��ada integrada com OpenFlow. Como resultado, o framework SMART (Suporte de Sess��es M��veis com Alta Demanda de Recursos de Transporte), permite que a rede defina semanticamente os requisitos qualitativos das sess��es para assim gerenciar o controle de Qualidade de Servi��o visando manter a melhor Qualidade de Experi��ncia poss��vel. A avalia����o do planos de dados e de controle teve lugar na plataforma de testes na ilha do projeto OFELIA, mostrando o suporte de aplica����es m��veis multim��dia com alta demanda de recursos de transporte com QoS e QoE garantidos atrav��s de um esquema de sinaliza����o restrito em compara����o com o ETArch legado

An��lise da rela����o entre apego ao lugar, satisfa����o e fidelidade dos visitantes em destinos tur��sticos ambientais: um estudo em Fernando de Noronha/PE

The competition among tourist destinations environmental generates the emergent need to find different strategies to close down if the purpose of delight and retain their visitants. A customer satisfaction, loyalty and the development of attachment to place form a solid compound in search of promotion a tourist destination. This study presents the general objective analysis of the relationship between attachment to place, satisfaction and loyalty of visitors, in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha / PE. Therefore, a model will be used as reference, where they will be analyzed various constructs related to attachment to place, satisfaction and loyalty, as well as the relations between them. The methodology used in the study consists of an exploratory, descriptive, where the sample is random and consists of individuals who visited Fernando de Noronha on a pre-defined period of ten days. Based on a sample table, we defined a quantitative equivalent of 246 questionnaires, which will be applied when the visitor leaves the destination, the departure lounge of airport. A proposal focuses on the possibility to get results able to understand the subjective and intriguing relationship that involves the triad attachment to place, satisfaction and loyalty, trying to thus provide subsidies for optimizing environmental tourist destination

Caracteriza����o tectono-estratigr��fica da sequ��ncia transicional na sub-bacia de Sergipe

This thesis deals with the tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the Transitional Sequence in the Sergipe Sub-basin (the southern segment of the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Northeast Brazil), deposited in the time interval of the upper Alagoas/Aptian stage. Sequence boundaries and higher order internal sequences were identified, as well as the structures that affect or control its deposition. This integrated approach aimed to characterize the geodynamic setting and processes active during deposition of the Transitional Sequence, and its relations with the evolutionary tectonic stages recognized in the East Brazilian Margin basins. This subject addresses more general questions discussed in the literature, regarding the evolution from the Rift to the Drift stages, the expression and significance of the breakup unconformity, the relationships between sedimentation and tectonics at extensional settings, as well as the control on subsidence processes during this time interval. The tectonic-stratigraphic analysis of the Transitional Sequence was based on seismic sections and well logs, distributed along the Sergipe Sub-basin (SBSE). Geoseismic sections and seismic facies analysis, stratigraphic profiles and sections, were compiled through the main structural blocks of this sub-basin. These products support the depositional and tectonic-stratigraphic evolutionary models built for this sequence. The structural analysis highlighted similarities in deformation styles and kinematics during deposition of the Rift and Transitional sequences, pointing to continuing lithospheric extensional processes along a NW trend (X strain axis) until the end of deposition of the latter sequence was finished by the end of late Aptian. The late stage of extension/rifting was marked by (i) continuous (or as pulses) fault activity along the basin, controling subsidence and creation of depositional space, thereby characterizing upper crustal thinning and (ii) sagstyle deposition of the Transitional Sequence at a larger scale, reflecting the ductile stretching and thinnning of lower and sub crustal layers combined with an increasing importance of the thermal subsidence regime. Besides the late increments of rift tectonics, the Transitional Sequence is also affected by reactivation of the border faults of SBSE, during and after deposition of the Riachuelo Formation (lower section of the Transgressive Marine Sequence, of Albian age). It is possible that this reactivation reflects (through stress propagation along the newlycreated continental margin) the rifting processes still active further north, between the Alagoas Sub-basin and the Pernambuco-Para��ba Basin. The evaporitic beds of the Transitional Sequence contributed to the development of post-rift structures related to halokinesis and the continental margin collapse, affecting strata of the overlying marine sequences during the Middle Albian to the Maastrichtian, or even the Paleogene time interval. The stratigraphic analysis evidenced 5 depositional sequences of higher order, whose vertical succession indicates an upward increase of the base level, marked by deposition of continental siliciclastic systems overlain by lagunar-evaporitic and restricted marine systems, indicating that the Transitional Sequence was deposited during relative increase of the eustatic sea level. At a 2nd order cycle, the Transitional Sequence may represent the initial deposition of a Transgressive Systems Tract, whose passage to a Marine Transgressive Sequence would also be marked by the drowning of the depositional systems. At a 3rd order cycle, the sequence boundary corresponds to a local unconformity that laterally grades to a widespread correlative conformity. This boundary surface corresponds to a breakup unconformity , being equivalent to the Pre-Albian Unconformity at the SBSE and contrasting with the outstanding Pre-upper Alagoas Unconformity at the base of the Transitional Sequence; the latter is alternatively referred, in the literature, as the breakup unconformity. This Thesis supports the Pre-Albian Unconformity as marker of a major change in the (Rift-Drift) depositional and tectonic setting at SBSE, with equivalent but also diachronous boundary surfaces in other basins of the Atlantic margin. The Pre-upper Alagoas Unconformity developed due to astenosphere uplift (heating under high lithospheric extension rates) and post-dates the last major fault pulse and subsequent extensive block erosion. Later on, the number and net slip of active faults significantly decrease. At deep to ultra deep water basin segments, seaward-dipping reflectors (SDRs) are unconformably overlain by the seismic horizons correlated to the Transitional Sequence. The SDRs volcanic rocks overly (at least in part) continental crust and are tentatively ascribed to melting by adiabatic decompression of the rising astenospheric mantle. Even though being a major feature of SBSE (and possibly of other basins), the Pre-upper Alagoas Unconformity do not correspond to the end of lithospheric extension processes and beginning of seafloor spreading, as shown by the crustal-scale extensional structures that post-date the Transitional Sequence. Based on this whole context, deposition of the Transitional Sequence is better placed at a late interval of the Rift Stage, with the advance of an epicontinental sea over a crustal segment still undergoing extension. Along this segment, sedimentation was controled by a combination of thermal and mechanical subsidence. In continuation, the creation of oceanic lithosphere led to a decline in the mechanical subsidence component, extension was transferred to the mesoceanic ridge and the newly-formed continental margin (and the corresponding Marine Sequence) began to be controlled exclusively by the thermal subsidence component. Classical concepts, multidisciplinary data and new architectural and evolutionary crustal models can be reconciled and better understood under these lines

Evolu����o geodin��mica e condicionamento estrutural dos terrenos Pianc��-Alto Br��gida e Alto Paje��, dom��nio da zona transversal, NE do Brasil

This thesis aims to advance in the geological knowledge of the region comprising the Pianc��-Alto Br��gida (TPAB) and Alto paje�� (TAP) terranes, in the Transversal Zone Domain (Borborema Province, NE Brazil), with the main objective of understanding the geodynamic evolution and the structural framework of these units. To reach this objective, and besides field work and interpretation of traditional aerial photographs, other tools were employed like of remote sensing products (Landsat 7 ETM+, aeroradiometrics, aeromagnetics and topographical images), lithogeochemical (whole rock) analyses and geochronological dating (U-Pb in zircon), besides integration with literature data. In the area, several precambrian geological units outcrop, represented in the TAP by the paleoproterozoic Serra Talhada and Afogados da Ingazeira complexes, Riacho Gravat�� Complex (metavolcano-sedimentary sequence of Stenian-Tonian age) and Cariris Velhos orthogneisses (of Tonian age). The TPAB comprises the Santana do Garrote (lower unit) and Serra do Olho d'��gua (upper unit) formations of the Cachoeirinha Group (Neoproterozoic III), besides the Pianc�� orthogneisses and Bom Jesus paragneisses; the latter correspond to an older (basement ?) block and a possible high grade equivalent of the Cachoeirinha Group (or Serid�� Group ?), respectively. Several Brasiliano-age plutons occur in both terranes.The aeromagnetic data show the continuity, at depth, of the main shear zones mapped in the region. The Patos, Pernambuco, Boqueir��o dos Cochos, Serra do Caboclo, Afogados da Ingazeira/Jabitac�� and Congo-Cruzeiro do Nordeste shear zones reach depths greater than to 6-16 km. The aeromagnetic signature of other shear zones, like the Juru one, suggests that these structures correspond to shallower crustal features. The satellite images (Landsat 7 ETM+) and aerogamaspectrometric images discriminate different geological units, contributing to the mapping of the structural framework of the region. The Serra do Caboclo Shear Zone was characterized as the boundary/suture between the TPAB and TAP. This structure is an outstanding, pervasive feature that separates contrasting geological units, such as the Neoproterozoic III Cachoeirinha Group in the TPAB and the Riacho Gravat�� Complex and the Cariris Velhos metaplutonics, of Stenian-Tonian age, in the TAP. Occupying different blocks, these units are not found in authoctonous relations, like unconformities and intrusive contacts. Concerning the Cariris Velhos (ca. 1,0 Ga old) event is recorded by radiometric ages of the Riacho Gravat�� Complex metavolcanics and intrusive augen and orthogneisses, all of them displaying geochemical affinities of arc or collisional settings. A structural signature of this event was not recorded in the region, possibly due to its low grade/low strain style, obliterated by the overprinting of younger, higher grade/high strain Brasiliano-age fabrics.The first tectonic event (D1) observed in the Cariris Velhos lithotypes presents contractional kinematics with transport to the NW. Neoproterozoic III geochronologic dates, obtained in late-D1 granitoids, imply a Brasiliano age (ca. 610-600 Ma) for this deformation event. The second tectonic event (D2) characterized in the region corresponds to the Brasiliano transcurrent kinematics of the outstanding shear zones and associated granitoid plutons. The geochronological (U-Pb in zircon) data obtained during this thesis also confirms the occurrence of the Cariris Velhos magmatic suite in the TAP, as well as the Neoproterozoic III age to the Cachoeirinha Group in the TPAB. The TAP (Riacho Gravat�� Complex, augen and orthogneisses) is interpreted as a continental arc possibly accreted to a microcontinent during the Cariris Velhos (Stenian-Tonian) event. Later on, this terrane collided with the TPAB at the beginning of the Brasiliano orogeny (D1 contractional deformation), and both domins were reworked by the transcurrent shear deformation of the D2 event

Verifica����o formal automatizada para sistemas de racioc��nio procedural (PRS) utilizando redes de petri coloridas (RPC)

Este trabalho apresenta uma t��cnica de verifica����o formal de Sistemas de Racioc��nio Procedural, PRS (Procedural Reasoning System), uma linguagem de programa����o que utiliza a abordagem do racioc��nio procedural. Esta t��cnica baseia-se na utiliza����o de regras de convers��o entre programas PRS e Redes de Petri Coloridas (RPC). Para isso, s��o apresentadas regras de convers��o de um sub-conjunto bem expressivo da maioria da sintaxe utilizada na linguagem PRS para RPC. A fim de proceder fia verifica����o formal do programa PRS especificado, uma vez que se disponha da rede de Petri equivalente ao programa PRS, utilizamos o formalismo das RPCs (verifica����o das propriedades estruturais e comportamentais) para analisarmos formalmente o programa PRS equivalente. Utilizamos uma ferramenta computacional dispon��vel para desenhar, simular e analisar as redes de Petri coloridas geradas. Uma vez que disponhamos das regras de convers��o PRS-RPC, podemos ser levados a querer fazer esta convers��o de maneira estritamente manual. No entanto, a probabilidade de introdu����o de erros na convers��o �� grande, fazendo com que o esfor��o necess��rio para garantirmos a corretude da convers��o manual seja da mesma ordem de grandeza que a elimina����o de eventuais erros diretamente no programa PRS original. Assim, a convers��o automatizada �� de suma import��ncia para evitar que a convers��o manual nos leve a erros indesej��veis, podendo invalidar todo o processo de convers��o. A principal contribui����o deste trabalho de pesquisa diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de uma t��cnica de verifica����o formal automatizada que consiste basicamente em duas etapas distintas, embora inter-relacionadas. A primeira fase diz respeito fias regras de convers��o de PRS para RPC. A segunda fase �� concernente ao desenvolvimento de um conversor para fazer a transforma����o de maneira automatizada dos programas PRS para as RPCs. A convers��o autom��tica �� poss��vel, porque todas as regras de convers��o apresentadas seguem leis de forma����o gen��ricas, pass��veis de serem inclu��das em algoritmos

Testes de hip��teses em modelos de sobreviv��ncia com Fra����o de cura

Survival models deals with the modeling of time to event data. However in some situations part of the population may be no longer subject to the event. Models that take this fact into account are called cure rate models. There are few studies about hypothesis tests in cure rate models. Recently a new test statistic, the gradient statistic, has been proposed. It shares the same asymptotic properties with the classic large sample tests, the likelihood ratio, score and Wald tests. Some simulation studies have been carried out to explore the behavior of the gradient statistic in fi nite samples and compare it with the classic statistics in diff erent models. The main objective of this work is to study and compare the performance of gradient test and likelihood ratio test in cure rate models. We first describe the models and present the main asymptotic properties of the tests. We perform a simulation study based on the promotion time model with Weibull distribution to assess the performance of the tests in finite samples. An application is presented to illustrate the studied concepts

NI-GMRES precondicionado

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior

Caracteriza����o de processos morfodin��micos e hidrodin��micos do cintur��o lacustre meridional da Reserva Biol��gica do Lago Pirituba, Amap��

The Amap�� State has an important natural lake system, known as The Amap�� Lakes Region . Most of these lakes are on the southern part of Amap�� s coastal plain, which has 300 km of extension and it s composed by holocenic sediments deposited at the northern part of Amazon River to the Orange Cape located on the northern part of Amap�� state. This region is under influence of the Amazon River discharge which is the largest liquid discharge of about 209.000 m��/s and biggest sediment budget discharged on the ocean in the order 6.108 ton per day. The climate is influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone and El Ni��o Southern Oscillation which act mainly under precipitation, nebulosity, local rivers and tidal hidrology. In this region lake belts are Ocidental, Oriental and Meridional Lake Belts. The last one is formed by the by the lakes Comprido de Cima, Botos, Bacia, Lod��o, Ventos, Mutuco and Comprido de Baixo. These lakes are the closest to the Araguari River and are characterized by pelitic sedimentation associated with fluvial and estuarine flood plains under influence of tides. The lakes are interconnected, suffer influence of flood pulses from the Tartarugal, Tartarugalzinho and Araguari rivers and the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic know edge is poor. Volume and area reduction, natural eutrophication, anthophic influence, hidrodynamic alterations, morphological changes and are factors which can contribute to the closing of such lakes on the Meridional Lake Belt. This belt is inside the boundaries of the Biological Reserve of Piratuba Lake, created in 1980 for integral protection. Due to the fragility of the environment together with the poor knowledge of the system and with the study area relevancy it is necessary to know the hydrodynamic and geoenvironmental processes. This work aims the characterization of morphodynamic and hydrodynamic processes in order to understand the geoambiental context of the Meridional Lake Belt, from the Comprido de Baixo Lake to the dos Ventos Lake, including the Tabaco Igarape. Methodology was based on the hydrodynamic data acquisition: liquid discharge (acoustic method), tides, bathymetry and the interpretation of multitemporal remote sensing images, integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS). By this method charts of the medium liquid discharges of Lake Mutuco and Tabacco Igarape the maximum velocity of flow were estimated in: 1.1 m/s, 1.6 m/s and 1.6 m/s (rainy season) and 0.6 m/s, 0.6 m/s and 0.7 m/s (dry period), the maximum flow in: 289 m��/s, 297 m��/s and 379 m��/s (rainy season) and 41 m��/s , 79 m��/s and 105 m��/s (dry period), respectively. From the interpretation of multitemporal satellite images, maps were developed together with the analysis of the lakes and Tobaco Igarape evolution from 1972 to 2008, and were classified according to the degree of balance in the area: stable areas, eutrophic areas, areas of gain, and eroded areas. Troughout analysis of the balance of areas, it was possible to quantify the volume of lake areas occupied by aquatic macrophytes. The study sought to understand the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes occurring in the region, contributing to the elucidation of the processes which cause and/or favor geoenvironmental changes in the region; all such information is fundamental to making the management of the area and further definition of parameters for environmental monitoring and contributing to the development of the management plan of the Biological Reserve of Lake Piratuba. The work activities is a part of the Project "Integration of Geological, geophysical and geochemical data to Paleogeographic rebuilding of Amazon Coast, from the Neogene to the Recent

Diagn��stico Ambiental do Processo de Desertifica����o no munic��pio de Lajes/RN.

Ocupando uma ��rea de 665,7km2 (equivalente a 1,25% da superf��cie estadual), o Munic��pio de Lajes at�� o in��cio do s��culo XX era um pequeno distrito do Munic��pio de Jardim de Angicos, localizada na Regi��o Central do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Quando decretado munic��pio, em 1914, Lajes tornou-se o principal entreposto comercial do estado, uma vez que sua posi����o geogr��fica a colocava como rota principal entre os munic��pios produtores de mercadorias e a capital do estado, Natal, situada a 125km a Leste do munic��pio. Esta confort��vel posi����o de entreposto comercial cristalizou-se com a constru����o da estrada de ferro Sampaio Correia, em 1919, que agilizou o escoamento das mercadorias advindas do interior com Natal, principalmente o algod��o, que at�� a d��cada de 1980 era a principal fonte econ��mica do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Com a crise do algod��o e a constru����o de estradas ligando diretamente os mercados produtores com a capital, Lajes perde a condi����o de principal entreposto comercial do estado, e sua economia entra em decad��ncia. Vastas ��reas de caatinga onde outrora se plantava algod��o foram abandonadas, deixando os solos destas terras livres para a a����o erosiva dos ventos e das torrenciais chuvas de outono. Situada numa por����o do estado que sofre direto sombreamento das escarpas da Serra do Feiticeiro, o munic��pio de Lajes tem se configurado como um importante laborat��rio para o estudo da desertifica����o no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A partir de uma an��lise Geossist��mica, procurou-se diagnosticar o atual quadro da desertifica����o nesta por����o semi-��rida do estado. Para tanto, utilizou-se os m��todos quantitativos de an��lise, dentre eles os m��todos desenvolvidos durante a elabora����o do Pan Brasil, com a constru����o dos Balan��os H��dricos e ��ndices de Aridez do munic��pio. Os dados referentes aos ��ndices de aridez de Lajes apontam para um profundo processo de ressecamento do ar na regi��o, corroborando inclusive com os dados referentes ao aquecimento global divulgados pelo IPCC (Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change) no m��s de fevereiro de 2007

Fragilidade ambiental da bacia hidrogr��fica do Rio Puna�� (RN) e ��rea litor��nea adjacente

Hydrographic basins always exercised a big fascination over humankind that attracted for its scenery beauty or for its richness in natural resources, had been acting in order to modify these important ecosystems without, therefore, considering the possible consequences of these changes. The attributed importance to the coast ecosystems, in eminence to the hydrographic basin of Puna�� river and adjacent areas, is had when it s verified the diversity of the ecosystems that contemplate it. Hydrographic basin in evidence in Rio Grande do Norte state, occupies an area of nearly 652.71 km��, being it sited in the homogeneous micro-region Litoral Nordeste, with a regional population estimated in nearly 75,188 inhabitants, according to the Anu��rio Estat��stico do Rio Grande do Norte 2004. The region of the researched basin is formed by seven municipal districts related as it follows: Maxaranguape, Pedra Grande, Pureza, Rio do Fogo, S��o Miguel de Touros, Taipu and Touros, but Maxaranguape, Rio do Fogo, Touros and Pureza have a direct participation in the basin. Basin in study have it lands evaluated according to the agriculturist aptitude by the conventionally methodology practiced in the country, having as objective, then, a compara-tive analysis between the ambient unities, Aeolian littoral and coast tray, identified in the researched area. From the characterization of the physic way of the area in study and owning the kept data, it was proceeded the integrated analysis of the structural elements of the landscape which were evidenced that the fragile areas are associated with the areas of agriculture cultivation, such as the ones of irregular occupation. About the degradation, the ambient diagnostic of the basin indicated that the equivalent to the Aeolian Littoral Ambient Unit correspond to the bigger pledging of the ambient quality, in other words, high ambient fragility, being this result due to the use and occupation of the soil, propitiating this way, vulnerability in the vegetal cover of the area, despite it disposes of a low agriculture cultivation percentage. Already in the Coast Ambient Tray, is emphasized the medium ambient fragility, despite of the high index of cultivated area. In a general way, the total area of the hydrographic basin of Puna�� river and adjacent areas presented ambient impacts over the tolerance limit, indicating the necessity of a review of the practices of use and handling of the soil, reforesting of the water courses edges, control of erosion and contamination of the aqueous in the perspective to reduce the effects of the impacts due to the use and occupation of the basin in regard. The present search evaluated the ambient impacts diagnosised in the hydrographic basin of Puna�� river and adjacent areas, pointing the causes and the probable consequences of the damages caused by these impacts to the basin ambient. From the analysis of these data, if was possible to become explicit how they are fundamental as key elements in the process of decision taking in the ambient questions

Correla����o entre os Aspectos Laparosc��picos e os Achados Histol��gicos das Les��es Endometri��ticas Peritoneais

Objetivos: avaliar a correla����o entre os aspectos laparosc��picos e os achados histol��gicos estromais incluindo, a profundidade da les��o endometri��tica peritoneal, e na rela����o com a teoria evolutiva da endometriose. M��todos: foram selecionadas para o estudo 67 pacientes submetidas �� laparoscopia por algia p��lvica, infertilidade, tumor anexial e outras indica����es. A avalia����o laparosc��pica baseou-se no aspecto visual do implante suspeito de endometriose peritoneal, o qual foi biopsiado. de acordo com o aspecto laparosc��pico, as les��es foram agrupadas em: grupo V - les��es vermelhas, grupo N - les��es negras e grupo B - les��es brancas. Os par��metros histol��gicos estudados foram: profundidade da les��o, presen��a de hemossiderina no estroma, vasculariza����o estromal e presen��a de fibrose no estroma. Resultados: a profundidade da les��o mostrou diferen��as estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos de estudo. As les��es vermelhas mostraram-se superficiais em 100% dos casos. As les��es negras apresentaram-se superficiais em 55,6%, intermedi��rias em 38,9% e profundas em 5,5%. As les��es brancas mostraram-se superficiais em 28%, intermedi��rias em 68% e profundas em 4%. A presen��a de hemossiderina no estroma se mostrou equivalente nos 3 grupos. A presen��a de vasos no estroma da les��o endometri��tica, que foi classificada de I a III de acordo com a quantidade, demonstrou diferen��as significantes entre os 3 grupos, sendo que a vasculariza����o exuberante (grau III) esteve presente em 60% das les��es vermelhas e em 10% das les��es brancas. A presen��a de tecido fibr��tico na les��o endometri��tica apresentou diferen��as estatisticamente significantes nos 3 grupos de estudo, sendo mais freq��ente no grupo B (les��es brancas), com 70,6%. Conclus��o: as vari��veis analisadas nos diferentes grupos de estudo demostraram diferen��a significantes entre os grupos, refor��ando a teoria evolutiva da endometriose peritoneal.

Familial cancer: depressed NK-cell cytotoxicity in healthy and cancer affected members

Este estudo se reporta ��s fun����es de c��lulas natural killer (NK), como ades��o, lise e citotoxicidade e de subpopula����es de c��lulas T em uma fam��lia com alta preval��ncia de pacientes com c��ncer e que apresentaram: glioblastoma, leucemia miel��ide cr��nica, osteoblastoma, melanoma e carcinomas g��strico, pancre��tico e c��lon retal. Quinze membros dessa fam��lia foram estudados, sendo 13 sadios, acompanhados por 5 anos e dois com c��ncer: glioblastoma e leucemia miel��ide cr��nica. Duas pessoas sadias, no momento da avalia����o, desenvolveram posteriormente osteoblastoma mandibular ou melanoma maligno. Como controle, foram avaliados 19 indiv��duos saud��veis de faixa et��ria equivalente. A determina����o de linf��citos T CD3+ e de suas subpopula����es CD4+ e CD8+ foi realizada empregando-se anticorpos monoclonais e a atividade citot��xica de c��lulas NK, avaliada pelo teste de single-cell contra c��lulas alvo da linhagem eritroleuc��mica K562. Os resultados mostraram que as percentagens de c��lulas T totais (CD3+), da subpopula����o CD4+ e da rela����o CD4/CD8 foram significativamente menores nos indiv��duos da fam��lia estudada em compara����o aos valores observados no grupo controle. em todos os membros dessa fam��lia a percentagem de forma����o de conjugados entre c��lulas NK-c��lulas alvo foi inferior ao valor m��nimo observado nos controles. Essa altera����o poderia estar relacionada a defeito na express��o de mol��culas de ades��o, presentes na membrana de c��lulas NK, como prov��vel causa das altera����es funcionais dessas c��lulas. A heran��a dos mecanismos determinantes desta defici��ncia pode ser um fator de risco, com valor progn��stico para o desenvolvimento de cancer.

Estrabismo: detec����o em uma amostra populacional e fatores demogr��ficos associados

OBJETIVOS: Identificar a frequ��ncia de ocorr��ncia de desvios oculares e as caracter��sticas dos portadores em uma amostra populacional. M��TODOS: Estudo transversal, observacional e probabil��stico, entre os anos de 2004 e 2005, envolvendo 11 cidades da regi��o centro-oeste do estado de S��o Paulo. Foram examinados 10.994 indiv��duos, sendo utilizada para este estudo uma subamostra desta popula����o, identificada pelo diagn��stico de estrabismo. A popula����o foi abordada por uma equipe treinada e padronizada para os procedimentos da pesquisa. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de an��lise descritiva, frequ��ncia de ocorr��ncia, an��lise de conting��ncia e testes de associa����o (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: A frequ��ncia de ocorr��ncia de estrabismo na popula����o estudada foi de 1,4% (148 portadores de estrabismo), sem diferen��a entre sexos. Portadores de esodesvios (ET) eram 46,3%, 38,2% casos de exodesvio (XT) e 15,4% de desvios verticais associados a horizontais ou s��ndromes. A an��lise de conting��ncia mostrou que 3 indiv��duos (2,3%) estr��bicos apresentavam cegueira e 7 (5,43%) apresentavam baixa vis��o em um dos olhos. Tanto a ET, quanto a XT estiveram presentes em indiv��duos com graus vari��veis de miopia (at�� -5,75 para XT e -2,50 para ET) e de hipermetropia (at�� +9,00 para XT e +8,00 para ET). A associa����o entre estrabismo e o equivalente esf��rico obtido na refra����o est��tica n��o mostrou diferen��a significativa (p>0,05). CONCLUS��O: A frequ��ncia de ocorr��ncia de estrabismo em uma amostra populacional foi de 1,4%, sem diferen��a entre sexos ou tipo de desvio ocular. A presen��a de cegueira e de baixa vis��o associadas aos desvios oculares refor��am a necessidade de tratamento precoce.