923 resultados para Edifício vivo
Resumo:
A acidemia metilmalônica é uma desordem metabólica hereditária caracterizada bioquimicamente pelo acúmulo tecidual de ácido metilmalônico (MMA) e clinicamente por deterioração neurológica progressiva e falência renal. Os avanços no tratamento dessa doença alcançados nos últimos anos possibilitaram uma diminuição significativa na mortalidade dos mesmos. Entretanto, a morbidade continua alta, pois a maioria dos pacientes afetados por acidemia metilmalônica, mesmo recebendo o melhor tratamento disponível no momento, apresenta graus variáveis de comprometimento do sistema nervoso central refletido em retardo mental e atraso no desenvolvimento psicomotor. No presente estudo investigamos os efeitos in vivo da administração crônica do MMA em ratos Wistar durante o seu desenvolvimento (do 5º ao 28º dia de vida pós-natal) sobre o comportamento dos mesmos na tarefa do labirinto aquático de Morris. A tarefa foi realizada após um período de recuperação dos animais de 30 dias com o intuito de verificar dano neurológico permanente ou de longa duração nos animais. O labirinto aquático de Morris é uma tarefa bastante útil para a avaliação de aprendizado e memória espaciais. O protocolo da tarefa foi ligeiramente modificado para servir ao propósito de nosso trabalho, ou seja, o de avaliar o efeito da administração crônica de drogas sobre o comportamento de ratos. Verificamos que a administração crônica de MMA não provocou efeito no peso corporal, velocidade de natação e na fase de aquisição da tarefa. Porém, o tratamento prejudicou o desempenho dos animais no treino reverso, o que é condizente com comportamento perseverativo. Também avaliamos o efeito do ácido ascórbico, que foi administrado isoladamente ou em combinação com o MMA para testarmos se o estresse oxidativo poderia estar relacionado com as alterações comportamentais observadas no grupo tratado com MMA. Observamos que este antioxidante preveniu as alterações comportamentais provocadas pelo MMA, indicando que o estresse oxidativo pode estar envolvido com o efeito encontrado. Passamos então a avaliar o efeito in vitro do MMA sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, mais especificamente na técnica de dosagem de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS), que é um parâmetro de lipoperoxidação, e sobre o potencial antioxidante total do tecido (TRAP) e a reatividade antioxidante do tecido (TAR), que são parâmetros de defesas antioxidantes teciduais. O MMA na concentração de 2,5 mM aumentou a lipoperoxidação in vitro em homogeneizado de estriado e hipocampo de ratos e diminuiu o TRAP e o TAR em homogeneizado de estriado de ratos. Tais resultados indicam fortemente que o MMA induz estresse oxidativo. Finalmente investigamos o efeito in vitro do MMA sobre a atividade enzimática dos complexos da cadeia respiratória em várias estruturas cerebrais e em órgãos periféricos em ratos de 30 dias de vida no sentido de melhor esclarecer os mecanismos fisiopatológicos dos danos teciduais desta doença. Verificamos que o MMA causou uma inibição significativa da atividade do complexo II da cadeia respiratória em estriado e hipocampo quando baixas concentrações de sucinato foram utilizadas no meio de incubação. Além disso, verificamos que este efeito inibitório do MMA sobre o complexo II ocorreu somente após exposição do homogeneizado ao ácido por pelo menos 10 minutos, além do que esta inibição não foi prevenida pela co-incubação com o inibidor da óxido nítrico sintetase Nω- nitro-L-argininametilester (L-NAME) ou por uma associação de catalase e superóxido dismutase. Estes resultados sugerem que as espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio mais comuns não estão envolvidas neste efeito, tornando improvável que a inibição do complexo II da cadeia respiratória seja mediada por estresse oxidativo. O MMA também causou uma inibição do complexo II-III em estriado, hipocampo, rim, fígado e coração; e inibiu o complexo I-III em fígado e rim. O complexo IV não foi afetado pela incubação com o ácido em nenhuma das estruturas testadas. Portanto, tomados em seu conjunto, estes resultados indicam que o MMA bloqueia a cadeia respiratória. Os resultados de nosso trabalho indicam que a administração crônica de MMA em ratos em desenvolvimento provocou alterações comportamentais de longa duração provavelmente mediadas por radicais livres, pois tais alterações foram prevenidas pelo antioxidante ácido ascórbico. O MMA também induziu estresse oxidativo in vitro em estriado e hipocampo e inibiu de forma diferenciada os complexos da cadeia respiratória nos tecidos estudados, sendo que as estruturas mais vulneráveis a esta ação foram o estriado e o hipocampo. Finalmente, nossos resultados sugerem que antioxidantes podem ajudar a prevenir, ou pelo menos atenuar, os danos teciduais provocados pelo MMA na acidemia metilmalônica.
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Os polímeros do tipo poli-hidroxialcanoatos (PHAs) são poliésteres bacterianos que apresentam as propriedades de termoplásticos e elastômeros biodegradáveis. A síntese deste polímero em plantas de interesse agroindustrial tem sido vista como uma área promissora dentro da biotecnologia de polímeros para a produção em grande escala com baixos custos. Contudo, esta tarefa requer o aprimoramento de diferentes metodologias bioquímicas e moleculares, além de maximizar os processos de extração destes polímeros biológicos. A produção de PHAs em peroxissomos ou no citoplasma de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, por meio da expressão de uma PHA-sintase bacteriana, pode servir como indicador e modulador do fluxo de carbonos que percorre vias biossintéticas como a síntese de novo de ácidos graxos e a β-oxidação. Esta levedura tem sido usada como eucarioto modelo para manipular as rotas envolvidas na síntese de PHAs do tipo MCL (PHA com um número médio de carbonos), um polímero menos cristalino e com menor ponto de fusão quando comparado ao PHA-SCL (PHA com um número pequeno de carbonos). A enzima PhaG (3-hidroxidecanoil-ACP-CoA transacilase) é responsável pela conexão entre a síntese de ácidos graxos e a produção de PHA-MCL em bactérias do gênero Pseudomonas, em meios de cultura contendo uma fonte de carbono nãorelacionada como gliconato, etanol ou acetato. Para tentar estabelecer esta rota metabólica em S. cerevisiae, o presente trabalho avaliou a coexpressão de PhaGPa e PhaC1Pa (PHA-sintase) de P. aeruginosa para a síntese de PHA-MCL a partir de uma fonte de carbono não-relacionada em leveduras. Contudo, a presença de PhaGPa não alterou a composição ou a quantidade de PHA-MCL em relação à cepa controle contendo apenas PhaC1Pa citoplasmática ou direcionada ao peroxissomo, independentemente da fonte de carbono utilizada (rafinose ou ácido oléico). Este resultado permite sugerir que a ligação entre a síntese de ácidos graxos e a produção de PHA-MCL em S. cerevisiae não foi estabelecida, provavelmente devido à ausência de algum passo enzimático que limita o desvio de substratos da síntese de ácidos graxos para a produção de PHA-MCL em organismos que não são capazes de acumular naturalmente este polímero quando cultivados em fontes de carbono não-relacionadas.A levedura S. cerevisiae tem sido usada como um sistema modelo para estudar a β-oxidação de ácidos graxos insaturados em peroxissomos. A produção de PHA-MCL pela expressão de PhaC1Pa em peroxissomos de cepas selvagens e mutantes nulos de S. cerevisiae para as enzimas auxiliares da β-oxidação (Eci1p, Sps19p e Dci1p), multiplicadas em meio de cultivo contendo um ácido graxo insaturado como fonte de carbono, permitiu monitorar o fluxo de carbonos que percorre as vias dependente de isomerase, redutase e di-isomerase. Desta forma, o presente estudo permitiu avaliar a β- oxidação in vivo dos ácidos graxos linoléico conjugado, 9-cis,11-trans-CLA (ácido rumênico) ou 10-cis,13-cis-nonadecadienóico, para determinar a contribuição das vias alternativas na degradação destes substratos pela utilização de cepas selvagens, mutantes nulos e linhagens contendo um plasmídio multicópia para os genes ECI1 (Δ3- Δ2-enoil-CoA isomerase), SPS19 (2,4-dienoil-CoA redutase) e DCI1 (Δ3,5-Δ2,4-dienoil- CoA isomerase). As linhagens selvagens foram capazes de sintetizar PHA-MCL quando cultivadas em ácido rumênico, mas a atividade da enzima Eci1p foi essencial para a degradação deste CLA, indicando que a via dependente de isomerase é a única rota in vivo necessária para a β-oxidação do ácido rumênico em peroxissomos de S. cerevisiae. A contribuição da enzima di-isomerase (Dci1p) para a degradação do ácido 10- cis,13-cis-nonadecadienóico foi avaliada em cepas selvagens, mutantes nulos dci1Δ e linhagens de S. cerevisiae contendo os plasmídeos multicópia. De acordo com o conteúdo e a quantidade de PHA formado, a β-oxidação de ácidos graxos cisinsaturados em um carbono ímpar é, in vivo, independente da di-isomerase. Embora este resultado possa indicar o mesmo padrão de envolvimento de Dci1p na degradação de ácidos graxos cis-insaturados em um carbono ímpar em mitocôndrias de mamíferos, esta via alternativa deve ser mais bem investigada em eucariotos superiores.
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O pantoprazol (PAN) é um inibidor da bomba de prótons clinicamente empregado para o tratamento de úlcera gástrica e refluxo gastro-esofágico. Estudos relacionados à estabilidade físico-química mostraram que a degradação do PAN está diretamente relacionada com a acidez do meio, determinando a necessidade de administrá-lo em uma forma gastrorresistente. Desse modo, este trabalho propôs-se a desenvolver micropartículas à base de polímero gastrorresistente (Eudragit S100®), polímero de baixa permeabilidade (Eudragit RS30D®) ou de blenda polimérica (Eudragit S100®/ Eudragit RS30D®), contendo PAN pela técnica de spraydrying . O estudo de dissolução in vitro utilizando célula de fluxo demonstrou que o PAN foi liberado das micropartículas em 120 minutos, seguindo cinética de primeira ordem, de acordo com o modelo monoexponencial. A avaliação da gastrorresistência in vitro em célula de fluxo e em dissolutor evidenciou que as formulações de micropartículas à base de Eudragit S100® e da blenda (Eudragit S100®/ Eudragit RS30D®), garantiram adequada proteção ao fármaco em ambiente ácido. Estudos in vivo confirmaram esses resultados, pois possibilitaram a constatação da proteção do fármaco pelas micropartículas durante a passagem pelo estômago, o que possibilitou absorção entérica do PAN em quantidade adequada para exercer atividade farmacológica. Por fim, a investigação ex vivo da permeação do PAN carreado por micropartículas no epitélio intestinal mostrou que estes sistemas foram capazes de garantir a absorção da totalidade do fármaco carreado, constatando-se ainda que este processo ocorreu segundo o modelo monoexponencial.
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Reciclagem de entulho. Localização: São Paulo (SP)
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This essay focuses on issues related to internal problems of the architecture discipline, specially those related to the aesthetics of the buildings. The universe analyzed in this research is constituted of some of the vertical housing built in Natal from the period of 1969 to 2000. As we could observe there are many different aspects in these apartment buildings external appearance, denoting increasing preoccupations in their formal elaboration in the battlefield for diversity against monotony of the simple prismatic volumetric forms.
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Sustainability in buildings, while reducing the impact on the environment, contributes to the promotion of social welfare, to increase the health and productivity of occupants. The search for a way of build that meets the aspirations and development of humanity without, however, represent degradation of the environment, has become the great challenge of contemporary architecture. It is considered that the incorporation of principles that provide a sustainable building with careful choices of design solutions contribute to a better economic and thermal performance of the building, as well as functional and psychological comfort to its users. Based on this general understanding, this paper presents an architecture project aimed to health care whose the solutions adopted follow carefully the relevant legislation and sets his sights on the theme of sustainability. The methodology began with studies on the themes of verification service of deaths, sustainability and those application in construction developed through research in academic studies and analysis of architectural projects, using them like reference for the solutions adopted. Within the project analysis was performed a visit to the verification service of deaths in the city of Palmas in Tocantins, subsidizing information that, plus the relevant legislation, led to functional programming and pre-dimensional of the building to be designed. The result of this programming environments were individual records with information from environmental restrictions, space required for the development of activities, desirable flow and sustainability strategies, that can be considered as the first product of relevance of the professional master's degree. Finally we have outlined the basic design architecture of a Verification Service of Death SVO/RN (in portuguese), whose process of projecting defined as a guiding line of work four points: the use of bioclimatic architecture as the main feature projectual, the use of resources would provide minimal harm to the environment, the use of modulation and structure to the building as a form of rationalization and finally the search for solutions that ensure environmental and psychological comfort to users. Importantly to highlight that, besides owning a rare theme in literature that refers to architectural projects, the whole project was drawn up with foundations in projective criteria that contribute to environmental sustainability, with emphasis on thermal performance, energy efficiency and reuse of rainwater
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The urban growth without the prior infrastructure has caused many environmental impacts such as the damage to quality of the water resources in the cities. Along with natural scarcity in some regions, this is one of the factors that limit the availability of drinking water. As a result, the conservation of drinking water is becoming one of the major concerns in sustainable architectural projects. Within this context, this dissertation proposes to develop the design of an educational building focusing on water consumption rationalization. The proposed project is located in UFRN Campus at Currais Novos, an area of warm and dry climate and low rainfall. The proposal seeks to integrate ways to reduce water consumption o to architecture, in order to exploit the advantages and savings. After quantifying the benefits achieved, it was concluded that it is possible to reduce significantly the drinking water consumption in educational buildings in universities using three principles: reduction the water consumption at the point of use, replacement of the water source and internal recycling. Calculations and simulations indicated that the proposed building may have water consumption up to 56% lower than if it would be provided by conventional facilities. Rationalization of water consumption brings direct and indirect benefits, with influences on the environmental, social and economic fields
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This research aimed to identify the link between the layout of workspaces in offices and the design strategies for environmental comfort. Strategies surveyed were focused on the thermal, visual and luminic comfort. In this research, visual comfort is related to issues of visual integration within and between the interior and exterior of the building. This is a case study conducted at the administrative headquarters of Centro Regional Nordeste do Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE-CRN), located in Natal/RN. The methodological strategy used was the Post-Occupancy Evaluation, which combined the survey data on the building (layout of workspaces, bioclimatic strategies adopted in the design, use of these strategies) with some techniques aimed at acquiring qualitative information related to users. The workspace layout is primordial to satisfaction and productivity of workers. Issues such as concentration, communication, privacy, personal identity, density and space efficiency, barriers (access, visual and even ventilation and lighting), among others, are associated with the layout. The environmental comfort is one of the essential elements to maintaining life quality in workplace. Moreover, it is an important factor in user`s perception of the space in which he or she are inserted. Both layout and environmental comfort issues should be collected and analyzed in the establishment phase of the programming step. That way, it is possible to get adequate answers to these questions in subsequent project phases. It was found that changes in the program that occurred over time, especially concerning persons (number and characteristics), resulted in changes in layout, generating high density and inflexible environments. It turns difficult to adjust the furniture to the occupants` requirement, including comfort needs. However, the presence of strategies for environmental quality provides comfort to spaces, ensuring that, even in situations not considered optimal, users perceive the environment in a positive way. It was found that the relationship between environmental comfort and layout takes the following forms: in changing the perception of comfort, depending on the layout of the arrangements; adjustments in layout, due to needs for comfort; and the elevation of user satisfaction and environmental quality due to the presence of strategies comfort even in situations of inadequate layout
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The central question of the research if inserts in thematic current and of relevance for the studies in Preservation and a Conservation of Historical Centers. It analyzes the relations between habitacional use, satisfaction of the inhabitants and preservation of the patrimony constructed in the Historical Center of São Luis-MA It considers that the use is factor that makes possible the transformation of spaces in places , prioritizing the point of view of the user as essential element to the analysis of the reality and that enriches the evaluation technique of the functional and formal aspects of the constructed environment. It is looked to understand the relation man-environment, and mainly, to verify as it happens throughout the process of the occupation and of appropriation of historical buildings destined to habitacional reuse, and still if this appropriation favors the preservation of the Historical Center of São Luís
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Nowadays the acquisition of sustainable elements and concepts in construction has been increasingly discussed, improved and incorporated to buildings, since the sector directly interferes in the urban space and environment, representing environmental impact. In order to make a sustainable building (Green Building) it is vital to incorporate less damaging constructive practice, starting from the project until the operation of the enterprise, that means to consider an integrated process of conception, implementation, construction and operation. The more effective sustainable principles participation in architecture happens at the projecting step through minimal environment impact solutions. Among the issues varieties that goes with sustainability proposal of the buildings project, there were added to this work the elements that are directly attached to bioclimatic architecture, more specifically the climate variation, ventilation, lighting and sunlight, that directly affect the project conception. It is important to put in evidence that architecture role goes far beyond the simple activity of building spaces; it is the sequence of political, economic, social and cultural elements, having the users as the main apparatus to its materialization. Thereby this professional dissertation consists of an architecture draft for a professional and technological school in the Rio Grande do Norte State, this dissertation is based on the analysis of previous experience and the bioclimatic principles that implicate in building on hot and dry, hot and humid climates, and the use of strategic solutions that aim the optimization of natural light and ventilation
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Fucan is a term used to denominate a family of sulfated polysaccharides rich in L-fucose. They are extracted mainly from the extracellular matrix of brown algae and echinoderms. The brown alga Spatoglossum schröederi (Dictyotaceae) has three heterofucans named A, B and C. Our research group have been extracted non anticoagulant heterofucan from S. schröederi which possess antithrombotic activity in vivo. However, their toxicity in vitro and in vivo has not yet been determined. For the results in toxicity in vitro, we observed that the fucan A at 20, 500 and 1000 μg/plate showed no mutagenic activity in Kado test (Microsuspension), when the bacterial strains TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102, with and without S9 were used. The comet assay showed that fucan A (from 20 to 1000 μg/mL) did not cause any genotoxic effect on CHO cells. There was no damage to the DNA of these cells, as evidenced by the tail length and tail moment, which were similar to that found for the negative control. The fucan A from S. schröederi was administered at 20 μg/g of rat (dose which it showed high antithrombotic activity) during two months. After that, the animals were killed and examined. The data showed that fucan A did not cause any change in biochemistry and hematological parameters, as well as, in the morphology and size of the rat s organs analyzed. In conclusion, this study indicates that fucan is a compound with potential pharmacological that has no toxicity
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The objective of this clinical study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the toothbrushing with and without fluoride and the daily fluoride rinse (NaF 0.05%) on produced white spot, in vivo. This was a clinical study, controlled, randomized and triple blind. Thirty patients were selected for orthodontics reasons from Orthodontics Specialization Course at the Brazilian Dental Association - Section of Rio Grande do Norte. In this study it was used 4 bicuspid upper and lower. They had orthodontic reason for extractions, in 35 days, at least. The sample had one hundred and twenty teeth that received orthodontic bands. The bands were fixed with polycarboxylate cement, and there was a space standardized between bands and one surface of teeth. The four bicuspid of each patients were randomized and nominated as A, B, C and D. These nominations determinated the sequence of the extractions and what was done in each tooth. All the patients had been submitted to the toothbrushing with or without fluoride for 35 days. After this period, the A tooth of each patient was extracted to serve as control. The others teeth (B, C and D) were extracted one by each week. The entire sample was analyzed through the clinical examination and by laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent®) in three different times: before orthodontic bands, 28 days after fixed and then removed the bands and, the last one, 07 days after one of the three treatments (toothbrushing with or without fluoride, tooth paste with fluoride and mouth rinse with fluoride). At the beginning all groups (A, B, C and D) had the same conditions, no significant difference was found. The same situation was found in a clinical examination. The results of the DIAGNOdent® for the groups that used tooth paste without fluoride, with fluoride and mouth rinse with fluoride, after 28 days, there was no significant difference. Clinically, the white spot was formed in all teeth after 28 days. When it was compared the three treated groups, the group without fluoride in tooth paste had worst result than the others groups. But there was no significant association between the number of active and inactive white spots and the type of treatment that the teeth had received. The demineralization of the enamel surface, under the orthodontic bands, it happened in a few weeks. The exposition of the white spots in oral environmental resulted in an improvement, but it was not enough to return to the values from the base line, either for the toothbrushing and/or the use of fluorite mouth rinse. Mouth rinse and toothpaste with fluoride have showed to reduce the incidence of demineralization in the enamel, but none seems to be superior to another one in an in vivo study
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Recently, it has been a increasing interest in the antioxidative role of natural products to aid the endogenous protective biological systems against the deleterious effects of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) reactive species. Many antioxidant compounds, naturally occurring from plant sources. Natural antioxidants can protect and prevent the human body from oxidative stress and retard the progress of many diseases in which free radical are involved. Several plants used in the folk medicine to treat certain disorders that are accompanied by inflammation and other pharmacological properties have been proved their attributed properties, such antioxidant activity. Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans (Turneraceae), frequently employed by population as a medicinal plant, demonstrated antioxidant activity by in vitro and in vivo assays, using its leaf hydroethanolic extract (10%) he in vitro DPPH radical-scanvenging activity showed a strong antioxidant activity (86.57% ± 0.14), similar to Carduus marianus and catequine effects. For the in vivo assays, adult female Wistar rats (n=48) with carbon tetrachloride hepatic injury induced (2,5mL/kg i.p.) were used, Six groups or rats were uses (n=8) [G1 = control (1,25 mL/kg i.p. vehicle); G2 = CCl4 (2,5 mL/kg i.p.); G3 = CCl4 + extract 7 days (500 mg/kg p.o.); G4 = CCl4 + Legalon® 7 days (50 mg/kg p.o.), G5 = CCl4 + extract 21 days (500 mg/kg p.o.) e G6 = CCl4 + Legalon® 21 days (50 mg/kg p.o.)]. The hepatic oxidative injury was evaluated through biochemical parameters [alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST)] histopathological study, while thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBAR), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were used to evaluate proantioxidant parameters. The plant extract tested was found effective as hepatoprotective as evidenced by a decreasing in the ALT and AST activities (p<0.001) and TBAR (plasma, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001). Levels of GSH (blood, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001) and antioxidant enzymes [CAT erythrocyte (p<0.05) and hepatic (p<0.01); SOD erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001); GPx erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001)] were also significantly increased. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were significantly reduced by the extract treatment. The data obtained were comparable to that of Legalon®, a reference hepatoprotective drug. The results showed that T. ulmifolia leaf extract protects against CCl4 induced oxidative damage. Therefore, this effect must be associated to its antioxidant activity, attributed to the phenolic compounds, present in these extract, which can act as free radical scavengers
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)