1000 resultados para ELECTROFISIOLOGÍA – COLOMBIA


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The text argues that, even if different sectors of society have some strategic points of agreement on the issue of land, which converge on the specific issue of restitution, they strongly disagree on various other points. On one side are some who advocate “pure restitution” and consequently support a restitution policy that focuses on correcting the illegal dispossession and clarifying land titles and individual rights to property, which would serve to boost the land market and allow for rural development policies that modernize agricultural production, fundamentally based on large, corporate ownership. On the other end of the spectrum are advocates of what we call “comprehensive restitution,” who promote adopting a restitution policy that meets the requirements not only of corrective justice but also of recognition and redistribution, advancing the interest of peasant, indigenous, and afro-Colombian communities.

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This paper affirms that the economic and political failure of the Radical Period provided opportunities for those who proposed Regeneration as a means of defending authority. Family law became an important tool in that process. During the period studied by this article, the equality clause remained in Colombian constitutions without any practical affect for the majority of the people. Discrimination was imposed through family law over those who had born outside of a Catholic marriage and/or had not previously legitimized their union through a Catholic ceremony. By the middle of the 20th century, the dramatic situation of the nation’s children led to efforts to change the social prejudices through legislation, that is, in the same way the prejudices had been imposed.

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Desde la década de 1990 la región del Pacífico colombiano vive un proceso inédito de agudización del conflicto armado interno. Algunos estudios han descrito este hecho como una consecuencia no intencionada del reconocimiento de las poblaciones negras de la región como grupos étnicos propietarios de los territorios en los que habitan. En este artículo me pregunto de qué forma resultaron modificadas las dinámicas de conflicto en la subregión del Bajo Atrato chocoano (1985-2005) en Colombia, si esto se vincula con la explotación de sus recursos naturales, en particular la palma de aceite y cuál fue el papel que jugó en estas dinámicas el cambio en el régimen de propiedad de la tierra. Para responder a estas preguntas me baso en los estudios sobre la economía política de los conflictos armados e introduzco el concepto de órdenes de extracción con el fin de analizar las acciones de los actores del conflicto, los empresarios de la palma, el Estado como agente regulador y las poblaciones negras. Mi conclusión principal es que el cambio en la estructura de propiedad de la tierra no fue causa del conflicto y que el tipo de actor involucrado es una variable relevante.

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Este número especial de la revista se compone de una serie de estudios que contribuyen al análisis e interpretación del conflicto alrededor de la tierra en Colombia. Esta problemática se caracteriza por un nivel de despojo que ha sido un rasgo concluyente de la historia nacional de las últimas décadas. Los ensayos señalados buscan descifrar un poco la experiencia en cuestión para responder a la pregunta de ¿por qué Colombia?

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Este artículo intenta, mediante la identificación de patrones históricos y decisiones jurídicas, comprender hasta dónde ha llegado el compromiso con la libertad de expresión en ambas naciones y las dificultades que de acuerdo a la experiencia canadiense está enfrentando el Estado colombiano, que todavía no ha logrado asegurar el monopolio de la fuerza dentro de su propio territorio para superar el primer escollo en su aspiración de consolidar la democracia. Cualquier intento por comparar el ejercicio de libertades en dos países con tradiciones jurídicas tan diferentes enfrenta dificultades apenas obvias. Cuando el tema es la libertad de expresión y uno de los Estados no ha podido obtener, después de 200 años de independencia, la estabilidad y seguridad que se requieren para asegurar un desarrollo económico sostenible, el ejercicio de comparación se complica y se hace más atractivo a la vez. Las historias de Canadá y Colombia son muy diferentes, aunque en el siglo XXI los principios de sus sistemas político y económico sean iguales. El compromiso de practicar la democracia y el buen gobierno, y de imponer el respeto a los derechos humanos, por lo menos formalmente, lo comparten hoy Colombia y Canadá. Esta es la motivación fundamental de este análisis.

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Colombia es el único país de América Latina en el que la constitución y la ley permiten a las instituciones educativas estatales realizar cobros académicos en todos los grados escolares. La consecuencia de esto es que el Gobierno Nacional no se ha interesado por elaborar una política de gratuidad de la educación. Sin embargo, la Constitución tiene disposiciones que permiten integrar los tratados de derechos humanos ratificados por Colombia al ordenamiento jurídico interno; allí, es donde está consagrada la gratuidad de la educación. Ésta es un imperativo jurídico que el Estado no puede desconocer. La Corte Constitucional ha protegido el acceso y la permanencia al sistema educativo con base en el Derecho Internacional pues cuando existe una disposición de derechos humanos que consagra un derecho, los argumentos de costo beneficio quedan excluidos, en especial si es un derecho universalmente reconocido. Nuestra tesis es que no hay ninguna razón para que el Estado restrinja el disfrute del derecho a la educación a través de cobros, especialmente porque la gratuidad de la educación primaria les permite a las personas acceder y permanecer en el sistema educativo y es un instrumento privilegiado para remover las barreras económicas que afectan el disfrute del derecho. La estructura del artículo es la siguiente: los dos primeros apartados se referirán a las obligaciones internacionales del Estado colombiano, el tercero hará énfasis en la jurisprudencia constitucional sobre la gratuidad de la educación y, finalmente, habrá una breve conclusión que planteará futuras líneas de trabajo. 

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Law is often the source of social discriminations, but, at the same time, it can be thekey to delete these social discriminations. The authors try to give an example of thisphenomenon, by analyzing the impact of the Italian citizenship’s rules over the descendantsof the Italian citizens emigrated abroad and, especially, in South America.Indeed, according to the former Italian law, only fathers could transmit iure sanguinisthe citizenship to their children: moreover, women automatically lost theItalian citizenship if they get a foreign citizenship by concluding a marriage witha foreign husband.These rules hardly discriminate the Italian women emigrated abroad and, especially,their descendants who were prevented to get the Italian’s citizenship.These discriminatory rules were finally deleted by the Italian Constitutional Courtin the Seventies and in the Eighties: however, the effects of those rules still persisted,since the decision of the Constitutional Court could not overcome the temporal limit of the entry into force of the Constitution (01.01.1948) and, therefore, could not“cover” the discriminatory facts occurred before that date.Finally in 2009, the Italian Supreme Court, by extending the effects ratione temporisof the decisions of the Constitutional Court, “reopened the doors” of the Italiancitizenship to a huge number of Italian citizenship born from Italian women beforethe 01.01.1948.Therefore, the authors focus on the social impact of this decision for all the potentialItalian citizens living in South America and try to assess its juridical effects overthe Italian law.

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This article offers a theoretical interpretation of the dispositions on land restitution contained in the famous “Victims’ Bill”, which was debated in the Colombian Congress during the year 2008. The bill included specific mechanisms aimed at guaranteeing the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict. At the time, the bill was endorsed by all the main political actors in the country notably the government and the elites that support it, on the one hand, and victims’ and human rights organizations and other opposition groups, on the other. The fact that the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict was being considered as a serious possibility by all political actors in the country seemed to indicate the existence of a consensus among actors whose positions are ordinarily opposed, on an issue that has traditionally led to high levels of polarization. This consensus is quite puzzling, because it seems to be at odds with the interests and/or the conceptions of justice advocated by these political actors, and because the restitution of land faces enormous difficulties both from a factual and a normative point of view, which indicates that it may not necessarily be the best alternative for dealing with the issue of land distribution in Colombia. This article offers an interpretation of said consensus, arguing that it is only an apparent consensus in which the actors are actually misrepresenting their interests and conceptions of justice, while at the same time adopting divergent strategies of implementation aimed at fulfilling their true interests. Nevertheless, the article concludes that the common adherence by all actors to the principle of restorative justice might bring about its actual realization, and thus produce an outcome that, in spite (and perhaps even because) of being unintended, might substantively contribute to solving the problem of unequal land distribution in Colombia. Even though the article focuses in some detail on the specificities of the 2008 Bill, it attempts to make a general argument about the state of the discussion on how to deal with the issue of land distribution in the country. Consequently, it may still be relevant today, especially considering that a new Bill on land restitution is currently being discussed in Congress, which includes the same restitution goals as the Victims’ Bill and many of its procedural and substantive details, and which therefore seems to reflect a similar consensus to the one analyzed in the article.