Doses e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho doce

A quantidade e a época de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura podem favorecer a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, com o aumento do teor de proteína, que são importantes no desenvolvimento do embrião. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho doce provenientes de plantas cultivadas sob diferentes doses e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura. Foram utilizadas sementes da variedade BR 400, provenientes de plantas submetidas às doses de 0, 40, 80, e 120 kg ha-1 de N aplicadas nos estádios vegetativo e reprodutivo. Foram determinadas a massa de 100 sementes, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, a massa seca e o crescimento de plântulas, o vigor, pelos testes de frio, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plântulas no campo, tetrazólio, condutividade elétrica e índice de velocidade de emergência. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F a 5% e a estudo de regressão até 2° grau. As doses e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura não afetaram a massa de sementes e a germinação das sementes de milho doce. O aumento da dose de N em cobertura, com aplicação no estádio vegetativo, reduziu o comprimento da parte aérea, de raiz e total das plântulas.

Produção de sementes, qualidade fisiológica e identificação de genótipos de alface termotolerantes

A alface (Lactuca sativa L.) é uma das folhosas de maior importância na cadeia produtiva de hortaliças. O estabelecimento da lavoura de alface pode ser feito por meio da semeadura direta ou transplantio de mudas. As sementes apresentam particular sensibilidade às variações de temperatura do meio onde germinam. Condições de alta temperatura, por exemplo, afetam negativamente a germinação e o estabelecimento de plântulas. O objetivo neste trabalho foi identificar as diferenças de germinação de sementes de vinte cultivares de alface em condições de temperatura ideal 20 ºC, temperatura intermediária 27,5 ºC e temperatura crítica 35 ºC. Utilizaram-se sementes comerciais adquiridas de empresas, bem como sementes das mesmas cultivares produzidas na Embrapa Hortaliças, em condições de casa de vegetação. Alguns genótipos termotolerantes Vitória de Verão e Camila foram identificados, obtendo germinação acima de 90% nas temperaturas: favorável e crítica máxima. Estes genótipos poderiam ser utilizados como fonte genética de tolerância à germinação a altas temperaturas. Para as sementes produzidas na casa de vegetação, a maioria não germinou satisfatoriamente em condições de altas temperaturas.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de três cultivares de trigo submetidas à inoculação e diferentes tratamentos

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo submetidas aos tratamentos com bioestimulante, triadimenol e Azospirillum brasilense. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, quatro repetições, esquema fatorial 3x8, três cultivares de trigo e oito tratamentos de sementes. As cultivares foram CD-150, CD-116 e CD-104, e os tratamentos foram obtidos da combinação entre: 150 g.L-1 de triadimenol (TRI); 90 mg.L-1 de cinetina + 50 mg.L-1 de ácido giberélico + 50 mg.L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (CGA) e estirpes Ab-V5 e Ab-V6 de A. brasilense na concentração de 2,0 x 10(8) células viáveis mL-1 (AZO), organizados da seguinte forma: testemunha; TRI; CGA; AZO; TRI+CGA; TRI+AZO; CGA+AZO e TRI+CGA+AZO. Foi avaliada a germinação e plântulas anormais (%); comprimento da parte aérea, hipocótilo e raiz; diâmetro do hipocótilo; número de raiz; massa seca da parte aérea e raiz, e a relação raiz/parte aérea. Os resultados evidenciaram que: os tratamentos não influenciaram a germinação; o bioestimulante e Azospirillum brasilense isolados ou em associação proporcionaram incrementos no desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de trigo, e o triadimenol isolado ou associado com bioestimulante ou A. brasilense proporcionou menores valores de comprimento da parte aérea, hipocótilo, raiz e número de raiz, independente da cultivar testada.

Teste de respiração para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de girassol

O aumento na demanda por sementes oleaginosas de alta qualidade, como o girassol, vem desencadeando um grande interesse em testes que possibilitem a diferenciação rápida do potencial de desempenho de lotes, favorecendo a pronta tomada de decisões durante diferentes etapas da produção de sementes, pré e pós-colheita. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência e rapidez do método de Pettenkofer na determinação da atividade respiratória para diferenciar o vigor de cinco lotes de sementes de girassol, cv. MG2. Além da determinação da atividade respiratória, foram conduzidos testes de germinação, condutividade elétrica, comprimento de parte aérea, matéria fresca e massa seca de plântulas. Os resultados permitiram a classificação dos lotes em diferentes níveis de qualidade fisiológica. A utilização do sistema Pettenkofer foi eficiente e rápida para proporcionar a distinção dos lotes, fazendo com que a determinação da atividade respiratória seja considerada promissora para identificar diferenças na qualidade fisiológica de lotes de sementes de girassol.

Effects of female postmating odour on male sexual behaviour, in Heliconius butterflies /

The effects of the female postmating odour on male sexual behaviour were examined in Heliconius erato and H. charithonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Predictions from the antiaphrodisiac hypothesis were tested using the two reproductive strategies of these species. Within the pupal mating strategy, results from behavioural experiments quantified and statistically tested dispersal rates of pupal-perched males to the presence of stimuli with and without the postmating odour. Results do not support an antiaphrodisiac function to the postmating odour. Similarly, within the adult courtship strategy, behavioural test results indicate that males do not alter their expenditure of energy in terms of either the duration or frequency of courtship behaviours elicited by females with and without the postmating odour. The data from both experiments did not support the antiaphrodisiac hypothesis for the function of the female postmating odour. A novel hypothesis predicting that the postmating female odour acts as an oviposition-deterring pheromone is presented.

An examination of the mediation process as it is used to resolve sexual harassment complaints in Canadian universities /

The ways in which the process of mediation affected those involved in the resolution of sexual harassment complaints in Canadian universities were explored. Questionnaires were sent to forty- six Canadian universities and interviews were conducted with fifteen advisors. An analysis of the twenty- two questionnaires returned indicated that mediation was utilized in 11% of the sexual harassment complaints and effected a successful resolution in 67% of these. Both complainants and those con^lained against were reported to have spoken more favourably than unfavourably about the process and outcome of mediation. Questionnaire respondents in general found mediation a slightly less than satisfactory method of complaint resolution. Those respondents who had successfully used mediation; however, describe its usefulness within a university context.

Parental care in the common tern (Sterna Nirundo): sexual roles in a monogamous seabird

The parental behaviour of male and female Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) was documented throughout two breeding seasons at a colony near Port Colborne , Ontario. Thirteen and fourteen pairs of terns were chosen for intensive study in 1982 and 1983, respectively. The delivery of fish by males to their mates ("courtship feeding") occurred prior-to, during, and following the egg-laying period. Following the laying of the second egg, courtship feeding rates declined significantly. There was a significant, positive correlation bebween courtship feeding rates and subsequent chick feeding rates by males. The incubation rates of females were significantly higher than those of males, especially during the first ten days of incubation. Territorial attendance rates during the incubation stage were similar for males and females. During the chick stage, territorial attendance rates of females were significantly higher than those of males. The size of fish fed to chicks by males increased as the chicks grew older and chick feeding rates of males were approximately three times higher than female rates. Based on these quantitative differences in parental care activities, the cumulative parental time investment by the two sexes was very similar. However, the energetic investment by males was likely greater than that by females, since male parental contributions (e.g. courtship feeding and chick feeding) often entailed extensive foraging behaviour.

Sexual behavior and factors affecting female reproduction in house and field crickets

The objective of this investigation was to clarify the adaptive significance of female sexual behaviours in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, and the Texas field cricket, Gryllus integer. Experiments were focussed primarily on: nutritional factors affecting female reproductive success; the ontogeny of female sexual behaviours; female mating frequency and progeny production; and the pattern of sperm competition. Reproduction of singly mated female A. domesticus assigned to 3 nutritional regimes was compared . Females fed a vitamin and protein-enriched mouse chow, cannibalistic females, and starved females produced on the average, 513 , 200 and 68 offspring, respectively. Cannibals probably could not obtain the same amounts of essential nutrients as females fed mouse chow. Reabsorption of oocytes was likely the major factor contributing to the decreased reproduction of starved females. In addition, female !. domesticus fed mouse chow, but allowed constant access to males produced 11 times as many offspring than did females fed corn meal. Females fed corn meal probably could not absorb or synthesize enough dietary lipids, thus resulting in poor ovariole growth. Female !. domesticus first mate at an average adult age of 7 days, closely corresponding to when they first exhibit positive phonotaxis. Females mate repeatedly and often consume the externally attached spermatophore. In ~. domesticus, females allowed constant access to males produced significantly more offspring than did single maters. Similarly, doubly mated G. integer females produced more offspring than did single maters. This difference resulted largely from the failure of many single maters to reproduce. Remating by female crickets partly functions in offsetting the possibility of a failed initial mating. Nymph production increased significantly with the time the spermatophore was attached in singly mated ~. domesticus. Spermatophore consumption by the female was not affected by male guarding behaviour, and the interval between mating and eating of the spermatophore may often be shorter than the time required for maximum insemination. Some degree of sperm depletion in singly mated !. domesticus and G. integer may have occurred. The patterns of daily offspring production of singly and multiplymated females suggests that a factor provided by a male during mating stimulates female oviposition and/or egg production. Female crickets also might acquire nutrition from spermatophore consumption, a benefit that is augmented by female multiple mating. The electrophoretic examination of various allozymes in ~. integer did not permit determination of a pattern of sperm competition. However, the possibility of last male sperm predominance is related to male guarding behaviour.

Sexual selections in the northern fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus: a manipulation of the adult sex ratio

The operational sex ratio has long been considered an important constraint on the structure of mating systems. The effects of an experimentally manipulated sex ratio on mating behavior and selection were investigated in a polygynous species, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, where the potential exists for spatial/temporal fluctuations in sex ratio of field populations. Four different sex ratios (males: females, 5:0, 5:2, 5:5, 5:10) were investigated. Observations were conducted in late summer over two field seasons, from 2400 h , to 1000 h EST. Several male characters thought to be associated with male reproduc.tive success were studied: calling duration, searching distance, weight, fighting behavior, courtship frequency, and mating success. Variance in male mating success was used as the indicator for the opportunity for sexual selection. Total selection was estimated as the univariate regression coefficient between relative fitness and the character of interest, while direct selection was estimated as standardized partial regression coefficients generated from a multiple regression of relative fitness on each character. The opportunity for sexual selection was highest at 5:2 and lowest at 5:10. The frequency of fighting behavior was highest at 5:2 and 5:5. Fighting ability (% wins) was determined to be an important correlate of male body weight. Direct selection for increased male body weight was detected at 5:2, while total selection for body weight was seen at 5:5. Selection on male body weight was not detected at 5: 10. Calling duration decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased. Total and direct selection were detected for increased calling at 5:2, only total selection for calling was seen at 5:5, whereas direct selection against calling was detected at 5: 10. Searching distance also decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased, however no form of selection was detected for searching at any of the sex ratios. Data are discussed in terms of sexual selection on male reproductive tactics, the mating system and maintenance of genetic variation in male reproductive behavior.

The relationship between early age of first sexual intercourse and vulnerability to depression among adolescents

Past empirical literature has provided conflicted results regarding the association between adolescent coitus and depression. While some studies conclude that those youth who are sexually active may be at risk for depression, others provide contrary results, or findings that are only representative of high-risk sexual behaviors such as intercourse without a condom. Thus, the results are unclear as to whether depression results directly from coitus, or if this relationship is spurious; that is, there may be biological, psychological, or sociological variables that may predict both depression and early sexual intercourse. Using the Add Health restricted dataset, I analyzed the depressive symptomatology of adolescents over a seven-year time period. The final sample (n=6,51O) was comprised of 49.35% male (n=3,213) and 50.65% female (n=3,297) participants. Results indicated that the relationship between earlier adolescent sexual intercourse and later depressive symptomatology is spurious. Although an earlier age of first coitus is predictive of later depressive symptomatology, both variables appear to be concomitant outcomes of the biopsychosocial process. Thus, while one may be able to use early coitus as a marker for subsequent depressive symptomatology, it does not occur because of early coitus. Furthermore, the reverse relationship was not found to be significant in this study. That is, higher levels of depressive symptomatology do not predict an earlier age of first sexual intercourse in adolescents.

Teaching sexual abuse prevention skills to two children with intellectual disabilities through game play

The current study examined the effectiveness of a sexual abuse prevention program developed locally for children with intellectual disabilities. The program package included a board game with informational storybooks that were designed to be used in a family setting. Additionally, this research sought to determine if parents could be effective at presenting the sexual abuse pr~vention materials to their children. A multiple baseline across behaviours design was used with two participants with a diagnosis of autism. Through role play scenarios as well as verbal knowledge tests, it was determined that the program was effective at teaching the participants the skills presented for self protection. It was also determined that the skills learned were generalized to scenarios that were untrained during the game play. Finally, with additional supports, it was determined that parents were able to effectively teach their children the required skills.

Sex Talk: A Multiple Case Study to Explore and Understand Parent-Child Sexual Health Communication in Chinese Immigrant Families

Parent-child sexual health communication can be beneficial. Many factors affect such communication in Chinese immigrant families. This qualitative study explored the influences of acculturation, parenting, and parental participation in the Raising Sexually Healthy Children Program (RSHC) on such communication. With a hermeneutic framework, the purpose was to develop understanding based on the topic, context, and researcher interpretations. Twelve interviews elicited data from six parent-child dyads, three from the RSHC. Analysis involved coding processes; data were compared repeatedly and organized into themes. Perceived personality differences between generations were confounded with cultural communicative differences. Parents used implicitness observed in Chinese culture to establish "open" communication; children expected explicitness observed in Western culture. Post- RSHC, parents perceived themselves as more open to talking about sex; children did not perceive such parental changes. Future research should include joint interviews and longitudinal program evaluation. Future practice should focus on cross-cultural communication and involving children in RSHC.

Investigation of the Relationship between Sexual Orientation and Objective Height, along with Predictors of Height Distortion

Studies that have used mostly self-reported height have found that men with a same-sex orientation and women with an other-sex orientation are shorter, on average, than men with an other-sex orientation and women with a same-sex orientation, respectively. This thesis examined whether an objective height difference exists or whether a psychosocial account (e.g., distortion of self-reports) may explain these putative height differences. Also, this thesis examined whether certain individual differences (e.g, gender roles and socially desirable responding) predict height distortion. Eight hundred and thirteen participants, recruited at Brock University, the Niagara Community and through surrounding LGBT events, completed self-reported height, measures of gender roles and socially desirable responding, and had their height measured. Using hierarchical linear regressions, it was found that Same-Sex/Both-Sex Oriented men were shorter, on average, than predominantly Other-Sex Oriented men; however, there was no difference in objective height between Same-Sex/Both-Sex Oriented women and predominantly Other-Sex Oriented women. These findings contribute to existing biological theories of men's sexual orientation development and do not contribute to biological theories of women's sexual orientation development. Height distortion was not related to sexual orientation and only marginally related to sex. Predictors of height distortion were Impression Management, in both men and women, and Unmitigated Agency, in men. These findings highlight the complexity of sexual orientation development in men and women. These findings also highlight the role of certain psychosocial factors in how people perceive their bodies and/or how they want their bodies to be perceived by others.

Predicting Physical, Verbal, Social, Racial, and Sexual Bullying with Individual and Environmental Factors from an Evolutionary Ecological Framework

Evidence exists for subtypes of bullying, but there is a lack of studies simultaneously investigating the factors that influence each subtype. The purpose of my thesis was to investigate how individual and environmental factors independently and interactively predict physical, verbal, social, racial, and sexual bullying using an evolutionary ecological framework. Adolescents (N = 225, M = 14.05, SD = 1.54) completed self-reports on demographics, HEXACO personality, Rothbart’s temperament, parenting, friendship quality, school connectedness, and socio-economic status. Subtypes were predicted by low Honesty-Humility in addition to other personality and demographic factors with the exception of physical bullying, which was predicted by environmental factors. Results suggest adolescents adaptively and selectively use bullying to exploit victims and obtain resources, although the subtype used may depend on individual factors bullies possess within Bronfenbrenner’s microsystem, instead of the meso- and exo- systems. Anti-bullying efforts should target these factors and reinforce alternative strategies to obtain resources.

Algunos determinantes psico-sociales que explican la actitud hacia la detección oportuna de cáncer cervico uterino : estudio de campo realizado en mujeres mayores de 15 años con vida sexual en la ciudadde Apodaca, N. L.

Tesis (Maestría en Enfermería con Especialidad en Salud Comunitaria) UANL