Digestibilidad in vitro de la biomasa verde amonificada del pasto Guinea (Panicum maximum, Jacq), cv Colonial, finca Santa Rosa, Sabana Grande, Managua

Se llevó a cabo un estudio con el objetivo de determinar el mejoramiento de la composición química de la biomasa verde y tratada con urea como proceso de amonificación y la digestibilidad In vitro de los parámetros de calidad, materia seca (DIVMS), materia orgánica (DIVMO) y fibra detergente neutro (DIVFDN). El pasto utilizado fue el Guinea (Panicum maximum, Jacq), cv Colonial, el cual se encontraba en etapa vegetativa con 75 días de rebrote. El muestreo se realizó durante el mes de octubre del año 2012 en la Finca Santa Rosa, Universidad Nacional Agraria. Managua, Nicaragua. Los tratamiento consistieron en cuatro niveles de aplicación de urea; 0, 1, 3 y 5 % en base al forraje verde a tratar, diluido en 0.5 L de agua, y almacenados en bolsas de polietileno durante 21 días a temperatura ambiente; las mismas muestras con los mismos tratamientos se utilizaron para determinar la digestibilidad in vitro de MS, MO, FDN. El diseño utilizado tanto en la determinación de la digestibilidad fue un DCA (Diseño completo al Azar) con tres repeticiones. Las variables de estudio para cada tratamiento fueron, porcentajes de; materia seca, materia orgánica y fibra detergente neutro (FDN). Se realizaron análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separaciones de medias, usando Tukey (P<0.05). Para el análisis estadístico las variables codificadas en porcentajes se transformaron, según, 2 arco seno p (Dos veces Arco seno de la raíz cuadrada de la proporción). Se encontró diferencias significativas (P ≤ 0.05) para las variables de materia seca, materia orgánica y fibra detergente neutro. La digestibilidad de la materia seca presentó diferencias estadísticas entre los distintos tratamiento y fue mejorada significativamente (38.79 vs 48.74 para 0 y 5% de urea respectivamente). La materia orgánica es mejor que la fibra detergente neutro también fueron mejoradas en su digestibilidad con el tratamiento de 5% de urea en base a forraje verde. Se concluye que el tratamiento de 5 % de urea es el más recomendado para la amonificación de forraje verde y de 75 días de edad del Panicum maximum, Jacq), cv Colonial. Estos resultados son halagadores ya que con el uso de esta tecnología se evidencia la transformación de materiales maduros de baja o nula calidad en alimentos que provean nutrientes (Proteína –Energía y Minerales) al animal como se evidencia en los resultados de digestibilidad in vitro de los diferentes nutrientes evaluados por nuestro trabajo.

Composición química de la biomasa verde del pasto Guinea (Panicum maximum, Jack), CV Colonial, con diferentes niveles de inclusión de urea. Finca Santa Rosa, sabana Grande, Managua

Se llevó a cabo un estudio con el objetivo de determinar el mejoramiento de la composición química de la biomasa verde y tratada con Urea como proceso de amonificación. El pasto utilizado fue el Guinea (Panicum maximum, Jacq) CV Colonial el cual se encontraba en etapa de plena maduración (75 días). Durante el mes de septiembre del 2011 se realizó un corte de uniformidad para proceder al muestreo durante el mes de noviembre en la Finca Santa Rosa, Universidad Nacional Agraria. Managua, Nicaragua.Los tratamiento consistieron en cuatro niveles de plicación de Urea; 0, 1, 3 y 5 % en base al forraje verde a tratar, diluido en 0.5 lt de agua, y almacenados en bolsas de polietileno durante 21 días a temperatura ambiente.El diseño utilizado fue un DCA (Diseño completo al Azar) con tres repeticiones. Las variables de estudio para cada tratamiento fueron,porcentajes de; materia seca, proteína cruda, fibra ácido detergente (FAD), fibra neutro detergente (FND) y cenizas. Se realizaron análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separaciones de medias, usando Tukey (P<0.05). Para el análisis estadístico las variables codificadas en porcentajes se transformaron, según, 2 arco seno p (Dos veces Arco seno de la raíz cuadrada de la proporción).Se encontró diferencias significativas (P≤ 0.05) para las variables Materia seca (MS), Proteína Cruda (PC)y, Cenizas (CEN), no encontrando diferencias estadísticas ( P > 0.05) para las variables Fibra Neutro Detergente (FND) y Fibra Ácido Detergente FAD).El porcentaje de materia seca vario desde 48.04 % hasta 24.30 % para 0 y 5 % de Urea respectivamente. La PC pasó de 3.36 % para el tratamiento sin Urea a 8.37 % cuando se aplicó 5 % de Urea mientras la CEN aumento de 7.85 % a 8.60 % para 0 y 3 % de urea. La FDN y FAD aunque no presentaron diferencias estadísticas para los tratamientos evaluados, fue mejorado (disminución del contenido fibroso) con el tratamiento 5% de Urea. Se concluye que el tratamiento de 5 % de Urea es el más recomendado para la amonificación de forraje verde del pasto guinea (Panicum maximum, Jacq) CV Colonial. Con estos resultados se confirma que con el uso de esta tecnología se evidencia la transformación de materiales maduros de baja o nula calidad en alimentos que provean nutrientes al animal durante las épocas críticas

Characterization of a Laser-Discrete Quenched Steel Substrate/Chromium System by Dissolving Coatings

A laser-discrete quenched steel (LDQS) substrate/as-deposited chromium (top high-contraction (HC) and underlying low-contraction (LC) chromium) system was investigated by dissolving coatings in order to reveal the mechanism that the service life of the coated parts is largely improved using the hybrid technique of laser pre-quenching plus chromium post-depositing. It was found that the surface characteristics of the substrate, LC and HC chromium layer can be simultaneously revealed owing to the dissolution edge effect of chromium coatings. Moreover, the periodical gradient morphologies of the LDQS substrate are clearly shown: the surfaces of laser transformation-hardened regions are rather smooth; a lot of fine micro-holes exist in the transition zones; there are many micro-dimples in the original substrate. Furthermore, the novel method of dissolving coatings with sharp interfaces may be used to reveal the structural features of a substrate/coating system, explore the effect of the substrate on the initial microstructure and morphologies of coatings, and check the quality of the coated-parts.

Stochastic Structural Model of Rock and Soil Aggregates by Continuum-Based Discrete Element Method

This paper first presents a stochastic structural model to describe the random geometrical features of rock and soil aggregates. The stochastic structural model uses mixture ratio, rock size and rock shape to construct the microstructures of aggregates,and introduces two types of structural elements (block element and jointed element) and three types of material elements (rock element, soil element, and weaker jointed element)for this microstructure. Then, continuum-based discrete element method is used to study the deformation and failure mechanism of rock and soil aggregate through a series of loading tests. It is found that the stress-strain curve of rock and soil aggregates is nonlinear, and the failure is usually initialized from weaker jointed elements. Finally, some factors such as mixture ratio, rock size and rock shape are studied in detail. The numerical results are in good agreement with in situ test. Therefore, current model is effective for simulating the mechanical behaviors of rock and soil aggregates.

Teracluster LSSC-II - Its Designing Principles and Applications in Large Scale Numerical Simulations

The teracluster LSSC-II installed at the State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing, Chinese Academy of Sciences is one of the most powerful PC clusters in China. It has a peek performance of 2Tflops. With a Linpack performance of 1.04Tflops, it is ranked at the 43rd place in the 20th TOP500 List (November 2002), 51st place in the 21st TOP500 List (June 2003), and the 82nd place in the 22nd TOP500 List (November 2003) with a new Linpack performance of 1.3Tflops. In this paper, we present some design principles of this cluster, as well as its applications in some largescale numerical simulations.

Fixed-lag blind equalization and sequence estimation in digital communications systems using sequential importance sampling

We present methods for fixed-lag smoothing using Sequential Importance sampling (SIS) on a discrete non-linear, non-Gaussian state space system with unknown parameters. Our particular application is in the field of digital communication systems. Each input data point is taken from a finite set of symbols. We represent transmission media as a fixed filter with a finite impulse response (FIR), hence a discrete state-space system is formed. Conventional Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques such as the Gibbs sampler are unsuitable for this task because they can only perform processing on a batch of data. Data arrives sequentially, so it would seem sensible to process it in this way. In addition, many communication systems are interactive, so there is a maximum level of latency that can be tolerated before a symbol is decoded. We will demonstrate this method by simulation and compare its performance to existing techniques.

Application of Three-Dimensional Discrete Element Face-to-Face Contact Model with Fissure Water Pressure to Stability Analysis of Landslide in Panluo Iron Mine

Three-dimensional discrete element face-to-face contact model with fissure water pressure is established in this paper and the model is used to simulate three-stage process of landslide under fissure water pressure in the opencast mine, according to the actual state of landslide in Panluo iron mine where landslide happened in 1990 and was fathered in 1999. The calculation results show that fissure water pressure on the sliding surface is the main reason causing landslide and the local soft interlayer weakens the stability of slope. If the discrete element method adopts the same assumption as the limit equilibrium method, the results of two methods are in good agreement; while if the assumption is not adopted in the discrete element method, the critical phi numerically calculated is less than the one calculated by use of the limit equilibrium method for the same C. Thus, from an engineering point of view, the result from the discrete element model simulation is safer and has more widely application since the discrete element model takes into account the effect of rock mass structures.

Size Effects in Micro-bending Deformation of MEMS Devices Based on the Discrete Dislocation Theory

In the present research, the discrete dislocation theory is used to analyze the size effect phenomena for the MEMS devices undergoing micro-bending load. A consistent result with the experimental one in literature is obtained. In order to check the effectiveness to use the discrete dislocation theory in predicting the size effect, both the basic version theory and the updated one are adopted simultaneously. The normalized stress-strain relations of the material are obtained for different plate thickness or for different obstacle density. The prediction results are compared with experimental results.

Distributed maximum likelihood for self-localization in sensor networks

We show that the sensor localization problem can be cast as a static parameter estimation problem for Hidden Markov Models and we develop fully decentralized versions of the Recursive Maximum Likelihood and the Expectation-Maximization algorithms to localize the network. For linear Gaussian models, our algorithms can be implemented exactly using a distributed version of the Kalman filter and a message passing algorithm to propagate the derivatives of the likelihood. In the non-linear case, a solution based on local linearization in the spirit of the Extended Kalman Filter is proposed. In numerical examples we show that the developed algorithms are able to learn the localization parameters well.

On dispersion-controlled principles for non-oscillatory shock-capturing schemes

The role of dispersions in the numerical solutions of hydrodynamic equation systems has been realized for long time. It is only during the last two decades that extensive studies on the dispersion-controlled dissipative (DCD) schemes were reported. The studies have demonstrated that this kind of the schemes is distinct from conventional dissipation-based schemes in which the dispersion term of the modified equation is not considered in scheme construction to avoid nonphysical oscillation occurring in shock wave simulations. The principle of the dispersion controlled aims at removing nonphysical oscillations by making use of dispersion characteristics instead of adding artificial viscosity to dissipate the oscillation as the conventional schemes do. Research progresses on the dispersion controlled principles are reviewed in this paper, including the exploration of the role of dispersions in numerical simulations, the development of the dispersion-controlled principles, efforts devoted to high-order dispersion-controlled dissipative schemes, the extension to both the finite volume and the finite element methods, scheme verification and solution validation, and comments on several aspects of the schemes from author's viewpoint.