Interfacing ASM with the MDG tool

In this paper we describe an approach to interface Abstract State Machines (ASM) with Multiway Decision Graphs (MDG) to enable tool support for the formal verification of ASM descriptions. ASM is a specification method for software and hardware providing a powerful means of modeling various kinds of systems. MDGs are decision diagrams based on abstract representation of data and axe used primarily for modeling hardware systems. The notions of ASM and MDG axe hence closely related to each other, making it appealing to link these two concepts. The proposed interface between ASM and MDG uses two steps: first, the ASM model is transformed into a flat, simple transition system as an intermediate model. Second, this intermediate model is transformed into the syntax of the input language of the MDG tool, MDG-HDL. We have successfully applied this transformation scheme on a case study, the Island Tunnel Controller, where we automatically generated the corresponding MDG-HDL models from ASM specifications.

Linguistic determinism and theory of mind in deaf children

DeVilliers and DeVilliers (2000, 2005) propose that deaf and hearing children acquire a theory of mind (or the understanding that human behaviour is the product of psychological states like true and false beliefs) as a consequence of their linguistic mastery of a rule of syntax. Specifically, they argue that the syntactic rule for sentential complementation with verbs of speech (e.g., “say”) precedes syntactic mastery of complementation for cognition (e.g., “think”) and both of these developmentally precede and promote conceptual mastery of a theory of mind (ToM), as indexed via success on standard false belief tests. The present study examined this proposition in groups of primary-school-aged deaf children and hearing preschoolers who took false belief tests and a modified memory for complements test that included control questions. Guttman scaling techniques indicated no support either for the prediction that syntactic skill precedes ToM understanding or for the earlier emergence of complementation for “say” than for “think”. Methodological issues and implications for deaf children's ToM development are discussed.

A INFLUÊNCIA DAS MULHERES CLÂNICAS NO PENSAMENTO PROFÉTICO DO PÓS-EXÍLIO. UM ESTUDO DE ISAÍAS 57,1-21.

Neste trabalho sobre A Influência das Mulheres Clânicas no Pensamento Profético do Pós-Exílio. Um Estudo de Isaías 57,1-21, propomos apresentar uma pesquisa para demonstrar fundamentalmente quem eram os três grupos de mulheres clânicas, que surgem no Isaías 57,3-9, a saber: hn+n>[o(agoureira),aEßnm. (adultério, significando adúltera - tp,a(nm.) e hnAz(prostituta). E daí desenvolver que influência tiveram na profecia, no período do pós-exílio. Para tal tarefa utilizamos dois métodos: o primeiro, um método diacrônico no qual o texto demonstrou uma visão muito negativa dessas mulheres, já que o pano de fundo onde estaria estabelecido o texto é de forte influência patriarcal. Mas, ao aplicarmos um segundo, o método sincrônico e intertextual, o resultado se mostrou diferente, pois o conjunto de textos onde está incluso, a saber: Isaías 56,1-12; 58,1-14 e 61,1-11, demonstram um programa inclusivo. Assim, no Isaías 56,3-4 - rkªNEh;-!B, (filho do estrangeiro) e syrIêSh; (os eunucos), são admitidos na comunidade; no Isaías 58, 1 bqoß[]y: tybeîl.W (e para casa de Jacó), essa casa representada por um grupo de homens é repreendida por causa do jejum; e no Isaías 61,5-6 ~yrIêz (estranhos) e rkênE ynEåb.W (e filhos de estrangeiro), serão os que alimentarão a comunidade. Devido a isto, surgiu uma hipótese de que uma visão negativa sobre elas não poderia ser aceita dentro de um projeto inclusivo. No entanto a questão deve ser respondida. Partirmos para fazer um mapeamento do modo de vida clânico no Gênesis, um conjunto de textos que fala principalmente da família/clã. Ao estudarmos algumas mães míticas: Eva, Sara, Agar, filhas de Ló e Tamar, e ao compará-las com as de Isaías 57,3-9, muitas das características se mostram semelhantes. Pudemos assim perceber que todas essas mulheres clânicas por possuírem conhecimentos do reino animal e vegetal, exerceram influência na vida e morte das famílias/clãs, assim elas tiveram que serem combatidas pelos grupos de homens ao longo do tempo. Ainda outra característica importante no Pós-Exílio, é a movimentação que as famìlias/clãs realizam, mas, essa ‗saìda é sempre carregada de abundância de fertilidade e resolução de conflito pela solidariedade. Devemos estar na profecia, já que ao cristalizar-se um texto ‗desfavorável contra um grupo de mulheres, na verdade se está denunciando uma violência contra elas.

DEBATE EM TORNO DA REDAÇÃO E COMPOSIÇÃO DO LIVRO DE AMÓS: PROPOSTAS FUNDAMENTAIS PARA A TEORIA DA CRIAÇÃO COLETIVA A PARTIR DE AMÓS 6,1-14

Esta pesquisa se dedica ao debate em torno da redação e composição do livro de Amós, e pretende, primeiramente, apresentar e criticar algumas hipóteses sobre as camadas literárias, que poderiam pertencer ao próprio profeta, e os acréscimos tardios. Como primeiro passo para uma abordagem do problema redacional, este estudo examina algumas contribuições de especialistas estrangeiros e de estudiosos brasileiros, e tenta fazer um julgamento crítico de suas hipóteses sobre a redação do livro de Amós. A questão do processo redacional do livro de Amós tem sido, na verdade, objeto de uma animada discussão entre muitos estudiosos. Em segundo lugar, a leitura diacrônica é complementada com o estudo sincrônico do livro, isto é, com o debate em torno da estrutura não só da composição em Amós 6,1-14, mas também do livro todo. Em terceiro lugar, a partir da avaliação do resultado da pesquisa e com a utilização do método histórico-crítico, a composição em Amós 6,1-14 é analisada como uma unidade literária de sentido. Para tal análise são, indubitavelmente, relevantes algumas considerações prévias sobre o gênero literário da lamentação, a denúncia profética da injustiça social e a instituição do banquete do marzeah. Em seqüência, esta tese analisa o fenômeno literário dos panfletos proféticos e da organização social, que poderia estar por detrás de sua autoria. Por isso, e levando em conta o desafio de novas propostas metodológicas, esta pesquisa visa dar uma contribuição específica ao estudo de Amós. Ela se empenha em demonstrar que, em relação a Amós 6,1-14, o leitor está diante de uma criação coletiva. De fato, a mencionada composição é o resultado não só da pregação oral do próprio profeta, mas também, em razão de sua forma compósita, das vozes proféticas de pessoas oprimidas, que, impulsionadas pelo Espírito, confirmaram a denúncia severa de Amós e até a completaram com suas próprias experiências e sofrimentos. Finalmente, um despretensioso excursus examina o livro de Amós em um contexto literário mais amplo, para dar uma visão geral do debate em torno do processo redacional do Livro dos Doze Profetas, particularmente a partir de sua perspectiva escatológica mediante a categoria teológica do Dia do Senhor.(AU)

JUSTIÇA NO PORTÃO! CONSIDERAÇÕES EXEGÉTICAS A RESPEITO DAS EXIGÊNCIAS ÉTICAS DE ÊXODO 23,1-9

Êxodo 23,1-9 se insere no universo jurídico do antigo Israel não como lei a maneira das formulações em estilo casuístico e apodítico, mas como instrução ética. A estrutura, sintaxe e estilo desse texto revelam que não estamos diante de leis, mas de parênese. Sendo assim, a pergunta pelo seu lugar vivencial, data e conteúdos é significativa. Também o é a pergunta pelos processos sociais que viabilizaram os conflitos indicados indiretamente entre homens livres proprietários de terra e fora do estado de empobrecimento e homens livres donos de terra, mas a caminho de perdê-la por conta das dívidas in natura adquiridas. Para verificarmos a plausibilidade sociológica de Êxodo 23,1-9, verificamos, através da história social, que tipo de sociedade era Israel no tempo do tribalismo e depois na monarquia, e as consequências sociais que cada um desses sistemas promoveu na sociedade israelita. Com isso, pretendemos conhecer o pano de fundo histórico-sociológico que tece o nosso texto.(AU)

Le paradoxe de l'interprétation:À propos du calcul du sens de certains indéfinis

The meaning is involved all levels of language analysis. Located in the heart of phenomena such as the polysemy, the grammaticalisation, the role for interpretation of the syntax, the organisation of the metonymy, the structuring of the metaphor. It is subject to synchroniques and historical typological and social variations. These events allow you to reveal when they are considered under the representations that they involve, the Organization of the linguistic meaning report. It is this organisation that attach themselves to identify the contributions in this book. From the empirical study of problems typical semantics and prag-matique offer answers provide the most current approaches to questions the nature of the sense of the patterns they render account representations and constraints that shape.

Interprétation des insultes et relations de solidarité

This article focuses on the empirical domain of the solidarity uses of certain insults in different varieties of French (standard, Quebec, Burgundy) from diachronic and synchronic points of view. Solidarity uses refers to the usage of axiological terms as terms of endearment to mark social proximity between subjects. This value is signalled by morphosyntactic, prosodic and mimeo-gestural features indicating the speaker's disposition towards the addressee. These psychological and social parameters conspire to attenuate the axiological term's argumentative program, which however can never be entirely evacuated. This argumentative program is nevertheless subordinated to pragmatics, which remains necessary in order to evaluate the extent to which the conventional lexical meaning is maintained in these uses. The attenuation of conventional meaning under solidarity uses shows the relevance of relational and attitudinal notions for the negotiation of meaning. It further establishes that at least in some cases, the analysis of linguistic interpretation require a multidisciplinary approach, most specifically where the relation between Semantics and Pragmatics is concerned.

Représentation, topologie et sémantique linguistique

The different aspects of language are, we know structured by systematic relationships and recent research suggests that the meaning is no exception to this rule. Languages let talking topics to return to their experience of the universe, this reference in is no less the result of the value that characterizes the signs as an integral part of a system of representation. This article contains representations which substantiates the grammatical value of words define in topological terms. This conceptual topology to realise the noun syntax and interpretation. It is therefore suggested that spatialisantes representations intervene as a condition of the Organization referential and structural language sequences.

Contribution à un bilan méthodologique de la syntaxe de l'émergence diachronique du sujet obligatoire en français::e paramètre du sujet nul et le statut des clitiques

As any language French transformed over time. The evolution of French is marked by many phenomena at all organization levels. For syntax, these phenomena include from the medieval State to current state the assertive sentence of second verb schema change (where the verb should be preceded by a constituent, XVY) to SVO (where it is the subject that precedes the verb) and the passage of the optional expression required expression of the subject. The mandatory presence of the subject in current French is all the more remarkable that it distinguishes it from most other major contemporary romance languages that require explicit subject. This last group includes catalan, Spanish, Italian literary, some occitans, Portuguese, Romanian, and Sardinian, dialects French hugging with the florentin franco-provençal, some other occitans dialects Mediterranean Italian dialects and the ladin following Vanelli, Renzi and Beninca (1985/1985).

Le présent suffit-il à faire l'histoire?

Our study discusses the ability of the présent historique, a tense « plus abstrait et donc plus difficile à comprendre » [more abstract and therefore more difficult to understand] (Béguin 1998, p. 36), to replace the passé simple (PS) in historical narration. It is based on a diachronic corpus of extracts taken from history books on the French Revolution, ranging from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century. Firstly, we justify the primacy of the passé simple for historical narrative, while considering the wider areas of tense and aspect. After a description of the corpus and a summary of the hypotheses under study, we present our quantitative results with the aim of assessing the use of the présent historique in the corpus in comparison with other tenses. Finally, we study our corpus from a qualitative perspective and we try to conclude upon our initial hypotheses. © Revue Romane.

Past historic in obituaries: chronicle of a death foretold

The French Past Historic (passé simple: PS), as a perfective past, is ideally suited to the obituary genre narrating the highlights of a life in chronological order. However, 20th century linguists have claimed that this tense has become obsolete. It is, therefore, worth exploring the presence of PS in obituaries. This paper explores three types of variation (diachronic, diastratic and diatopic) on a corpus of diachronic 20th century sources, and contemporary Parisian and regional newspapers. The study has noticed a diachronic diminution of the quantitative use of PS and a lesser decline of its functions as a foregrounded tense, and greater vitality in Western and Southern papers. However the geographical factor was less influential than the distribution. The readership may prove decisive as we have seen the most productive uses in the most conservative papers, the most formulaic in the left-wing paper, and the least developed in the populist paper.

Morphology in autism spectrum disorders:local processing bias and language

We conducted a detailed study of a case of linguistic talent in the context of autism spectrum disorder, specifically Asperger syndrome. I.A. displays language strengths at the level of morphology and syntax. Yet, despite this grammar advantage, processing of figurative language and inferencing based on context presents a problem for him. The morphology advantage for I.A. is consistent with the weak central coherence (WCC) account of autism. From this account, the presence of a local processing bias is evident in the ways in which autistic individuals solve common problems, such as assessing similarities between objects and finding common patterns, and may therefore provide an advantage in some cognitive tasks compared to typical individuals. We extend the WCC account to language and provide evidence for a connection between the local processing bias and the acquisition of morphology and grammar.

Intellectual alienation in a fragmented society and universe, as illustrated in the work of Wolfgang Koeppen (1906- )

This text is concerned with the intellectual and social alienation experienced by a twentieth century German writer (1906 - ).·the alienation begins in the context of German society, but this context is later globalised. The thesis first discusses the social and· intellectual origins and the salient features of this alienated stance, before proceeding to a detailed analysis of its recurring symptoms and later intensification in each of the author's main works, chronologically surveyed, supported by reference to minor writings. From the novels of the thirties' showing the burgher-artist conflict, and its symbolic dichotomies, the renunciation of traditional German values, and the ambiguous confrontation with new disruptive socio-political forces, we move to the post-war trilogy (1951-54), with its roots in the German social and political experience of the thirties' onwards. The latter, however, is merely a background for the presentation of a much more comprehensive view of the human condition:- a pessimistic vision of the repetitiveness and incorrigibility of this condition, the possibility of the apocalypse, the bankruptcy and ineffectiveness of European religion and culture, the 'absurd' meaninglessness of history, the intellectual artist's position and role(s) in mass-culture and an abstract, technologised mass-society, the central theme of fragmentation - of the structure of reality, society and personality, the artist's relation to this fragmentation, intensified in the twentieth,century. Style and language are consonant with this world-picture. Many of these features recur in the travel-books (1958-61); diachronic as well as synchronic approaches characterise the presentation of various modes of contemporary society in America, Russia, France and other European countries. Important features of intellectual alienation are:- the changelessness of historical motifs (e.g. tyranny, aggression), the conventions of burgher society, both old and new forms, the qualitative depreciation and standardisation of living, industrialisation and technology in complex, vulnerable and concemtrated urban societies, ambiguities of fragmented pluralism. Reference is made .to other travel-writers.