Swiss tree rings reveal warm and wet summers during medieval times

We present a 1200 year drought reconstruction for the European Alpine region based on carbon isotope variations of tree rings from living larch trees and historic timber. The carbon isotope fractionation at the study site is sensitive to summer precipitation, temperature, and irradiance, resulting in a stable and high correlation with a drought index for interannual to decadal frequencies and possibly beyond (r(2)=0.58 for 1901-2004, July/August). When combining this information with maximum latewood density-derived summer temperature, a strongly reduced occurrence of summer droughts during the warm A.D. 900-1200 period is evident, coinciding with the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), with a shift to colder and drier conditions for the subsequent centuries. The warm-wet MCA contrasts strongly with the climate of the drought-prone warm phase of the recent decades, indicating different forcing mechanism for these two warm periods and pointing to beneficial conditions for agriculture and human well-being during the MCA in this region.

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of the ELISA tests developed by using EgHF, Em2 and EmII/3-10 antigens in the serological diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by larva stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the lethal parasitic diseases of man and a major public health problem in many countries in the northern hemisphere. When the living conditions and habits in Turkey were considered in terms of relation with the life cycle of the parasite, it was suggested that AE has been much more common than reported mainly from the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Since in vitro serologic diagnosis tests with high specificity for AE have not been used in our country, most of the cases with liver lesions were misdiagnosed by radiological investigations as malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the in-house ELISA methods developed by using three different antigens (EgHF, Em2, EmII/3-10) in the serological diagnosis of AE. The study samples included a total of 100 sera provided by Bern University Parasitology Institute where samples were obtained from patients with helminthiasis and all were confirmed by clinical, parasitological and/or histopathological means. Ten samples from each of the cases infected by E.multilocularis, E.granulosus, Taenia solium, Wuchereria bancrofti, Strongyloides stercolaris, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis, Trichinella spiralis, Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma haematobium were studied. In the study, EgHF (E.granulosus hydatid fluid) antigens were prepared in our laboratory from the liver cyst fluids of sheeps with cystic echinococcosis, however Em2 (E.multilocularis metacestode-purified laminated layer) and EmII/3-10 (E.multilocularis recombinant protoscolex tegument) antigens were provided by Bern University Parasitology Institute. Flat bottom ELISA plates were covered with EgHF, Em2 and EmII/3-10 antigens in the concentrations of 2.5 µg, 1 µg and 0.18 µg per well, respectively, and all sera were tested by EgHF-ELISA, Em2-ELISA and EmII/3-10-ELISA methods. For each tests, the samples which were reactive above the cut-off value (mean OD of negative controls+2 SD) were accepted as positive. The sensitivity of the ELISA tests performed with EgHF, Em2 and Em2II/3-10 antigens were estimated as 100%, 90% and 90%, respectively, whereas the specificity were 63%, 91% and 91%, respectively. When Em2-ELISA and EmII/3-10-ELISA tests were evaluated together, the specificity increased to 96%. Our data indicated that the highest sensitivity (100% with EgHF-ELISA) and specificity (96% with Em2-ELISA + EmII/3-10-ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of AE can be achieved by the combined use of the ELISA tests with three different antigens. It was concluded that the early and accurate diagnosis of AE in our country which is endemic for that disease, could be supported by the use of highly specific serological tests such as Em2-ELISA ve EmII/3-10-ELISA contributing radiological data.

Estimating the prevalence of comorbid conditions and their effect on health care costs in patients with diabetes mellitus in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND Estimating the prevalence of comorbidities and their associated costs in patients with diabetes is fundamental to optimizing health care management. This study assesses the prevalence and health care costs of comorbid conditions among patients with diabetes compared with patients without diabetes. Distinguishing potentially diabetes- and nondiabetes-related comorbidities in patients with diabetes, we also determined the most frequent chronic conditions and estimated their effect on costs across different health care settings in Switzerland. METHODS Using health care claims data from 2011, we calculated the prevalence and average health care costs of comorbidities among patients with and without diabetes in inpatient and outpatient settings. Patients with diabetes and comorbid conditions were identified using pharmacy-based cost groups. Generalized linear models with negative binomial distribution were used to analyze the effect of comorbidities on health care costs. RESULTS A total of 932,612 persons, including 50,751 patients with diabetes, were enrolled. The most frequent potentially diabetes- and nondiabetes-related comorbidities in patients older than 64 years were cardiovascular diseases (91%), rheumatologic conditions (55%), and hyperlipidemia (53%). The mean total health care costs for diabetes patients varied substantially by comorbidity status (US$3,203-$14,223). Patients with diabetes and more than two comorbidities incurred US$10,584 higher total costs than patients without comorbidity. Costs were significantly higher in patients with diabetes and comorbid cardiovascular disease (US$4,788), hyperlipidemia (US$2,163), hyperacidity disorders (US$8,753), and pain (US$8,324) compared with in those without the given disease. CONCLUSION Comorbidities in patients with diabetes are highly prevalent and have substantial consequences for medical expenditures. Interestingly, hyperacidity disorders and pain were the most costly conditions. Our findings highlight the importance of developing strategies that meet the needs of patients with diabetes and comorbidities. Integrated diabetes care such as used in the Chronic Care Model may represent a useful strategy.

Sustainable Pasture Management : LforS learning and simulation game

Three teams consisting of 2 to 5 persons each play the game. Each team represents a farm. Each team decides jointly on its strategy. In annual meetings in winter, the farm teams jointly discuss, evaluate and decide on how to proceed and actions to be taken. The farms make use of three different pasture areas (village pasture, intensive pasture and summer pasture) for grazing their livestock. The carrying capacity of each pasture area is different and varies according to the season. In each season, the farms have to decide on how many livestock units to graze on which pasture. Overgrazing and pasture degradation occur if the total number of livestock units exceeds the carrying capacity of a specific pasture area. Overgrazing results in a reduction of pasture productivity. To diversify and improve their livelihood strategy farms can make individual investments to increase productivity at the farm level, eg. in fodder production or in income generating activities. At the community level, collective investments can be made which may influence livestock and household economy, e.g. rehabilitate and improve pasture productivity, improve living conditions on remote pastures etc. Events occurring in the course of the game represent different types of (risk) factors such as meteorology, market, politics etc. that may positively or negatively influence livestock production and household economy. A sustainable management of pastures requires that farms actively regulate the development of their herds, that they take measures to prevent pasture degradation and to improve pasture productivity, and that they find a balance between livestock economy and other productive activities. The game has a double aim: a) each farm aims at its economic success and prosperity, and b) the three farm teams jointly have to find and implement strategies for a sustainable use of pasture areas.

Optimal Test for Parameter Instability When the Unstable Process and the Error Distribution are Unknown

This paper proposes asymptotically optimal tests for unstable parameter process under the feasible circumstance that the researcher has little information about the unstable parameter process and the error distribution, and suggests conditions under which the knowledge of those processes does not provide asymptotic power gains. I first derive a test under known error distribution, which is asymptotically equivalent to LR tests for correctly identified unstable parameter processes under suitable conditions. The conditions are weak enough to cover a wide range of unstable processes such as various types of structural breaks and time varying parameter processes. The test is then extended to semiparametric models in which the underlying distribution in unknown but treated as unknown infinite dimensional nuisance parameter. The semiparametric test is adaptive in the sense that its asymptotic power function is equivalent to the power envelope under known error distribution.

US Corporate Default Swap Valuation: The Market Liquidity Hypothesis and Autonomous Credit Risk

This paper develops a reduced form three-factor model which includes a liquidity proxy of market conditions which is then used to provide implicit prices. The model prices are then compared with observed market prices of credit default swaps to determine if swap rates adequately reflect market risks. The findings of the analysis illustrate the importance of liquidity in the valuation process. Moreover, market liquidity, a measure of investors. willingness to commit resources in the credit default swap (CDS) market, was also found to improve the valuation of investors. autonomous credit risk. Thus a failure to include a liquidity proxy could underestimate the implied autonomous credit risk. Autonomous credit risk is defined as the fractional credit risk which does not vary with changes in market risk and liquidity conditions.

The characterization of residential fungal spores and the relationship with housing characteristics in the Houston area

A number of indoor environmental factors, including bioaerosol or aeroallergen concentrations have been identified as exacerbators for asthma and allergenic conditions of the respiratory system. People generally spend 90% to 95% of their time indoors. Therefore, understanding the environmental factors that affect the presence of aeroallergens indoors as well as outdoors is important in determining their health impact, and in identifying potential intervention methods. This study aimed to assess the relationship between indoor airborne fungal spore concentrations and indoor surface mold levels, indoor versus outdoor airborne fungal spore concentrations and the effect of previous as well as current water intrusion. Also, the association between airborne concentration of indoor fungal spores and surface mold levels and the age of the housing structure were examined. Further, the correlation between indoor concentrations of certain species was determined as well. ^ Air and surface fungal measurements and related information were obtained from a Houston-area data set compiled from visits to homes filing insurance claims. During the sampling visit these complaint homes exhibited either visible mold or a combination of visible mold and water intrusion problems. These data were examined to assess the relationships between the independent and dependent variables using simple linear regression analysis, and independent t-tests. To examine the correlation between indoor concentrations of certain species, Spearman correlation coefficients were used. ^ There were 126 houses sampled, with spring, n=43 (34.1%), and winter, n=42 (33.3%), representing the seasons with the most samples. The summer sample illustrated the highest geometric mean concentration of fungal spores, GM=5,816.5 relative to winter, fall and spring (GM=1,743.4, GM=3,683.5 and GM=2,507.4, respectively). In all seasons, greater concentrations of fungal spores were observed during the cloudy weather conditions. ^ The results indicated no statistically significant association between outdoor total airborne fungal spore concentration and total living room airborne fungal spore concentration (β = 0.095, p = 0.491). Second, living room surface mold levels were not associated with living room airborne fungal spore concentration, (β= 0.011, p = 0.669). Third, houses with and without previous water intrusion did not differ significantly with respect to either living room (t(111) = 0.710, p = 0.528) or bedroom (t(111) =1.673, p = 0.162) airborne fungal spore concentrations. Likewise houses with and without current water intrusion did not differ significantly with respect to living room (t(109)=0.716, p = 0.476) or bedroom (t(109) = 1.035, p = 0.304) airborne fungal spore concentration. Fourth, houses with and without current water intrusion did not differ significantly with respect to living room (χ 2 (5) = 5.61, p = 0.346), or bedroom (χ 2 (5) = 1.80, p = 0.875) surface mold levels. Fifth, the age of the house structure did not predict living room (β = 0.023, p = 0.102) and bedroom (β = 0.023, p = 0.065) surface mold levels nor living room (β = 0.002, p = 0.131) and bedroom (β = 0.001, p = 0.650) fungal spore airborne concentration. Sixth, in houses with visually observed mold growth there was statistically significant differences between the mean living room concentrations and mean outdoor concentrations for Cladosporium (t (107) = 11.73, p < 0.0001), Stachybotrys (t (106)=2.288, p = 0.024, and Nigrosporia (t (102) = 2.267, p = 0.025). Finally, there was a significant correlation between several living room fungal species pairs, namely, Cladosporium and Stachybotrys (r = 0.373, p <0.01, n=65), Curvularia and Aspergillus/Penicillium (r = 0.205, p < 0.05, n= 111)), Curvularia and Stachybotrys (r = 0.205, p < 0.05, n=111), Nigrospora and Chaetomium (r = 0.254, p < 0.01, n=105) and Stachybotrys and Nigrospora (r = 0.269, p < 0.01, n=105). ^ This study has demonstrated several positive findings, i.e., significant pairwise correlations of concentrations of several fungal species in living room air, and significant differences between indoor and outdoor concentrations of three fungal species in homes with visible mold. No association was observed between indoor and outdoor fungal spore concentrations. Neither living room nor bedroom airborne spore concentrations and surface mold levels were related to the age of the house or to water intrusion, either previous or current. Therefore, these findings suggest the need for evaluating additional parameters, as well as combinations of factors such as humidity, temperature, age of structure, ventilation, and room size to better understand the determinants of airborne fungal spore concentrations and surface mold levels in homes. ^

An overview of China's one child policy and health consequences on society

In 1979, China implemented the one child policy to stifle the burden of the massive demographic growth cast on the future economic development and quality of living conditions. At the time, a quarter of the world's population resided in China and occupied only 7 percent of the world's arable land (The World Factbook, 2006). The government set the target total population to about 1.4 billion for the year 2010 and to significantly reduce the natural increase rate. First this overview paper will describe population demographics and economy of China's society. This paper will also investigate what the one child policy entails and how it is implemented. Furthermore, the consequences of the policy in regard to population growth, sex ratio, marital discrepancies, adverse health of mother and child, aging population, and pension coverage will be examined. Finally, future recommendations and an alternative policy will be postulated to increase the effectiveness of the policy and improve its effects on health. ^

Syndromic surveillance at a long term shelter for persons displaced by hurricanes Katrina and Rita conducted by the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District

Background. Beginning September 2, 2005, San Antonio area shelters received approximately 12,700 evacuees from Hurricane Katrina. Two weeks later, another 12,000 evacuees from Hurricane Rita arrived. By mid-October, 2005, the in-shelter population was 1,000 people. There was concern regarding the potential for spread of infectious diseases in the shelter. San Antonio Metropolitan Health District (SAMHD) established a syndromic surveillance system with Comprehensive Health Services (CHS) who provided on-site health care. CHS was in daily contact with SAMHD to report symptoms of concern until the shelter closed December 23, 2005. ^ Study type. The objective of this study was to assess the methods used and describe the practical considerations involved in establishing and managing a syndromic surveillance system, as established by the SAMHD in the long-term shelter clinic maintained by CHS for the hurricane evacuees. ^ Methods. Information and descriptive data used in this study was collected from multiple sources, primarily from the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District’s 2006 Report on Syndromic Surveillance of a Long-Term Shelter by Hausler & Rohr-Allegrini. SAMHD and CHS staff ensured that each clinic visit was recorded by date, demographic information, chief complaint and medical disposition. Logs were obtained daily and subsequently entered into a Microsoft Access database and analyzed in Excel. ^ Results. During a nine week period, 4,913 clinic visits were recorded, reviewed and later analyzed. Repeat visits comprised 93.0% of encounters. Chronic illnesses contributed to 21.7% of the visits. Approximately 54.0% were acute care encounters. Of all encounters, 17.3% had infectious disease potential as primarily gastrointestinal and respiratory syndromes. Evacuees accounted for 86% and staff 14% of all visits to the shelter clinic. There were 782 unduplicated individuals who sought services at the clinic, comprised of 63% (496) evacuees and 36% (278) staff members. Staff were more likely to frequent the clinic but for fewer visits each. ^ Conclusion. The presence of health care services and syndromic surveillance provided the opportunity to recognize, document and intervene in any disease outbreak at this long-term shelter. Constant vigilance allowed SAMHD to inform and reassure concerned people living and working in the shelter and living outside the shelter.^

A DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR HEALTH MANPOWER IN NIGERIA

A descriptive study of the current educational programs of selected health personnel in Nigeria was made in 1986. Data on the content of educational programs was obtained from personal communication with the Heads of the various institutions and from their published materials (catalogs, course outlines and program descriptions). Adequacy of these programs was judged in the light of current health problems and needs of the population. Evaluation was based on the following criteria: (a) Selection of students to maximize their usefulness in the provision of health care. (b) Relevance of the curriculum to the tasks the trainee will be called upon to perform. (c) Types of courses that focus on community health needs. Using official reports, the health situation in the country was described to give a relative priority of health services.^ Findings indicate the following: (1) Health conditions in Nigeria are related to a high prevalence of illness and disease, unsanitary living conditions, a high ratio of infant mortality and a shortage of public health services. Priority needs for improvement call for attitudinal and environmental changes. (2) All health training programs have improved the relevance of education to community health needs by strengthening practical field experience, and teaching those courses which focus on disease prevention. (3) Prospective nurses and community health workers are selected on the basis of a number of personal and intellectual characteristics, but academic performance alone is the criterion for medical students. (4) The curriculum in the medical school needs to be restructured to cut back on time devoted to enriching the medical "background". Basic sciences need better integration with hospital work. (5) Managerial and organization courses have been well incorporated into the nursing and community health workers' curricula. (6) There is a marked overlap in the tasks the community health workers are expected to perform. This causes some redundancy in having four separate categories of these health personnel. ^

Occupational injuries among day laborers in Houston

Research has indicated that day laborers engage in higher risk occupations and suffer a high number of occupationally related fatal and non-fatal injuries. Although there have been some studies focusing on immigrant workers and their occupational injuries, none to our knowledge has studied Houston’s day laborers. An exploratory study of Houston’s day laborer population was conducted in 2008 by Dr. Fernández-Esquer from the University of Texas. ^ The aims of the current study are to analyze secondary data from this parent study and describe the prevalence of the self reported occupational injuries among Houston immigrant day laborers seeking work during the months of October through December 2008. The study also aims to determine if the reported injuries varied by age group, education level, length of time living in the U.S. and length of time working as day laborers and describe if injuries were more common by the number of different job types or job conditions reported or the use of personal protective equipment used (PPE). ^ This study analyzed 325 questionnaires that included job-related information from the parent study. One hundred and nine workers (35 %) reported an occupational injury or illness in the year before the interview. The most frequent injuries or illnesses reported were falls (26.7 %), cuts and lacerations (23.3 %) and being struck by an object (18.3 %). Over half of the workers (57 %) reported working 4 to 6 different jobs in the year before the interview, followed by 22.5 % reporting 1 to 3 different jobs. A combined 79 % of day laborers in Houston reported exposure to 7 or more of the job conditions listed and 69 % of those workers also reported an injury or illness. PPE use varied from 44 % of workers reporting using 4 to 6 PPE items to 6.8 % reporting not using any type of PPE. Thirty two percent of workers reporting not using any PPE also reported an injury or illness. ^ Injuries were found not to have varied significantly by age group, time living in the US, time working as a day laborer, numbers of different job types and the number of PPE used. Injuries did vary significantly by education level of the participants and the number of different job conditions reported (education, X2 (4, N = 315) = 12.651, p =0.013; and job conditions, X2 (3, N = 319) = 14.698, p = 0.002). ^ Although this first study of Houston’s day laborers was successful at engaging the population and getting background information regarding the occupational health of these workers, more studies are needed to further characterize the day laborers occupational experiences and injuries along with determining what specific job types and job conditions were present when injuries occurred and what kind of PPE was being used at the time. It is also clear that these workers need better safety training programs regarding working in potentially dangerous jobs and job conditions. They would also benefit from programs that would help empower them to negotiate for safer conditions.^

A comparison between multi-proxy and historical data of drift-ice conditions on the East Greenland shelf

The reduction in sea ice along the SE Greenland coast during the last century has severely impacted ice-rafting to this area. In order to reconstruct ice-rafting and oceanographic conditions in the area of Denmark Strait during the last ~150 years, we conducted a multiproxy study on three short (20 cm) sediment cores from outer Kangerdlugssuaq Trough (~300 m water depth). The proxy-based data obtained have been compared with historical and instrumental data to gain a better understanding of the ice sheet-ocean interactions in the area. A robust chronology has been developed based on 210Pb and 137Cs measurements on core PO175GKC#9 (~66.2°N, 32°W) and expanded to the two adjacent cores based on correlations between calcite weight percent records. Our proxy records include sea-ice and phytoplankton biomarkers, and a variety of mineralogical determinations based on the <2 mm sediment fraction, including identification with quantitative x-ray diffraction, ice-rafted debris counts on the 63-150 µm sand fraction, and source identifications based on the composition of Fe oxides in the 45-250 µm fraction. A multivariate statistical analysis indicated significant correlations between our proxy records and historical data, especially with the mean annual temperature data from Stykkishólmur (Iceland) and the storis index (historical observations of sea-ice export via the East Greenland Current). In particular, the biological proxies (calcite weight percent, IP25, and total organic carbon %) showed significant linkage with the storis index. Our records show two distinct intervals in the recent history of the SE Greenland coast. The first of these (ad 1850-1910) shows predominantly perennial sea-ice conditions in the area, while the second (ad 1910-1990) shows more seasonally open water conditions.

La clase obrera y el proceso de reestructuración capitalista : Una reflexión en torno a la historiografía de los trabajadores durante la última dictadura militar [1976-1983]

El golpe de estado de 1976 inició en Argentina el proceso de reestructuración capitalista. La naturaleza de este fenómeno consistió en alterar la composición interna de la burguesía y modificar la relación del conjunto de ésta con la clase obrera. La feroz avanzada perpetrada por las burguesías en todo el mundo asestó un fuerte golpe contra los trabajadores haciéndolos retroceder en sus condiciones de vida y de organización. Este trabajo da cuenta de las diferentes formas en que esta ofensiva del capital sobre el trabajo ha sido analizada por el conjunto de los investigadores dedicados al tema. Si bien los trabajadores, por ser un sujeto central en la historia de las sociedades capitalistas, se asoman en la gran mayoría de los estudios sobre el El golpe de estado de 1976 inició en Argentina el proceso de reestructuración capitalista. La naturaleza de este fenómeno consistió en alterar la composición interna de la burguesía y modificar la relación del conjunto de ésta con la clase obrera. La feroz avanzada perpetrada por las burguesías en todo el mundo asestó un fuerte golpe contra los trabajadores haciéndolos retroceder en sus condiciones de vida y de organización. Este trabajo da cuenta de las diferentes formas en que esta ofensiva del capital sobre el trabajo ha sido analizada por el conjunto de los investigadores dedicados al tema. Si bien los trabajadores, por ser un sujeto central en la historia de las sociedades capitalistas, se asoman en la gran mayoría de los estudios sobre el período dictatorial, nuestro trabajo se enfocará en la historiografía dedicada específicamente a este sujeto entre 1976 y 1983, ya que posee características específicas que ameritan un estudio detallado sobre ella. Iniciaremos la exposición aportando algunos lineamientos básicos en torno al lugar ocupado por la clase obrera en la historiografía argentina sobre la década del setenta, con la intención de resaltar la relevancia y pertinencia actual de tomar a los trabajadores como objeto de estudio. En el primer capítulo presentamos la polémica desmovilización-inmovilismo vs. resistencia-oposición a través de la exposición de los trabajos de sus máximos referentes: Francisco Delich y Pablo Pozzi. En el capítulo siguiente realizamos un exhaustivo estado de la cuestión del conjunto de trabajos que se han publicado en torno a la historia de los trabajadores durante el período. En el tercer capítulo avanzamos en el análisis del debate planteado en el primer capítulo, y en el modo en que el resto de las investigaciones se posicionan dentro de él. Sostenemos que los supuestos que se encuentran en la mencionada dicotomía han condicionado la extensa mayoría de las investigaciones que se han realizado sobre el tema, y que es preciso superarla para avanzar en la comprensión del período. En el cuarto capítulo nos aproximamos al proceso de reestructuración capitalista iniciado por el gobierno militar desde el modo en que redefinió la relación al interior del bloque burgués. Finalmente, planteamos la hipótesis central de nuestro trabajo, a saber, que la dictadura transformó la relación de clases redefiniendo la relación capital-trabajo en beneficiola bibliografía para exponer el modo en que este movimiento se produjo. Hay que aclarar que el trabajo no se compondrá de una narración de la historia obrera del período, sino que realizaremos una lectura de los trabajos existentes y un análisis a través de la evidencia que estos aportan intentando ofrecer una respuesta a las limitaciones que observamos en la bibliografía

La clase obrera y el proceso de reestructuración capitalista : Una reflexión en torno a la historiografía de los trabajadores durante la última dictadura militar [1976-1983]

El golpe de estado de 1976 inició en Argentina el proceso de reestructuración capitalista. La naturaleza de este fenómeno consistió en alterar la composición interna de la burguesía y modificar la relación del conjunto de ésta con la clase obrera. La feroz avanzada perpetrada por las burguesías en todo el mundo asestó un fuerte golpe contra los trabajadores haciéndolos retroceder en sus condiciones de vida y de organización. Este trabajo da cuenta de las diferentes formas en que esta ofensiva del capital sobre el trabajo ha sido analizada por el conjunto de los investigadores dedicados al tema. Si bien los trabajadores, por ser un sujeto central en la historia de las sociedades capitalistas, se asoman en la gran mayoría de los estudios sobre el El golpe de estado de 1976 inició en Argentina el proceso de reestructuración capitalista. La naturaleza de este fenómeno consistió en alterar la composición interna de la burguesía y modificar la relación del conjunto de ésta con la clase obrera. La feroz avanzada perpetrada por las burguesías en todo el mundo asestó un fuerte golpe contra los trabajadores haciéndolos retroceder en sus condiciones de vida y de organización. Este trabajo da cuenta de las diferentes formas en que esta ofensiva del capital sobre el trabajo ha sido analizada por el conjunto de los investigadores dedicados al tema. Si bien los trabajadores, por ser un sujeto central en la historia de las sociedades capitalistas, se asoman en la gran mayoría de los estudios sobre el período dictatorial, nuestro trabajo se enfocará en la historiografía dedicada específicamente a este sujeto entre 1976 y 1983, ya que posee características específicas que ameritan un estudio detallado sobre ella. Iniciaremos la exposición aportando algunos lineamientos básicos en torno al lugar ocupado por la clase obrera en la historiografía argentina sobre la década del setenta, con la intención de resaltar la relevancia y pertinencia actual de tomar a los trabajadores como objeto de estudio. En el primer capítulo presentamos la polémica desmovilización-inmovilismo vs. resistencia-oposición a través de la exposición de los trabajos de sus máximos referentes: Francisco Delich y Pablo Pozzi. En el capítulo siguiente realizamos un exhaustivo estado de la cuestión del conjunto de trabajos que se han publicado en torno a la historia de los trabajadores durante el período. En el tercer capítulo avanzamos en el análisis del debate planteado en el primer capítulo, y en el modo en que el resto de las investigaciones se posicionan dentro de él. Sostenemos que los supuestos que se encuentran en la mencionada dicotomía han condicionado la extensa mayoría de las investigaciones que se han realizado sobre el tema, y que es preciso superarla para avanzar en la comprensión del período. En el cuarto capítulo nos aproximamos al proceso de reestructuración capitalista iniciado por el gobierno militar desde el modo en que redefinió la relación al interior del bloque burgués. Finalmente, planteamos la hipótesis central de nuestro trabajo, a saber, que la dictadura transformó la relación de clases redefiniendo la relación capital-trabajo en beneficiola bibliografía para exponer el modo en que este movimiento se produjo. Hay que aclarar que el trabajo no se compondrá de una narración de la historia obrera del período, sino que realizaremos una lectura de los trabajos existentes y un análisis a través de la evidencia que estos aportan intentando ofrecer una respuesta a las limitaciones que observamos en la bibliografía

La clase obrera y el proceso de reestructuración capitalista : Una reflexión en torno a la historiografía de los trabajadores durante la última dictadura militar [1976-1983]

El golpe de estado de 1976 inició en Argentina el proceso de reestructuración capitalista. La naturaleza de este fenómeno consistió en alterar la composición interna de la burguesía y modificar la relación del conjunto de ésta con la clase obrera. La feroz avanzada perpetrada por las burguesías en todo el mundo asestó un fuerte golpe contra los trabajadores haciéndolos retroceder en sus condiciones de vida y de organización. Este trabajo da cuenta de las diferentes formas en que esta ofensiva del capital sobre el trabajo ha sido analizada por el conjunto de los investigadores dedicados al tema. Si bien los trabajadores, por ser un sujeto central en la historia de las sociedades capitalistas, se asoman en la gran mayoría de los estudios sobre el El golpe de estado de 1976 inició en Argentina el proceso de reestructuración capitalista. La naturaleza de este fenómeno consistió en alterar la composición interna de la burguesía y modificar la relación del conjunto de ésta con la clase obrera. La feroz avanzada perpetrada por las burguesías en todo el mundo asestó un fuerte golpe contra los trabajadores haciéndolos retroceder en sus condiciones de vida y de organización. Este trabajo da cuenta de las diferentes formas en que esta ofensiva del capital sobre el trabajo ha sido analizada por el conjunto de los investigadores dedicados al tema. Si bien los trabajadores, por ser un sujeto central en la historia de las sociedades capitalistas, se asoman en la gran mayoría de los estudios sobre el período dictatorial, nuestro trabajo se enfocará en la historiografía dedicada específicamente a este sujeto entre 1976 y 1983, ya que posee características específicas que ameritan un estudio detallado sobre ella. Iniciaremos la exposición aportando algunos lineamientos básicos en torno al lugar ocupado por la clase obrera en la historiografía argentina sobre la década del setenta, con la intención de resaltar la relevancia y pertinencia actual de tomar a los trabajadores como objeto de estudio. En el primer capítulo presentamos la polémica desmovilización-inmovilismo vs. resistencia-oposición a través de la exposición de los trabajos de sus máximos referentes: Francisco Delich y Pablo Pozzi. En el capítulo siguiente realizamos un exhaustivo estado de la cuestión del conjunto de trabajos que se han publicado en torno a la historia de los trabajadores durante el período. En el tercer capítulo avanzamos en el análisis del debate planteado en el primer capítulo, y en el modo en que el resto de las investigaciones se posicionan dentro de él. Sostenemos que los supuestos que se encuentran en la mencionada dicotomía han condicionado la extensa mayoría de las investigaciones que se han realizado sobre el tema, y que es preciso superarla para avanzar en la comprensión del período. En el cuarto capítulo nos aproximamos al proceso de reestructuración capitalista iniciado por el gobierno militar desde el modo en que redefinió la relación al interior del bloque burgués. Finalmente, planteamos la hipótesis central de nuestro trabajo, a saber, que la dictadura transformó la relación de clases redefiniendo la relación capital-trabajo en beneficiola bibliografía para exponer el modo en que este movimiento se produjo. Hay que aclarar que el trabajo no se compondrá de una narración de la historia obrera del período, sino que realizaremos una lectura de los trabajos existentes y un análisis a través de la evidencia que estos aportan intentando ofrecer una respuesta a las limitaciones que observamos en la bibliografía