Estatística multivariada na discriminação de raças amazônicas de pupunheiras (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) em Manaus (Brasil)

As raças e populações de pupunheiras ao longo dos rios Amazonas e Solimões apresentam grande variabilidade genética ainda não totalmente caracterizada. Neste estudo, foram aplicadas técnicas estatísticas multivariadas a 15 descritores morfológicos numa tentativa de caracterizar, morfometricamente, três raças existentes ao longo da Bacia desses rios. As três análises em conjunto permitiram uma discriminação das raças, mostrando também que os descritores mais importantes nessa seleção foram: número de espigas, comprimento da ráquis, peso do fruto, espessura das cascas, facilidade para descascar os frutos, peso das cascas, sabor dos frutos, espessura da polpa, distância morfológica dos frutos e peso da semente.

Etude de caractères manuscrits : de la caractérisation morphologique à l'individualisation du scripteur

PLAN DE LA RECHERCHE La présentation de ces travaux de recherche est divisée en neuf chapitres : Chapitre 1. Les éléments qui concourent d'un point de vue essentiellement théorique à l'individualité de l'écriture manuscrite sont décrits. Dans un premier temps sont abordés les aspects anatomo-fonctionnels de l'écriture, permettant de saisir quelles sont les contributions musculaires et neuronales de l'individualité de l'écriture. Ensuite sont présentées les caractéristiques de l'écriture telles qu'elles sont étudiées et classifiées par les praticiens, ainsi que la notion de leur variation naturelle. Enfin, les "lois" dites fondamentales de l'écriture sont mentionnées et discutées. Chapitre 2. Les problèmes soulevés lors de débats contradictoires menés au sein de la justice nord-américaine, qui ont porté sur l'admissibilité des expertises d'écritures manuscrites, sont exposés. Ces débats ont mis en évidence la nécessité d'entreprendre des recherches scientifiques approfondies afin d'obtenir des données sur la variabilité des écritures manuscrites. Chapitre 3. Après une présentation de la nécessité de la récolte et de l'analyse de données quantitatives caractérisant l'écriture manuscrite, diverses études ayant cherché à réduire la part de subjectivité au sein du processus d'analyse des écritures sont résumées. Les études se basant sur des mesures ou des classifications effectuées visuellement sont traitées d'abord, suivies des études visant à estimer la fréquence d'apparition de certaines caractéristiques dans certaines populations de scripteurs, puis des études plus récentes taisant intervenir des méthodes de vérification et d'identification de scripteurs. Chapitre 4. Le choix de soumettre la forme des boucles des caractères manuscrits à une étude statistique est justifié, tant par l'importance présumée de son polymorphisme que de sa fréquente utilisation par les praticiens du domaine d'intérêt. Chapitre 5. Les descripteurs de Fourier, utilisés pour caractériser la forme du contour des boucles manuscrites, sont introduits. La mise en évidence de la diversité de leurs domaines d'application précède leur description mathématique, en mettant notamment en avant les avantages de cette technique parmi d'autres méthodes de caractérisation de la Tonne de contours. Chapitre 6. La première partie de la recherche expérimentale est consacrée à la validation de la méthodologie. L'objectif de cette étape consiste à montrer si la procédure d'analyse d'images et les descripteurs de Fourier permettent de démontrer des différences entre des groupes de boucles dont la Tonne est visuellement distincte. Chapitre 7. La variabilité des paramètres de la forme de boucles mesurés au sein d'une population plus importante de scripteurs est étudiée. Des tendances générales de forme permettant de grouper .des scripteurs sont soulignées, puis les caractéristiques particulières pouvant permettre d'individualiser un scripteur sont signalées. Chapitre 8. L'influence de la taille sur la forme des boucles de caractères manuscrits est évaluée, afin de déterminer si des boucles de la même lettre et d'un même scripteur mais de taille différente présentent des aspects de forme distincts. Des tendances générales de modification de la forme ainsi que certaines singularités sont mises en exergue. Chapitre 9. Des modèles d'évaluation permettant de quantifier la valeur probante de l'indice que représente la forme des boucles manuscrites sont exposés. Leur application, qui fait intervenir le rapport de vraisemblance, confirme le potentiel d'individualisation du scripteur mis en évidence précédemment. D'autre part, l'utilisation du rapport de vraisemblance comme métrique confirme les résultats obtenus par diverses méthodes statistiques dans les chapitres précédents. Enfin, la discussion générale résume les apports principaux de cette recherche et en dégage les conséquences pour le praticien, puis propose des pistes possibles pour la poursuite de la recherche.

Monitoring of crystallization processes by using infrared spectroscopy and multivariate methods

Väitöstutkimuksessa on tarkasteltuinfrapunaspektroskopian ja monimuuttujaisten aineistonkäsittelymenetelmien soveltamista kiteytysprosessin monitoroinnissa ja kidemäisen tuotteen analysoinnissa. Parhaillaan kiteytysprosessitutkimuksessa maailmanlaajuisesti tutkitaan intensiivisesti erilaisten mittausmenetelmien soveltamista kiteytysprosessin ilmiöidenjatkuvaan mittaamiseen niin nestefaasista kuin syntyvistä kiteistäkin. Lisäksi tuotteen karakterisointi on välttämätöntä tuotteen laadun varmistamiseksi. Erityisesti lääkeaineiden valmistuksessa kiinnostusta tämäntyyppiseen tutkimukseen edistää Yhdysvaltain elintarvike- ja lääkeaineviraston (FDA) prosessianalyyttisiintekniikoihin (PAT) liittyvä ohjeistus, jossa määritellään laajasti vaatimukset lääkeaineiden valmistuksessa ja tuotteen karakterisoinnissa tarvittaville mittauksille turvallisten valmistusprosessien takaamiseksi. Jäähdytyskiteytyson erityisesti lääketeollisuudessa paljon käytetty erotusmenetelmä kiinteän raakatuotteen puhdistuksessa. Menetelmässä puhdistettava kiinteä raaka-aine liuotetaan sopivaan liuottimeen suhteellisen korkeassa lämpötilassa. Puhdistettavan aineen liukoisuus käytettävään liuottimeen laskee lämpötilan laskiessa, joten systeemiä jäähdytettäessä liuenneen aineen konsentraatio prosessissa ylittää liukoisuuskonsentraation. Tällaiseen ylikylläiseen systeemiin pyrkii muodostumaan uusia kiteitä tai olemassa olevat kiteet kasvavat. Ylikylläisyys on yksi tärkeimmistä kidetuotteen laatuun vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Jäähdytyskiteytyksessä syntyvän tuotteen ominaisuuksiin voidaan vaikuttaa mm. liuottimen valinnalla, jäähdytyprofiililla ja sekoituksella. Lisäksi kiteytysprosessin käynnistymisvaihe eli ensimmäisten kiteiden muodostumishetki vaikuttaa tuotteen ominaisuuksiin. Kidemäisen tuotteen laatu määritellään kiteiden keskimääräisen koon, koko- ja muotojakaumansekä puhtauden perusteella. Lääketeollisuudessa on usein vaatimuksena, että tuote edustaa tiettyä polymorfimuotoa, mikä tarkoittaa molekyylien kykyä järjestäytyä kidehilassa usealla eri tavalla. Edellä mainitut ominaisuudet vaikuttavat tuotteen jatkokäsiteltävyyteen, kuten mm. suodattuvuuteen, jauhautuvuuteen ja tabletoitavuuteen. Lisäksi polymorfiamuodolla on vaikutusta moniin tuotteen käytettävyysominaisuuksiin, kuten esim. lääkeaineen liukenemisnopeuteen elimistössä. Väitöstyössä on tutkittu sulfatiatsolin jäähdytyskiteytystä käyttäen useita eri liuotinseoksia ja jäähdytysprofiileja sekä tarkasteltu näiden tekijöiden vaikutustatuotteen laatuominaisuuksiin. Infrapunaspektroskopia on laajalti kemian alan tutkimuksissa sovellettava menetelmä. Siinä mitataan tutkittavan näytteenmolekyylien värähtelyjen aiheuttamia spektrimuutoksia IR alueella. Tutkimuksessa prosessinaikaiset mittaukset toteutettiin in-situ reaktoriin sijoitettavalla uppoanturilla käyttäen vaimennettuun kokonaisheijastukseen (ATR) perustuvaa Fourier muunnettua infrapuna (FTIR) spektroskopiaa. Jauhemaiset näytteet mitattiin off-line diffuusioheijastukseen (DRIFT) perustuvalla FTIR spektroskopialla. Monimuuttujamenetelmillä (kemometria) voidaan useita satoja, jopa tuhansia muuttujia käsittävä spektridata jalostaa kvalitatiiviseksi (laadulliseksi) tai kvantitatiiviseksi (määrälliseksi) prosessia kuvaavaksi informaatioksi. Väitöstyössä tarkasteltiin laajasti erilaisten monimuuttujamenetelmien soveltamista mahdollisimman monipuolisen prosessia kuvaavan informaation saamiseksi mitatusta spektriaineistosta. Väitöstyön tuloksena on ehdotettu kalibrointirutiini liuenneen aineen konsentraation ja edelleen ylikylläisyystason mittaamiseksi kiteytysprosessin aikana. Kalibrointirutiinin kehittämiseen kuuluivat aineiston hyvyyden tarkastelumenetelmät, aineiston esikäsittelymenetelmät, varsinainen kalibrointimallinnus sekä mallin validointi. Näin saadaan reaaliaikaista informaatiota kiteytysprosessin ajavasta voimasta, mikä edelleen parantaa kyseisen prosessin tuntemusta ja hallittavuutta. Ylikylläisyystason vaikutuksia syntyvän kidetuotteen laatuun seurattiin usein kiteytyskokein. Työssä on esitetty myös monimuuttujaiseen tilastolliseen prosessinseurantaan perustuva menetelmä, jolla voidaan ennustaa spontaania primääristä ytimenmuodostumishetkeä mitatusta spektriaineistosta sekä mahdollisesti päätellä ydintymisessä syntyvä polymorfimuoto. Ehdotettua menetelmää hyödyntäen voidaan paitsi ennakoida kideytimien muodostumista myös havaita mahdolliset häiriötilanteet kiteytysprosessin alkuhetkillä. Syntyvää polymorfimuotoa ennustamalla voidaan havaita ei-toivotun polymorfin ydintyminen,ja mahdollisesti muuttaa kiteytyksen ohjausta halutun polymorfimuodon saavuttamiseksi. Monimuuttujamenetelmiä sovellettiin myös kiteytyspanosten välisen vaihtelun määrittämiseen mitatusta spektriaineistosta. Tämäntyyppisestä analyysistä saatua informaatiota voidaan hyödyntää kiteytysprosessien suunnittelussa ja optimoinnissa. Väitöstyössä testattiin IR spektroskopian ja erilaisten monimuuttujamenetelmien soveltuvuutta kidetuotteen polymorfikoostumuksen nopeaan määritykseen. Jauhemaisten näytteiden luokittelu eri polymorfeja sisältäviin näytteisiin voitiin tehdä käyttäen tarkoitukseen soveltuvia monimuuttujaisia luokittelumenetelmiä. Tämä tarjoaa nopean menetelmän jauhemaisen näytteen polymorfikoostumuksen karkeaan arviointiin, eli siihen mitä yksittäistä polymorfia kyseinen näyte pääasiassa sisältää. Varsinainen kvantitatiivinen analyysi, eli sen selvittäminen paljonko esim. painoprosentteina näyte sisältää eri polymorfeja, vaatii kaikki polymorfit kattavan fysikaalisen kalibrointisarjan, mikä voi olla puhtaiden polymorfien huonon saatavuuden takia hankalaa.

Measuring irregularities and surface defects from printed patterns

Quality inspection and assurance is a veryimportant step when today's products are sold to markets. As products are produced in vast quantities, the interest to automate quality inspection tasks has increased correspondingly. Quality inspection tasks usuallyrequire the detection of deficiencies, defined as irregularities in this thesis. Objects containing regular patterns appear quite frequently on certain industries and science, e.g. half-tone raster patterns in the printing industry, crystal lattice structures in solid state physics and solder joints and components in the electronics industry. In this thesis, the problem of regular patterns and irregularities is described in analytical form and three different detection methods are proposed. All the methods are based on characteristics of Fourier transform to represent regular information compactly. Fourier transform enables the separation of regular and irregular parts of an image but the three methods presented are shown to differ in generality and computational complexity. Need to detect fine and sparse details is common in quality inspection tasks, e.g., locating smallfractures in components in the electronics industry or detecting tearing from paper samples in the printing industry. In this thesis, a general definition of such details is given by defining sufficient statistical properties in the histogram domain. The analytical definition allowsa quantitative comparison of methods designed for detail detection. Based on the definition, the utilisation of existing thresholding methodsis shown to be well motivated. Comparison of thresholding methods shows that minimum error thresholding outperforms other standard methods. The results are successfully applied to a paper printability and runnability inspection setup. Missing dots from a repeating raster pattern are detected from Heliotest strips and small surface defects from IGT picking papers.

Towards desired crystalline product properties: In-situ monitoring of batch crystallization

The objective of industrial crystallization is to obtain a crystalline product which has the desired crystal size distribution, mean crystal size, crystal shape, purity, polymorphic and pseudopolymorphic form. Effective control of the product quality requires an understanding of the thermodynamics of the crystallizing system and the effects of operation parameters on the crystalline product properties. Therefore, obtaining reliable in-line information about crystal properties and supersaturation, which is the driving force of crystallization, would be very advantageous. Advanced techniques, such asRaman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy, and in-line imaging techniques, offer great potential for obtaining reliable information during crystallization, and thus giving a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms (nucleation and crystal growth) involved. In the present work, the relative stability of anhydrate and dihydrate carbamazepine in mixed solvents containing water and ethanol were investigated. The kinetics of the solvent mediated phase transformation of the anhydrate to hydrate in the mixed solvents was studied using an in-line Raman immersion probe. The effects of the operation parameters in terms of solvent composition, temperature and the use of certain additives on the phase transformation kineticswere explored. Comparison of the off-line measured solute concentration and the solid-phase composition measured by in-line Raman spectroscopy allowedthe identification of the fundamental processes during the phase transformation. The effects of thermodynamic and kinetic factors on the anhydrate/hydrate phase of carbamazepine crystals during cooling crystallization were also investigated. The effect of certain additives on the batch cooling crystallization of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) wasinvestigated. The crystal growth rate of a certain crystal face was determined from images taken with an in-line video microscope. An in-line image processing method was developed to characterize the size and shape of thecrystals. An ATR FTIR and a laser reflection particle size analyzer were used to study the effects of cooling modes and seeding parameters onthe final crystal size distribution of an organic compound C15. Based on the obtained results, an operation condition was proposed which gives improved product property in terms of increased mean crystal size and narrowersize distribution.

Comportamento de variedades e híbridos de bananeira (Musa spp.), em dois ciclos de produção no sudoeste da Bahia

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e avaliar o comportamento de 13 genótipos (variedades e híbridos) de bananeira dos grupos genômicos AAA, AAAA, AAB e AAAB, em dois ciclos de produção, no sudoeste da Bahia, região de Guanambi, mediante o uso de descritores fenotípicos relevantes para a identificação e seleção de indivíduos superiores. Foram avaliadas as variedades Prata-Anã e Pacovan (AAB), Grande Naine e Nanicão (AAA), e os híbridos PA42-44, Preciosa, Japira, Pacovan Ken e ST12-31 (AAAB) e Ambrosia, Calipso, Bucaneiro e FHIA-02 (AAAA), selecionadas na Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 13 tratamentos, cinco repetições, parcelas constituídas por 20 plantas, seis úteis, e espaçamento de 3,00 m x 2,00 m. Foram considerados os caracteres: altura da planta, perímetro do pseudocaule, número de folhas vivas no florescimento e na colheita, número de dias do plantio ao florescimento e à colheita, peso do cacho e de pencas, número de frutos, peso, comprimento e diâmetro do fruto. A 'Grande Naine' e a 'Nanicão' destacaram-se nos caracteres peso do cacho e das pencas, número de frutos, peso e comprimento do fruto; o híbrido FHIA-02 apresentou o maior diâmetro do fruto nos dois ciclos de produção e a maior precocidade para florescimento e colheita no segundo ciclo; a 'Calipso' foi o mais tardia para colheita; o ST12-31 apresentou a maior altura; a variedade Prata-Anã destacou-se no caráter número de folhas vivas no florescimento e na colheita; os híbridos tipo prata, PA42-44, Pacovan Ken, Preciosa e Japira destacaram-se nos parâmetros relacionados à qualidade dos frutos quando comparados às suas genitoras 'Prata-Anã' e 'Pacovan', respectivamente; houve incremento nos parâmetros que refletem o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a produtividade do primeiro para o segundo ciclo de produção em todos os genótipos avaliados.

An infrared spectral signature of human lymphocyte subpopulations from peripheral blood.

Metastatic melanomas are frequently refractory to most adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapies and radiotherapies. Recently, immunotherapies have shown good results in the treatment of some metastatic melanomas. Immune cell infiltration in the tumor has been associated with successful immunotherapy. More generally, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the primary tumor and in metastases of melanoma patients have been demonstrated to correlate positively with favorable clinical outcomes. Altogether, these findings suggest the importance of being able to identify, quantify and characterize immune infiltration at the tumor site for a better diagnostic and treatment choice. In this paper, we used Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) imaging to identify and quantify different subpopulations of T cells: the cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), the helper T cells (CD4+) and the regulatory T cells (T reg). As a proof of concept, we investigated pure populations isolated from human peripheral blood from 6 healthy donors. These subpopulations were isolated from blood samples by magnetic labeling and purities were assessed by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). The results presented here show that Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) imaging followed by supervised Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) allows an accurate identification of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells (>86%). We then developed a PLS regression allowing the quantification of T reg in a different mix of immune cells (e.g. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)). Altogether, these results demonstrate the sensitivity of infrared imaging to detect the low biological variability observed in T cell subpopulations.

Affinity distribution functions in multicomponent heterogeneous adsorption. Analytical inversion of isotherms to obtain affinity spectra

An analytical approach for the interpretation of multicomponent heterogeneous adsorption or complexation isotherms in terms of multidimensional affinity spectra is presented. Fourier transform, applied to analyze the corresponding integral equation, leads to an inversion formula which allows the computation of the multicomponent affinity spectrum underlying a given competitive isotherm. Although a different mathematical methodology is used, this procedure can be seen as the extension to multicomponent systems of the classical Sips’s work devoted to monocomponent systems. Furthermore, a methodology which yields analytical expressions for the main statistical properties (mean free energies of binding and covariance matrix) of multidimensional affinity spectra is reported. Thus, the level of binding correlation between the different components can be quantified. It has to be highlighted that the reported methodology does not require the knowledge of the affinity spectrum to calculate the means, variances, and covariance of the binding energies of the different components. Nonideal competitive consistent adsorption isotherm, widely used in metal/proton competitive complexation to environmental macromolecules, and Frumkin competitive isotherms are selected to illustrate the application of the reported results. Explicit analytical expressions for the affinity spectrum as well as for the matrix correlation are obtained for the NICCA case. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Otolith shape analysis as a tool for population discrimination of the white grunt (Haemulon plumieri) stock in the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

In this study, the population structure of the white grunt (Haemulon plumieri) from the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula was determined through an otolith shape analysis based on the samples collected in three locations: Celestún (N 20°49",W 90°25"), Dzilam (N 21°23", W 88°54") and Cancún (N 21°21",W 86°52"). The otolith outline was based on the elliptic Fourier descriptors, which indicated that the H. plumieri population in the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula is composed of three geographically delimited units (Celestún, Dzilam, and Cancún). Significant differences were observed in mean otolith shapes among all samples (PERMANOVA; F2, 99 = 11.20, P = 0.0002), and the subsequent pairwise comparisons showed that all samples were significantly differently from each other. Samples do not belong to a unique white grunt population, and results suggest that they might represent a structured population along the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula

Oikosulkumoottorin roottorivaurioiden tunnistaminen staattorivirran avulla

Diplomityössä esitellään menetelmiä sauvarikon toteamiseksi. Työn tarkoituksena on tutkia roottorivaurioita staattorivirran avulla. Työ jaetaan karkeasti kolmeen osa-alueeseen: oikosulkumoottorin vikoihin, roottorivaurioiden tunnistamiseen ja signaalinkäsittelymenetelmiin, jonka avulla havaitaan sauvarikko. Oikosulkumoottorin vikoja ovat staattorikäämien vauriot ja roottorivauriot. Roottorikäämien vaurioita ovat roottori sauvojen murtuminen sekä roottorisauvan irtoaminen oikosulkujenkaan päästä. Roottorivaurioiden tunnistamismenetelmiä ovat parametrin arviointi ja virtaspektrianalyysi. Työn alkuosassa esitellään oikosulkumoottorien rakenne ja toiminta. Esitellään moottoriin kohdistuvia vikoja ja etsitään ratkaisumenetelmiä roottorivaurioiden tunnistamisessa. Lopuksi tutkitaan, kuinka staattorimittaustietojen perusteella saadut tulokset voidaan käsitellä FFT -algoritmilla ja kuinka FFT -algoritmi voidaan toteuttaa sulautettuna Sharc -prosessorin avulla. Työssä käytetään ADSP 21062 EZ -LAB kehitysympäristöä, jonka avulla voidaan ajaa ohjelmia RAM-sirusta, joka on vuorovaikutuksessa SHARC -laudassa oleviin laitteisiin.

Caracterização morfoagronômica de germoplasma de açaizeiro no nordeste paraense

A caracterização morfológica de germoplasma é requisito básico para determinar e quantificar a variabilidade genética de germoplasma. A eliminação de descritores redundantes reduz o trabalho de tomada de dados, sem ocasionar redução na precisão da caracterização. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar e quantificar a variabilidade fenotípica de matrizes de açaizeiro no nordeste paraense, analisando a importância relativa de diferentes características morfológicas para variância fenotípica. Foram analisados 22 caracteres morfométricos, sendo cinco da planta (NEP, AE, NF, CAP e CEN), seis dos frutos (DLF, DTF, PF, PS, PP e RPF) e onze agronômicos (PC, PFC, RFC, NRC, NFR, NFC, NCP, PCF, CIC, CC e PTF). Utilizou-se a análise de componentes principais e os critérios de Jolliffe, Mardia e Cury para descarte de variáveis redundantes assistidos pelas correlações de Pearson. Necessitou-se de oito caracteres para explicar 80% da variação fenotípica. Sugeriram-se para descarte os caracteres PF, PFC, NFC, RPF, PCF, PTF, DTF e NFR. A dispersão gráfica 3D formou um grupo homogêneo e parcialmente disperso, permitindo detectar os genótipos EO-018 e EO-035 como os mais divergentes. Concluiu-se que há variabilidade para discriminar todas as matrizes, com 83,84% da variância fenotípica total, sendo 14 caracteres utilizados para este objetivo. Os critérios de descarte indicaram que se podem utilizar apenas os caracteres NEP, AE, CAP, CEN, NF, DLF, PS, PP, PC, RFC, NRC, CC, CIC e NCP para discriminar as matrizes, com perda mínima de informação. Pela análise gráfica 3D, observam-se matrizes divergentes, importantes para aumentar a variabilidade genética da coleção e o desenvolvimento de genótipos superiores.

Motorcycle helmets: what about their coating?

In traffic accidents involving motorcycles, paint traces can be transferred from the rider's helmet or smeared onto its surface. These traces are usually in the form of chips or smears and are frequently collected for comparison purposes. This research investigates the physical and chemical characteristics of the coatings found on motorcycles helmets. An evaluation of the similarities between helmet and automotive coating systems was also performed.Twenty-seven helmet coatings from 15 different brands and 22 models were considered. One sample per helmet was collected and observed using optical microscopy. FTIR spectroscopy was then used and seven replicate measurements per layer were carried out to study the variability of each coating system (intravariability). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were also performed on the infrared spectra of the clearcoats and basecoats of the data set. The most common systems were composed of two or three layers, consistently involving a clearcoat and basecoat. The coating systems of helmets with composite shells systematically contained a minimum of three layers. FTIR spectroscopy results showed that acrylic urethane and alkyd urethane were the most frequent binders used for clearcoats and basecoats. A high proportion of the coatings were differentiated (more than 95%) based on microscopic examinations. The chemical and physical characteristics of the coatings allowed the differentiation of all but one pair of helmets of the same brand, model and color. Chemometrics (PCA and HCA) corroborated classification based on visual comparisons of the spectra and allowed the study of the whole data set at once (i.e., all spectra of the same layer). Thus, the intravariability of each helmet and its proximity to the others (intervariability) could be more readily assessed. It was also possible to determine the most discriminative chemical variables based on the study of the PCA loadings. Chemometrics could therefore be used as a complementary decision-making tool when many spectra and replicates have to be taken into account. Similarities between automotive and helmet coating systems were highlighted, in particular with regard to automotive coating systems on plastic substrates (microscopy and FTIR). However, the primer layer of helmet coatings was shown to differ from the automotive primer. If the paint trace contains this layer, the risk of misclassification (i.e., helmet versus vehicle) is reduced. Nevertheless, a paint examiner should pay close attention to these similarities when analyzing paint traces, especially regarding smears or paint chips presenting an incomplete layer system.

Análise exploratória das características morfológicas e qualitativas de variedades de laranjeiras de mesa da coleção em brejão - PE

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características morfológicas e os aspectos físicos, físico-químicos e químicos das plantas e dos frutos de 15 variedades de laranjas cedidas pelo Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Fruticultura (Embrapa - CNPMF), e plantadas na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Brejão-PE. Foram avaliados: diâmetro do caule acima e abaixo da linha de enxertia e a relação entre eles, diâmetro da copa, altura da planta e volume de copa. Nos frutos, as avaliações consistiram em: formato, coloração do epicarpo, massa do fruto, massa do suco, altura e diâmetro do fruto, espessura do mesocarpo e do endocarpo, número de sementes por fruto e rendimento em suco. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados, com quatro repetições e uma planta por parcela. Para o aspecto qualitativo dos frutos, utilizou-se o mesmo delineamento, e foram avaliados através de 12 descritores. Apenas seis das variedades de laranjas estudadas estão dentro das exigências do Programa Brasileiro para a Modernização da Horticultura e cinco das variedades de laranjas mostraram-se com maturação diferente das descritas na literatura.

Quantificação da divergência genética entre acessos de goibeira por meio da estratégia Ward-MLM

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a divergência genética entre 138 acessos de goiabeira procedentes do banco de germoplasma da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), com base em descritores morfológicos, agronômicos e físico-químicos, por meio do procedimento Ward - Modified Location Model (MLM). Para tanto, foram avaliados 13 descritores, sendo cinco qualitativos (coloração da polpa, superfície do fruto, formato do fruto ao final do pedúnculo, largura do pescoço e uniformidade da cor da polpa) e oito quantitativos (massa média do fruto, diâmetro longitudinal do fruto, diâmetro transversal do fruto, rendimento da polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez do fruto, relação teor de sólidos solúveis totais e acidez do fruto e teor de ácido ascórbico). Detectou-se ampla variabilidade genética pelos dados morfológicos, agronômicos e físico-químicos nos 138 acessos de goiaba. Pelo procedimento da função da verossimilhança, determinou-se oito o número ideal de grupos, com um valor de incremento de 67,51. O grupo III foi considerado o mais distante, enquanto os grupos I, II, IV, V e VI, os mais próximos. O procedimento Ward-MLM é uma ferramenta útil para detectar divergência genética e agrupar os acessos utilizando, simultaneamente, variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas.

Hot wire configuration for depositing device grade nano-crystalline silicon at high deposition rate

The University of Barcelona is developing a pilot-scale hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HW-CVD) set up for the deposition of nano-crystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) on 10 cm × 10 cm glass substrate at high deposition rate. The system manages 12 thin wires of 0.15-0.2 mm diameter in a very dense configuration. This permits depositing very uniform films, with inhomogeneities lower than 2.5%, at high deposition rate (1.5-3 nm/s), and maintaining the substrate temperature relatively low (250 °C). The wire configuration design, based on radicals' diffusion simulation, is exposed and the predicted homogeneity is validated with optical transmission scanning measurements of the deposited samples. Different deposition series were carried out by varying the substrate temperature, the silane to hydrogen dilution and the deposition pressure. By means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the evolution in time of the nc-Si:H vibrational modes was monitored. Particular importance has been given to the study of the material stability against post-deposition oxidation.