Genomic architecture of adaptive color pattern divergence and convergence in Heliconius butterflies

Identifying the genetic changes driving adaptive variation in natural populations is key to understanding the origins of biodiversity. The mosaic of mimetic wing patterns in Heliconius butterflies makes an excellent system for exploring adaptive variation using next-generation sequencing. In this study, we use a combination of techniques to annotate the genomic interval modulating red color pattern variation, identify a narrow region responsible for adaptive divergence and convergence in Heliconius wing color patterns, and explore the evolutionary history of these adaptive alleles. We use whole genome resequencing from four hybrid zones between divergent color pattern races of Heliconius erato and two hybrid zones of the co-mimic Heliconius melpomene to examine genetic variation across 2.2 Mb of a partial reference sequence. In the intergenic region near optix, the gene previously shown to be responsible for the complex red pattern variation in Heliconius, population genetic analyses identify a shared 65-kb region of divergence that includes several sites perfectly associated with phenotype within each species. This region likely contains multiple cis-regulatory elements that control discrete expression domains of optix. The parallel signatures of genetic differentiation in H. erato and H. melpomene support a shared genetic architecture between the two distantly related co-mimics; however, phylogenetic analysis suggests mimetic patterns in each species evolved independently. Using a combination of next-generation sequencing analyses, we have refined our understanding of the genetic architecture of wing pattern variation in Heliconius and gained important insights into the evolution of novel adaptive phenotypes in natural populations.

Gender differences among undergraduates in the recognition of emotional facial expressions

The perceptive accuracy of university students was compared between men and women, from sciences and humanities courses, to recognize emotional facial expressions. emotional expressions have had increased interest in several areas involved with human interaction, reflecting the importance of perceptive skills in human expression of emotions for the effectiveness of communication. Two tests were taken: one was a quick exposure (0.5 s) of 12 faces with an emotional expression, followed by a neutral face. subjects had to tell if happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust or surprise was flashed, and each emotion was shown twice, at random. on the second test 15 faces with the combination of two emotional expressions were shown without a time limit, and the subject had to name one of the emotions of the previous list. in this study, women perceived sad expressions better while men realized more happy faces. there was no significant difference in other emotions detection like anger, fear, surprise, disgust. Students of humanities and sciences areas of both sexes, when compared, had similar capacities to perceive emotional expressions

El mundo es de color : descubrimos el mundo a través de los sentidos.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Echoes of the crises in Spain and US in the Colombian labor market : a differences-in-differences approach

This paper presents evidence of the effect of the recent phases of the business cycle in Spain and United States, proxied by their respective unemployment rates, on the labor market of Colombian cities with high migration tradition. These countries are the main destination for labor Colombian migrants. Using information from the household survey between 2006 and 2011 for urban areas in Colombia and a differences-in-differences approach we find that unemployment rates of those countries negatively affect the probability and the amount of remittances received by Colombian households living in areas with high and moderate migration tradition. At a second stage we provide evidence that unemployment rates of those countries positively affect the labor force participation decisions in Colombian regions with the highest migration tradition.

Gender differences in time allocation of poor children in Colombia

This paper studies the effect of credit constraints and constraints on transfers between parents and children, on differences in labor and schooling across children within the same household, with an application to gender. When families are unconstrained in these respects, differences in labor supply or education are driven by differences in wages or returns to education. If the family faces an imperfect capital market, the labor supply of each child is inefficient, but differences across children are still driven by comparative advantage. However, if interfamily transfers are constrained so that parents cannot offset inequality between their children, they will favor the human capital accumulation of the more disadvantaged child -generally the one who works more as a child. We use our theory to examine the gender gap in child labor. Using a sample of poor families in Colombia, we conform our predictions among rural households, although this is less clear for urban households. The gender gap is largely explained by the wage gap between girls and boys. Moreover, families with the potential to make capital transfers to adult children (e.g. those with large animals), can compensate adult sons for their greater child labor and reduced educational attainment. In such families, as predicted, the male/female labor gap is greater.

Gender differences on sexual behavior and school inputs: evidence from Bogota

This paper explores the correlation between school factors and the differentiated results on sexual behavior between boys and girls in Bogota. A school stratified propensity score matching was per-formed to match each boy of the sample with the most similar girls in individual, household and school characteristics. A regression analysis was performed to estimate the correlation between school factors and the main outcomes, namely sexual status, condom use in last intercourse, teenage childbearing and age at first intercourse. Boys - in relation to girls - begin earlier their sexual life, report larger use of condom and lower incidence of teenage childbearing. These differences are correlated with sex education at school, and teacher’s characteristics age, education level and pedagogy degree. The results suggest that the content of sex education that is delivered to girls at school is not complete or accurate and that teachers play a key role to reduce this gender bias

Behavioral differences in violence: the case of intra-group differences of paramilitaries and guerrillas in Colombia

In most studies on civil wars, determinants of conflict have been hitherto explored assuming that actors involved were either unitary or stable. However, if this intra-group homogeneity assumption does not hold, empirical econometric estimates may be biased. We use Fixed Effects Finite Mixture Model (FE-FMM) approach to address this issue that provides a representation of heterogeneity when data originate from different latent classes and the affiliation is unknown. It allows to identify sub-populations within a population as well as the determinants of their behaviors. By combining various data sources for the period 2000-2005, we apply this methodology to the Colombian conflict. Our results highlight a behavioral heterogeneity in guerrilla’s armed groups and their distinct economic correlates. By contrast paramilitaries behave as a rather homogenous group.

Pablo Picasso : la tristesa, el color blau i una guitarra. 'Pablo Picasso : la tristeza, el color azul y una guitarra'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Llum, color i so. 'Luz, color y sonido'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Monográfico con el título: 'L'art, una oportunitat per aprendre'

La forma i el color : descripci?? gr??fico-pl??stica de formes. Adquisici?? de conductes anal??tiques. 'La forma y el color : descripci??n gr??fico-pl??stica de formas. Adquisici??n de conductas anal??ticas'

Cr??dito para el ??rea de Ense??anza Visual y Pl??stica. Tiene por objetivo que el alumnado aprenda a situarse delante de cualquier obra gr??fico-pl??stica de tal manera que vaya comprendiendo la totalidad del mensaje, tanto del contenido como del continente. Se trabajan, b??sicamente, los elementos visuales despu??s de reforzar, a partir de la observaci??n, los elementos conceptuales que, en su conjunto, constituyen los elementos gen??ricos de todo el lenguaje visual. La diversidad de actividades de aprendizaje propuestas en la programaci??n del cr??dito est??n orientadas hacia la obtenci??n, por parte del alumnado, de la comprensi??n y aplicaci??n de los elementos configuradores de formas y necesarios para su representaci??n.

Se sent un color?. '¿Se siente un color?'.

No tiene depósito legal. Fecha de finalización tomada del código del documento

De colors : una aproximació a la comprensió i a l'ús del color. 'De colores : una aproximación a la comprensión y al uso del color'.

Este documento no está publicado

Aprofundiment en l'àrea d'educació visual i plàstica : el color. 'Profundización en el área de educación visual y plástica : el color'.

Este documento no está publicado

El color de les cendres. 'El color de las cenizas'.

Explica cómo la explotación de los bosques y su progresivo abandono a lo largo de estos últimos siglos, ha dado lugar a la configuración de unos espacios forestales donde, demasiado frecuentemente, los pinares han sustituido a los encinales y alcornocales más característicos del bioclima mediterráneo. Los bosques de coníferas, estadios inestables de la sucesión natural, han logrado perpetuarse en el tiempo gracias a su capacidad de crecer en suelos magros y favorecidos por la acción del fuego. Los incendios forestales, pues, que con recurrencia han asolado buena parte de los bosques de Cataluña, desdibujan su realidad actual y condicionan los paisajes de mañana. Finalmente, hace una llamada a la responsabilidad por evitar que las actividades humanas de ocio y las infrastructuras del bienestar (autovías, torres de alta tensión...) favorezcan el fuego y por lo tanto la incipiente desertización de nuestro paisaje.

Qu' est-ce que ??a veut dire? : vive la couleur!. '??Qu?? quiere decir esto? : ??viva el color!'

An??lisis de las artes pl??sticas a trav??s de las interpretaciones de los propios autores, teniendo en cuenta la t??cnica utilizada entre otros aspectos. A continuaci??n, se estudia el papel de los colores dentro de las propias obras..