History of the Atlantic Pearl-Oyster, Pinctata imbricata, Industry in Venezuela and Colombia, with Biological and Ecological Observations

In the 1500’s, the waters of Venezuela and to a lesser extent Colombia produced more natural pearls than any place ever produced in the world in any succeeding century. Atlantic pearl-oysters, Pinctata imbricata Röding 1798, were harvested almost entirely by divers. The pearls from them were exported to Spain and other European countries. By the end of the 1500’s, the pearl oysters had become much scarcer, and little harvesting took place during the 1600’s and 1700’s. Harvesting began to accelerate slowly in the mid 1800’s and has since continued but at a much lower rate than in the 1500’s. The harvesting methods have been hand collecting by divers until the early 1960’s, dredging from the 1500’s to the present, and hardhat diving from 1912 to the early 1960’s. Since the mid 1900’s, Japan and other countries of the western Pacific rim have inundated world markets with cultured pearls that are of better quality and are cheaper than natural pearls, and the marketing of natural pearls has nearly ended. The pearl oyster fishery in Colombia ended in the 1940’s, but it has continued in Venezuela with the fishermen selling the meats to support themselves; previously most meats had been discarded. A small quantity of pearls is now taken, and the fishery, which comprised about 3,000 fishermen in 1947, comprised about 300 in 2002.

Government-Industry Cooperative Fisheries Research in the North Pacific under the MSFCMA

The National Marine Fisheries Service’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) has a long and successful history of conducting research in cooperation with the fishing industry. Many of the AFSC’s annual resource assessment surveys are carried out aboard chartered commercial vessels and the skill and experience of captains and crew are integral to the success of this work. Fishing companies have been contracted to provide vessels and expertise for many different types of research, including testing and evaluation of survey and commercial fishing gear and development of improved methods for estimating commercial catch quantity and composition. AFSC scientists have also participated in a number of industry-initiated research projects including development of selective fishing gears for bycatch reduction and evaluating and improving observer catch composition sampling. In this paper, we describe the legal and regulatory provisions for these types of cooperative work and present examples to illustrate the process and identify the requirements for successful cooperative research.

Eletrodeposição de ligas Zn-Co por corrente contínua e pulsada simples, a partir de banhos ambientalmente não agressivos

Revestimentos produzidos a partir de ligas de Zn-Co são comumente utilizados em indústrias (aeronáutica, de isoladores elétricos e automobilística, por exemplo) devido à sua ótima resistência à corrosão, principalmente quando comparados aos tradicionais revestimentos de Zn puro. Na co-deposição de zinco com metais, como o ferro, cobalto e níquel, ocorre o que se chama de deposição anômala, onde o metal menos nobre (zinco) é preferencialmente depositado, independente do modo de corrente aplicada (contínua ou pulsada). Recentemente, diversos trabalhos relacionam a produção de eletrodepósitos de liga Zn-Co a partir de banhos ambientalmente não agressivos, a fim de substituir os banhos alcalinos extremamente tóxicos, a base de cianeto. Na presente dissertação foram produzidos revestimentos de ligas de Zn-Co sobre substrato de aço carbono, empregando corrente contínua ou corrente pulsada simples, a partir de banhos contendo diferentes concentrações de Co2+ (0,05 mol/L e 0,10mol/L), 0,05 mol/l de Zn2+ e citrato de sódio (0,10 mol/L) como agente complexante, sob condições agitadas. Quatro diferentes valores de densidade de corrente (10 A/m2, 20 A/m2, 40 A/m2 e 80 A/m2) e de frequência de pulso (100 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz) foram aplicados para a produção da liga a partir dos dois banhos, tendo como objetivo avaliar a influência dos parâmetros de deposição(concentração de Co (II), densidade de corrente aplicada e, no caso de deposição por corrente pulsada simples, também da frequência de pulso), nas variáveis eficiência de corrente catódica, composição da liga, densidade de corrente de corrosão, microestrutura e morfologia dos depósitos de liga Zn-Co. As cores das camadas obtidas variaram do cinza claro ao escuro, quase sempre sem brilho, independente do modo de corrente empregado. Foi verificado que o processo normal de eletrodeposição foi prevalente na produção de revestimentos por corrente contínua, enquanto que apenas deposição anômala foi observada quando do uso de corrente pulsada. A maior eficiência de corrente catódica (60%) foi obtida, para corrente contínua, nas condições de menor concentração de Co2+ (0,05 mol/L) e maior densidade de corrente (80 A/m2). Nestas mesmas condições foi determinada uma eficiência de corrente catódica de 98% para corrente pulsada simples na freqüência de 2000 Hz. Maiores teores do metal mais nobre (cobalto) foram alcançados em maiores densidades de corrente para todas as condições empregadas. Os revestimentos assim obtidos apresentavam os menores valores de tamanho de grão, para cada uma das soluções estudadas. Os demais parâmetros estudados também influenciaram na granulometria e na morfologia das ligas obtidas. Revestimentos com melhor resistência à corrosão, contendo teores de cobalto entre aproximadamente 8 e 10% m/m, foram produzidos a partir do banho com maior concentração de Co2+, sob corrente pulsada simples

The Oyster Industry of Eastern Mexico

Mexico has an oyster industry of substantial size, ranking about sixth in the world. In 1993, among the top ten oyster producers, Korea, Japan, the United States, China, and France ranked ahead of Mexico, while the Philippines, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand trailed it (Fig. 1). On its east coast, the species landed is the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, while on its west coast C. corteziensis, C. iridescens, and the Pacific oyster, C. gigas, are landed. During the last 10-15 years, annual production often was at least 50,000 t of shelled oysters, or nearly 1.5 million bushels (Anonymous, 1995), with the great preponderance (90%) coming from a series of lagoons connecting with the Gulf of Mexico along the east coast (Fig. 2) and the remainder produced on the west coast.

The U.S. Gulf of Mexico Party Boat Industry: Activity Centers, Species Targeted, and Fisheries Management Opinions

In addition to providing an overview of the party boat fishery in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, a management-oriented methodology is presented that can be used elsewhere to assess regulatory impacts. Party boat operators were interviewed to determine species targeted, percent time committed to targeting each species, and opinions on current catch restrictions. Over two-thirds of the fieet was located on the west coast of Florida. Overall, most boats targeted <5 species. Four species accounted for 90 percent of the estimated effort by party boats in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Snapper; Lutjanus sp.; grouper, Epinephelus sp. and Mycteroperca sp.; amberjack, Seriola dumerili; and king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla. Party boat effort in Texas was devoted primarily to snapper, whereas in Florida most effort was devoted to snapper and grouper collectively. Party boat operators were diverse in their opinions of management regulations in force when interviewed. Results revealed why major opposition would he expected from Texas party boat operators for red snapper bag limits and other restrictions proposed by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council.

The U.S. Gulf of Mexico Charter Boat Industry: Activity Centers, Species Targeted, and Fisheries Management Opinions

The charter boat industry in U. S. Gulf of Mexico provides access to offshore fishing opportunities for about 570,000 passengers per year on 971 boats. A 25% random sample of charter boat operators was interviewed during 1987-88 to determine species targeted, percent time committed to targeting each species, and reactions to existing catch restrictions. Three-fourths of the charter boat fleet was in Florida, 13% in Texas, 5% in Louisiana, 4% in Alabama, and 2% in Mississippi. Responses were diverse regarding species focus within the region. Species of dominant importance included groupers, Epinephelus sp. and Mycteroperca sp. (Fla.); snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Ala., Fla., Miss., and La.); king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla (Miss., Tex., Ala. and Fla.); spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus (Tex. and La.); and red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Tex. and La). Catch restrictions were generally supported with higher levels of opposition to restricted high effort fish and/or one fish or closed fishery limits.

Menhaden: The Resource, The Industry, and a Management History

PREFACE: Four species of menhaden, Brevoortia spp., are found along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. The Atlantic menhaden, B. tyrannus, is found from Nova Scotia, Can., to West Palm Beach, Fla.; the yellowfin menhaden, B. smithi, is found from Cape Lookout, N. C., to the Mississippi River Delta, La.;the Gulf menhaden, B. patronus, is found from Cape Sable, Fla., to Veracruz, Mex.; and the finescale menhaden, B. gunteri, is found from the Mississippi River Delta, La., to Campeche, Mex. Menhaden are euryhaline species that inhabit coastal and inland tidal waters. Spawning occurs principally at sea (in northern areas some spawning occurs in bays and sounds). Eggs hatch at sea and the larvae are moved to estuaries by ocean currents where they metamorphose and develop as juveniles.

Competing for the Recreational Dollar: An Analysis of the California Commercial Passenger-Carrying Fishing Vessel Industry

California has a large and diverse marine recreational fishery. Anglers on commercial passenger-carrying fishing vessels (CPFV's) harvest a substantial proportion of California's marine recreational fisheries landings, accounting for about 40 percent and 16 percent of the total 1986 marine recreational catch in southern and northern California, respectively (NMFS, 1987). In 1986, 459,369 CPFV anglers landed some 2,835,021 fish in southern California, while 200,925 CPFV anglers landed 1,240, 100 fish in central and northern California.