Unique and unifying themes in the mechanisms regulating the expression of the arabidopsis thaliana PR-1 and Solanum tuberosum PR-10a inducible defense genes

Arabidopsis is a model plant used to study disease resistance; Solanum tuberosum or potato is a crop species. Both plants possess inducible defense mechanisms that are deployed upon recognition of pathogen invasion. Transcriptional reprogramming is crucial to the activation of defense responses. The Pathogenesis-Related (PR) genes are activated in these defense programs. Expression of Arabidopsis PR-l and potato PR-10a serve as markers for the deployment of defense responses in these plants. PR-l expression indicates induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Activation of SAR requires accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), in addition to the interaction of the non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes I (NPRI), with the TGA transcription factors. The PR-10a is activated in response to pathogen invasion, wounding and elicitor treatment. PR-10a induction requires recruitment of the Whirly I (Whyl) activator to the promoter. This locus is also negatively regulated by the silencer element binding factor (SEBF). We established that both the PR-l and PR-10a are occupied by repressors under non-inducing conditions. TGA2 was found to be a constitutive resident and repressor of PR-l, which mediates repression by forming an oligomeric complex on the promoter. The DNA-binding activity of this oligomer required the TGA2 N-terminus (NT). Under resting conditions we determined that the PR-10a is bound by a repressosome containing SEBF and curiously the activator Pto interacting protein 4 (Pti4). In the context of this repressosome, SEBF is responsible for PR-10a binding, yet rWe also showed that PR-l and PR-10a are activated by different means. In PR-l activation the NPRI NT domain alleviates TGA2-mediated repression by interacting with the TGA2 NT. TGA2 remains at the PR-l but adopts a dimeric conformation and forms an enhanceosome with NPRl. In contrast, the PR-10a is activated by evicting the repressosome and recruiting Why! to the promoter. These results advance our understanding of the mechanisms regulating PR-l and PR-10a expression under resting and inducing conditions. This study also revealed that the means of regulation for related genes can differ greatly between model and crop s

The Arabidopsis NPR1 Protein Is a Receptor for the Plant Defense Hormone Salicylic Acid

Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is a type of plant systemic resistance occurring against a broad spectrum of pathogens. It can be activated in response to pathogen infection in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and many agriculturally important crops. Upon SAR activation, the infected plant undergoes transcriptional reprogramming, marked by the induction of a battery of defense genes, including Pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Activation of the PR-1 gene serves as a molecular marker for the deployment of SAR. The accumulation of a defense hormone, salicylic acid (SA) is crucial for the infected plant to mount SAR. Increased cellular levels of SA lead to the downstream activation of the PR-1 gene, triggered by the combined action of the Non-expressor of Pathogenesis-related Gene 1 (NPR1) protein and the TGA II-clade transcription factor (namely TGA2). Despite the importance of SA, its receptor has remained elusive for decades. In this study, we demonstrated that in Arabidopsis the NPR1 protein is a receptor for SA. SA physically binds to the C-terminal transactivation domain of NPR1. The two cysteines (Cys521 and Cys529), which are important for NPR1’s coactivator function, within this transactivation domain are critical for the binding of SA to NPR1. The interaction between SA and NPR1 requires a transition metal, copper, as a cofactor. Our results also suggested a conformational change in NPR1 upon SA binding, releasing the C-terminal transactivation domain from the N-terminal autoinhibitory BTB/POZ domain. These results advance our understanding of the plant immune function, specifically related to the molecular mechanisms underlying SAR. The discovery of NPR1 as a SA receptor enables future chemical screening for small molecules that activate plant immune responses through their interaction with NPR1 or NPR1-like proteins in commercially important plants. This will help in identifying the next generation of non-biocidal pesticides.

Letter to George Rykert (president of the Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway), engineer from William Danforth, civil engineer

Letter to George Rykert (president of the Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway), engineer from William Danforth, civil engineer in which he states that the preliminary survey has been made between Port Dalhousie and Centreville at which point it may intersect with the Great Western Railway. The estimate is included (2 pages, handwritten), July 25, 1853.

Plan de contingencias y emergencias ambientales para el Instituto de Ingeniería Civil de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Ingeniería Ambiental) UANL

Diseño de un nuevo modelo de vinculación entre la Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y la industria de la construcción

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias de la Administración con Especialidad en Relaciones Industriales) UANL

Proyecto de una losa de reacción para el Instituto de Ingeniería Civil [por] José Martín Sánchez Ramírez

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Ingeniería Estructural) U.A.N.L.

El servicio civil de carrera y el mejoramiento de la calidad y productividad de la administración pública federal en México, ante la globalización de mercados

Tesis (Maestría en Administración Pública) U.A.N.L.

El servicio civil de carrera en México un imperativo de la modernización administrativa por Evelia Veloz Macías

Tesis (Maestría en Administración Pública) U.A.N.L.

El concepto de idea fundamental y su aplicación en la propuesta curricular para el curso de Física para Ingenieros I, de la Facultad de Ingeniería Civil de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León por Víctor Manuel Aguilera Reyes.

Tesis (Maestría en Enseñanza de las Ciencias con Especialidad en Física) U.A.N.L.

Relación entre depresión, estrés y estresores en adolescentes gestantes bajo distintas condiciones de estado civil.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Orientación en Psicología de la Salud) UANL, 2011.

Satisfacción laboral y detección de factores motivacionales en empleados en una organización de la sociedad civil.

Tesis (Maestría en Psicología con Orientación Laboral y Organizacional) UANL, 2012.

Procesos de gestión del recurso humano de una asociación civil, en la formación integral de sus beneficiados.

Tesis (Maestría en Psicología con orientación Laboral y Organizacional) UANL, 2014.

La primera cátedra de Derecho Civil en Nuevo León : El Seminario Conciliar de Monterrey

UANL

Historia del Colegio Civil

UANL

El Colegio Civil de Nuevo León : contribución para su historia

UANL