Redes multi-niveles de derechos humanos y defensa de los pueblos indígenas colombianos en escenarios “internacionalizados”

Este artículo busca analizar uno de los múltiples aspectos de la dimensión internacional de las movilizaciones indígenas: la forma como los procesos reivindicativos de las organizaciones indígenas colombianas se insertan en la dinámica global del lobbying internacional de las redes de derechos humanos ante Naciones Unidas. Para ello, nos centraremos en el análisis de la lógica de funcionamiento de los circuitos de derechos humanos en un universo social específico: el medio asociativo francés. Esto nos permitirá llevar a cabo la reconstrucción de algunos perfiles sociales de militantes y juristas que hacen las veces de intermediarios entre organizaciones colombianas y ONG europeas.-----This article seeks to analyze one of the multiple aspects of the international dimension of indigenous congregations: how the claim processes of the Colombian indigenous organizations fit into the global dynamics of international lobbying by human rights networks before the United Nations. For this purpose we shall focus our argument around analyzing the rationale of the way human rights circuits work in a specific social universe: the French associative media. This will allow us to undertake the reconstruction of some of the social profiles of militants and lawyers who act as intermediaries between Colombian organizations and European NGO's.

Terapias no farmacológicas en el manejo del dolor en neonatos pretérmino. revisión sistemática de la literatura

Antecedentes El dolor en neonatos ha sido un problema poco explorado. Se ha propuesto el uso de las terapias no farmacológicas para su tratamiento, sin embargo existen pocas aproximaciones sistemáticas para la evaluación de su eficacia. Objetivos Determinar la eficacia de las terapias no farmacológicas en el manejo del dolor en neonatos pretérmino a través de una revisión sistemática. Metodología Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura para evaluar la eficacia de las terapias no farmacológicas en el manejo del dolor en el recién nacido petérmino. La búsqueda se realizó a través de las bases de datos Embase, Cochrane, Bireme y Embase. Se identificaron estudios publicados inglés y español. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. Resultados Se incluyeron 10 ensayos clínicos. La solución de sacarosa administrada por vía oral mostró reducir la intensidad del dolor en el recién nacido. La intubación y toma de muestras facilitada por el cuidador mostró también reducir la intensidad del dolor. Conclusión Se recomienda la administración solución de sacarosa y acompañamiento del cuidador durante los procedimientos como medidas para reducir el dolor en el recién nacido pretérmino.

Aprendre colcant. Projecte de mobilitat de l’IES Felanitx

Este proyecto fue galardonado con el 1er Premio de Innovación Educativa 2009.

Aplicació d'algoritmes genètics en l'optimització dels processos de fabricació del paper

La creciente preocupación y concienciación de la sociedad respecto el medio ambiente, y en consecuencia la legislación y regulaciones generadas inducen a la modificación de los procesos productivos existentes en la industria química. Las configuraciones iniciales deben modificarse para conseguir una mayor integración de procesos. Para este fin se han creado y desarrollado diferentes metodologías que deben facilitar la tarea a los responsables del rediseño. El desarrollo de una metodología y herramientas complementarias es el principal objetivo de la investigación aquí presentada, especialmente centrada en el desarrollo y la aplicación de una metodología de optimización de procesos. Esta metodología de optimización se aplica sobre configuraciones de proceso existentes y pretende encontrar nuevas configuraciones viables según los objetivos de optimización fijados. La metodología tiene dos partes diferenciadas: la primera se basa en un simulador de procesos comercial y la segunda es la técnica de optimización propiamente dicha. La metodología se inicia con la elaboración de una simulación convenientemente validada que reproduzca el proceso existente, en este caso una papelera no integrada que produce papel estucado de calidad, para impresión. A continuación la técnica de optimización realiza una búsqueda dentro del dominio de los posibles resultados, en busca de los mejores resultados que satisfazcan plenamente los objetivos planteados. Dicha técnica de optimización está basada en los algoritmos genéticos como herramienta de búsqueda, junto a un subprograma basado en técnicas de programación matemática para el cálculo de resultados. Un número reducido de resultados son finalmente escogidos y utilizados para modificar la simulación existente fijando la redistribución de los flujos del proceso. Los resultados de la simulación del proceso determinan en último caso la viabilidad técnica de cada reconfiguración planteada. En el proceso de optimización, los objetivos están definidos en una función objetivo dentro de la técnica de optimización. Dicha función rige la búsqueda de resultados. La función objetivo puede ser individual o una combinación de objetivos. En el presente caso, la función persigue una minimización del consumo de agua y una minimización de la pérdida de materia prima. La optimización se realiza bajo restricciones para alcanzar este objetivo combinado en forma de una solución de compromiso. Producto de la aplicación de esta metodología se han obtenido resultados interesantes que significan una mejora del cierre de circuitos y un ahorro de materia prima, sin comprometer al mismo tiempo la operabilidad del proceso producto ni la calidad del papel.

Atmospheric downwelling longwave radiation at the surface during cloudless and overcast conditions. Measurements and modeling

Atmospheric downwelling longwave radiation is an important component of the terrestrial energy budget; since it is strongly related with the greenhouse effect, it remarkably affects the climate. In this study, I evaluate the estimation of the downwelling longwave irradiance at the terrestrial surface for cloudless and overcast conditions using a one-dimensional radiative transfer model (RTM), specifically the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART). The calculations performed by using this model were compared with pyrgeometer measurements at three different European places: Girona (NE of the Iberian Peninsula), Payerne (in the East of Switzerland), and Heselbach (in the Black Forest, Germany). Several studies of sensitivity based on the radiative transfer model have shown that special attention on the input of temperature and water content profiles must be held for cloudless sky conditions; for overcast conditions, similar sensitivity studies have shown that, besides the atmospheric profiles, the cloud base height is very relevant, at least for optically thick clouds. Also, the estimation of DLR in places where radiosoundings are not available is explored, either by using the atmospheric profiles spatially interpolated from the gridded analysis data provided by European Centre of Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), or by applying a real radiosounding of a nearby site. Calculations have been compared with measurements at all sites. During cloudless sky conditions, when radiosoundings were available, calculations show differences with measurements of -2.7 ± 3.4 Wm-2 (Payerne). While no in situ radiosoundings are available, differences between modeling and measurements were about 0.3 ± 9.4 Wm-2 (Girona). During overcast sky conditions, when in situ radiosoundings and cloud properties (derived from an algorithm that uses spectral infrared and microwave ground based measurements) were available (Black Forest), calculations show differences with measurements of -0.28 ± 2.52 Wm2. When using atmospheric profiles from the ECMWF and fixed values of liquid water path and droplet effective radius (Girona) calculations show differences with measurements of 4.0 ± 2.5 Wm2. For all analyzed sky conditions, it has been confirmed that estimations from radiative transfer modeling are remarkably better than those obtained by simple parameterizations of atmospheric emissivity.

Pèptids biarílics a partir de 4-iodofenilalanina o 3-iodotirosina per borilació i reacció de Suzuki-Miyaura en fase sòlida. Avaluació de l'activitat antimicrobiana

En aquesta tesi doctoral es va estudiar la preparació de pèptids biarílics en fase sòlida. En primer lloc, es varen borilar residus de fenilalanina o tirosina presents a la seqüència peptídica a través d’una reacció de Miyaura. A continuació, es varen arilar els boronats resultants a través d’una reacció de Suzuki-Miyaura sota irradiació de microones, utilitzant diversos halurs d’aril i haloaminoàcids. La metodologia trobada es va estendre a la preparació de pèptids biarílics cíclics. Aquesta aproximació presenta l’avantatge d’evitar la síntesi en dissolució i la purificació del boronoaminoàcid. A més, permet la preparació d’una àmplia diversitat de pèptids biarílics a partir d’un únic boronopèptid. L’avaluació de l’activitat biològica dels pèptids sintetitzats va permetre idenficar seqüències actives enfront dels bacteris Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, i Pseudomonas syringae, que són responsables de malalties greus en plantes d’interès econòmic com pereres i pomeres, i que varen resultar ser molt poc tòxics enfront cèl•lules eucariotes.

Síntesi de base sòlida de pèptids biarílics contenint 5-arilhistidines

Els aminoàcids biarílics es troben en una àmplia varietat de pèptids naturals amb important activitat biològica. Concretament, les arilhistidines formen part de les aciculitines, pèptids amb activitat citotòxica i antifúngica, La reacció de Suzuki-Miyaura és el mètode més versàtil per obtenir biarils assimètrics, encara que, fins el moment, no s'havia aplicat per a l'arilació de l'imidazole de la histidina. L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi fou demostrar que es podia arilar l'imidazole de la histidina en fase sòlida mitjançant una reacció de Suzuki-Miyaura. En primer lloc, es sintetitzaren 4(5)-metil-5(4)-fenilimidazole i 4(5)-metil-5(4)-(2-metoxifenil)imidazole a través de l'acoblament creuat entre un N-benzilbromoimidazole i el corresponent àcid arilborònic. Posteriorment, s'arilaren 5-bromohistidines utilitzant diversos àcids arilborònics mitjançant una reacció de Suzuki-Miyaura assistida per irradiació micrones, tant en dissolució com en fase sòlida. I finalment, mitjançant aquesta metodología, es sintetitzaren pèptids antimicrobians contenint 5-arilhistidines actius contra bacteris gram-negatius responsables d'importants malalties en plantes com el foc bacterià.

Obesidade adolescente, composição corporal e aptidão física

RESUMO: A principal razão que me levou a escolher este estágio e esta intervenção, foi o facto de gostar muito de trabalhar com jovens. Esse gosto, aliado à paixão que tenho pelo exercício e saúde, trouxe-me para um projecto que visa alterar e promover estilos de vida saudáveis em jovens obesos com idades entre os 12 e os 16 anos de idade. O estágio teve a duração de 10 meses, de Outubro de 2010 a Julho de 2011. Começamos com a definição dos protocolos a implementar e das tarefas a realizar. A primeira dessas tarefas, centrava-se no recrutamento da amostra que pretendíamos para desenvolver o estudo. Paralelamente ao projecto TOP, colaborámos também nas consultas de obesidade pediátrica no Hospital de Santa Maria, o que nos permitiu recrutar jovens que iam às consultas e incluí-los no projecto TOP. Após termos efectuado o recrutamento, começámos com as aulas práticas e teóricas. Essas aulas ocorriam na Universidade Lusófona, todos os sábados, das 10 às 12 horas. Eram sempre da nossa responsabilidade as aulas práticas, e as teóricas quando se falava de exercício. Nas aulas práticas realizavam-se circuitos, jogos tradicionais, jogos colectivos, e jogos que promovessem a competição saudável e a inter-ajuda, visto que ali todos os participantes tinham um objectivo comum. Durante o ano foram realizadas duas colónias de férias, onde organizámos outro tipo de actividades, nomeadamente mini-golf e caminhadas na zona do Jamor. Tanto as colónias de férias, como as avaliações eram da nossa inteira responsabilidade, desde a preparação, à execução e realização das mesmas. De referir que, tendo em conta os resutados obtidos, os participantes que melhoraram na sua capacidade cardiovascular apresentaram igualmente melhoras ao nível da composição corporal, nomeadamente com a diminuição do perímetro da anca e do perímetro acima das cristas ilíacas. Importa ainda referir que ocorreram melhorias significativas (p <0,05) ao nível da composição corporal, no que se refere ao perímetro da meia distância entre a grelha costal e as cristas ilíacas, no teste da flexibilidade dos membros inferiores e na força média. Os objectivos do estágio centravam-se em adquirir competências no que diz respeito a conhecer as características da população alvo tanto das consultas como do programa TOP, saber aplicar as recomendações internacionais de actividade física para adolescentes obesos, ser capaz de adaptar a prescrição de exercício às diferentes necessidades dos adolescentes, planear e colocar em prática os planos de aula da componente física do TOP, conduzir de forma autónoma uma consulta de avaliação e aconselhamento físico, interagir em contexto clínico com especialidades de outras áreas de intervenção, planear e implementar a calendarização das sessões teórico-práticas do Projecto TOP, saber colaborar com uma equipa multidisciplinar num ambiente clínico e colaborar na intervenção e elaboração de um projecto científico. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que uma replicação futura deste projecto, tendo em conta sempre limitações que possam ocorrer, por exemplo, ao nível dos protocolos e testes, pode melhorar a qualidade de vida do adolescente, com vista a um futuro adulto mais saudável.ABSTRACT: The main reason that made me decide on this internship is the fact that I enjoy working with young people. This, combined with the passion I have for exercising and health, led me to a project aiming at changing lifestyles by promoting a healthy lifestyle among obese young people aged between 12 and 16 years old. The internship lasted for 10 months, from October 2010 to July 2011. We started with the definition of protocols to implement and carry out the POT project (Pediatric Obesity Treatment). The first task focused on the recruitment of the sample we needed to conduct the study for this project. Along with the POT project, we‟ve also collaborated in clinical pediatric obesity surgery in Santa Maria Hospital, which allowed us to recruit young people who came to surgery and include them in the sample. After having carried out the recruitment, we started with the practical and theoretical lessons. These lessons took place at the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (ULHT) every month on Saturdays from 10 to 12. It was always our responsibility to prepare and present both the physical lessons and the theoretical ones concerning advice on everyday exercising. During practical lessons, circuits, traditional games and team games were held in order to promote a healthy competition and mutual help, since all the participants had a common goal. During the year there were two holiday camps, where we did many more activities, including mini-golf and walking in the area of Jamor. In those camps, all activities and evaluation sessions were our responsibility. By analysing the results we came to the conclusion that the participants who improved their cardiovascular capacity also improved their body composition, particularly with the reduction of the hip circumference and the circumference above the iliac crests. It should also be noted that significant improvements (p <0.05) in terms of body composition occurred namely concerning the circumference of the half distance between the rib cage and the iliac crests, the test of lower limbs flexibility and average strength. The objectives of the internship were to develop the ability to understand the characteristics of the adolescents in the POT project, know how to apply international recommendations for physical activity for obese adolescents, being able to individualize the exercise prescription for the different needs of adolescents, plan and implement physical and theorical lessons, conduct an independent surgery with a physical evaluation and counseling, interact in the context of other clinical speciality areas, plan and implement the scheduling of theoretical-practical sessions, learn how to collaborate with a multidisciplinary team in a clinical setting, intervene and collaborate in the development of a scientific project. The results show that a future replication of this project, always taking into account constraints that may occur, for example, the ones concerning the protocols, the testing, can improve the quality of life of adolescents aiming to a healthier adult life.

Sox1-deficient mice suffer from epilepsy associated with abnormal ventral forebrain development and olfactory cortex hyperexcitability

Mutations in several classes of embryonically-expressed transcription factor genes are associated with behavioral disorders and epilepsies. However, there is little known about how such genetic and neurodevelopmental defects lead to brain dysfunction. Here we present the characterization of an epilepsy syndrome caused by the absence of the transcription factor SOX1 in mice. In vivo electroencephalographic recordings from SOX1 mutants established a correlation between behavioral changes and cortical output that was consistent with a seizure origin in the limbic forebrain. In vitro intracellular recordings from three major forebrain regions, neocortex, hippocampus and olfactory (piriform) cortex (OC) showed that only the OC exhibits abnormal enhanced synaptic excitability and spontaneous epileptiform discharges. Furthermore, the hyperexcitability of the OC neurons was present in mutants prior to the onset of seizures but was completely absent from both the hippocampus and neocortex of the same animals. The local inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission remained normal in the OC of SOX1-deficient brains, but there was a severe developmental deficit of OC postsynaptic target neurons, mainly GABAergic projection neurons within the olfactory tubercle and the nucleus accumbens shell. Our data show that SOX1 is essential for ventral telencephalic development and suggest that the neurodevelopmental defect disrupts local neuronal circuits leading to epilepsy in the SOX1-deficient mice

Further characterization of muscarinic agonist-induced epileptiform bursting activity in immature rat piriform cortex, in vitro

The characteristics of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist-induced epileptiform bursting seen in immature rat piriform cortex slices in vitro were further investigated using intracellular recording, with particular focus on its postnatal age-dependence (P+14-P+30), pharmacology, site(s) of origin and the likely contribution of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist-induced post-stimulus slow afterdepolarization and gap junction functionality toward its generation. The muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine-M (10 microM), induced rhythmic bursting only in immature piriform cortex slices; however, paroxysmal depolarizing shift amplitude, burst duration and burst incidence were inversely related to postnatal age. No significant age-dependent changes in neuronal membrane properties or postsynaptic muscarinic responsiveness accounted for this decline. Burst incidence was higher when recorded in anterior and posterior regions of the immature piriform cortex. In adult and immature neurones, oxotremorine-M effects were abolished by M1-, but not M2-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-selective antagonists. Rostrocaudal lesions, between piriform cortex layers I and II, or layer III and endopiriform nucleus in adult or immature slices did not influence oxotremorine-M effects; however, the slow afterdepolarization in adult (but not immature) lesioned slices was abolished. Gap junction blockers (carbenoxolone or octanol) disrupted muscarinic bursting and diminished the slow afterdepolarization in immature slices, suggesting that gap junction connectivity was important for bursting. Our data show that neural networks within layers II-III function as primary oscillatory circuits for burst initiation in immature rat piriform cortex during persistent muscarinic receptor activation. Furthermore, we propose that muscarinic slow afterdepolarization induction and gap junction communication could contribute towards the increased epileptiform susceptibility of this brain area.

Prefrontal cortical-ventral striatal interactions involved in affective modulation of attentional performance: implications for corticostriatal circuit function

Anatomically segregated systems linking the frontal cortex and the striatum are involved in various aspects of cognitive, affective, and motor processing. In this study, we examined the effects of combined unilateral lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens (AcbC) in opposite hemispheres (disconnection) on a continuous performance, visual attention test [five-choice serial reaction-time task (5CSRTT)]. The disconnection lesion produced a set of specific changes in performance of the 5CSRTT, resembling changes that followed bilateral AcbC lesions while, in addition, comprising a subset of the behavioral changes after bilateral mPFC lesions previously reported using the same task. Specifically, both mPFC/AcbC disconnection and bilateral AcbC lesions markedly affected aspects of response control related to affective feedback, as indexed by perseverative responding in the 5CSRTT. These effects were comparable, although not identical, to those in animals with either bilateral AcbC or mPFC/AcbC disconnection lesions. The mPFC/AcbC disconnection resulted in a behavioral profile largely distinct from that produced by disconnection of a similar circuit described previously, between the mPFC and the dorsomedial striatum, which were shown to form a functional network underlying aspects of visual attention and attention to action. This distinction provides an insight into the functional specialization of corticostriatal circuits in similar behavioral contexts.