Untersuchungen zur Expression und Lokalisation der respiratorischen Proteine Neuroglobin (Ngb) und Cytoglobin (Cygb) in Säugern

Die vorliegende Dissertation beinhaltet Untersuchungen zur Expression und Funktion der respiratorischen Proteine Neuroglobin (Nbg) und Cytoglobin (Cygb) in Vertebraten. rnrnUm die Expression der Globine während der Entwicklung des Säugerhirns zu untersuchen, wurden die Hirne von Maus-Embryonen ab dem Fötalstadium MF10 bis zum Tag eins nach der Geburt (T1) mit Adulttieren verglichen. Quantifiziert wurde sowohl die mRNA- als auch die Protein-Expression. Beide Globine zeigten im Verlauf der Entwicklung einen stetigen Anstieg der mRNA-Expression, wobei Ngb zu Beginn in zehnfach höherer Konzentration vorlag und im zeitlichen Verlauf einen 130-fachen Anstieg zeigte. Cygb zeigte lediglich einen 16-fachen Anstieg bis zum Adultstadium. Auf Proteinebene konnte die Expressionszunahme beider Globine im Laufe der Entwicklung bestätigt werden. Weder in den hypoxieresistenten Frühembryonalstadien noch während der mit Sauerstoff-Stress verbundenen Geburt zeigte sich ein Expressionsmaximum. Dies spricht gegen eine Globin-Funktion in der Oxidanz-Abwehr. Eher ist zumindest Ngb mit der Reifung der Neurone und dem damit einhergehenden, gesteigerten oxidativen Stoffwechsel assoziiert.rnrnDes Weiteren sollte die zelluläre und intrazelluläre Lokalisation beider Globine anhand einer primären Zellkultur aus dem Hippocampus pränataler Ratten und in immortalen Zelllinien untersucht werden. Neuroglobin wurde dabei nur in Neuronen, nicht jedoch in Gliazellen nachgewiesen. Das Färbemuster war in allen Ngb-exprimierenden Zellen zytoplasmatisch. Cytoglobin wurde in der Primärkultur in den Neuronen jedoch ebenso in den mit anti-GFAP markierten Gliazellen beobachtet. In beiden Zellpopulationen war auch der Kern durch das CyGB-Antiserum markiert. rnEine genauere Untersuchung der intrazellulären Lokalisation sollte durch die Transfektion von Globin-pEGFP-Fusionsproteinen erfolgen. Nach Transfektion der Fusionskonstrukte wurde die GFP-Färbung bei beiden Globinen sowohl im Zytoplasma als auch im Kern beobachtet. Eine rein nukleäre Lokalisation, die insbesondere für Cygb von anderen Autoren postuliert wurde, konnte somit ausgeschlossen werden. rnrnIn primären Zellkulturen aus Cerebellum und Kortex, die mit Hilfe von Paraquat oxidativem Stress ausgesetzt wurden, wurde der Verlauf der Globin-mRNA-Expression mit dem unregulierten 18s rRNA-Referenzgen und mit den Antioxidanz-Enzymen Cu-Zn-SOD und Gpx verglichen. Neuroglobin zeigte einen Expressionsverlauf ähnlich dem der beiden Antioxidanz-Enzyme, jedoch liegt seine mRNA im Hirngewebe in hundertfach niedrigerer Menge als Cu-Zn-SOD und Gpx vor. Cytoglobin zeigte keine Veränderung der Expression. Eine Funktion der Globine im Sinne einer ROS-Abwehr kann aus den Befunden nicht abgeleitet werden. rnrnUntersuchungen von Tumor und Normalgewebe mittels eines cDNA-Cancer-Arrays zeigten, dass NGB in Tumoren verschiedenen Ursprungs nicht exprimiert wird, CyGB dagegen keine Änderung seiner Expression in Tumor versus Normalgewebe erfährt. Eine Induktion der beiden Globine z.B. durch Hypoxie in soliden Tumoren kann daher ausgeschlossen werden.rn

Cellular Proliferation in the Prognosis of Intermediate Grade Mast Cell Tumour in Dogs

This was a retrospective study including ninety samples of dogs with a histological diagnosis of intermediate grade cutaneous mast cell tumour (MCT). The objectives of the study were to validate Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 7 (MCM7) as a prognostic marker in MCTs and to compare the ability of mitotic index (MI), Ki67 and MCM7 to predict outcome. The median survival for the entire population was not reached at 2099 days. The mean survival time was 1708 days. Seventy-two cases were censored after a median follow up of 1136 days and eighteen dogs died for causes related to the MCT after a median of 116 days. For each sample MI, Ki67 and MCM7 were determined. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was obtained for each prognostic marker to evaluate the performance of the test, expressed as area under the curve, and whether the published threshold value was adequate. Kaplan-Meier and corresponding logrank test for MI, Ki67 and MCM7 as binary variables was highly significant (P<0.0001). Multivariable regression analysis of MI, Ki67 and MCM7 corrected for age and surgical margins indicated that the higher risk of dying of MCT was associated with MCM7 > 0.18 (Hazard Ration [HR] 14.7; P<0.001) followed by MI > 5 (HR 13.9; P<0.001) and Ki67 > 0.018 (HR 8.9; P<0.001). Concluding, the present study confirmed that MCM7 is an excellent prognostic marker in cutaneous MCTs being able to divide Patnaik intermediate grade tumours in two categories with different prognosis. Ki67 was equally good confirming its value as a prognostic marker in intermediate grade MCTs. The mitotic index was extremely specific, but lacked of sensitivity. Interestingly, mitotic index, Ki67 and MCM7 were independent from each other suggesting that their combination would improve their individual prognostic value.

Cellular localization and mechanism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) homodimer formation in an oxidizing environment

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which resembles a cell surface receptor, comprising a large ectodomain, a single spanning transmembrane part and a short C-terminal, cytoplasmic domain. It belongs to a conserved gene family, with over 17 members, including also the two mammalian APP homologues proteins APLP1 and APLP2 („amyloid precursor like proteins“). APP is encoded by 19 exons, of which exons 7, 8, and 15 can be alternatively spliced to produce three major protein isoforms APP770, APP751 and APP695, reflecting the number of amino acids. The neuronal APP695 is the only isoform that lacks a Kunitz Protease Inhibitor (KPI) domain in its extracellular portion whereas the two larger, peripheral APP isoforms, contain the 57-amino-acid KPI insert. rnRecently, research effort has suggested that APP metabolism and function is thought to be influenced by homodimerization and that the oligomerization state of APP could also play a role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), by regulating its processing and amyloid beta production. Several independent studies have shown that APP can form homodimers within the cell, driven by motifs present in the extracellular domain, as well as in the juxtamembrane (JM) and transmembrane (TM) regions of the molecule, whereby the exact molecular mechanism and the origin of dimer formation remains elusive. Therefore, we focused in our study on the actual subcellular origin of APP homodimerization within the cell, an underlying mechanism, and a possible impact on dimerization properties of its homologue APLP1. Furthermore, we analyzed homodimerization of various APP isoforms, in particular APP695, APP751 and APP770, which differ in the presence of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain (KPI) in the extracellular region. In order to assess the cellular origin of dimerization under different cellular conditions, we established a mammalian cell culture model-system in CHO-K1 (chinese hamster ovary) cells, stably overexpressing human APP, harboring dilysine based organelle sorting motifs at the very C-terminus [KKAA-Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER); KKFF-Golgi]. In this study we show that APP exists as disulfide-bound, SDS-stable dimers, when it was retained in the ER, unlike when it progressed further to the cis-Golgi, due to the KKFF ER exit determinant. These stable APP complexes were isolated from cells, and analyzed by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions, whereas strong denaturing and reducing conditions completely converted those dimers to monomers. Our findings suggested that APP homodimer formation starts early in the secretory pathway and that the unique oxidizing environment of the ER likely promotes intermolecular disulfide bond formation between APP molecules. We particularly visualized APP dimerization employing a variety of biochemical experiments and investigated the origin of its generation by using a Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) approach with split GFP-APP chimeras. Moreover, using N-terminal deletion constructs, we demonstrate that intermolecular disulfide linkage between cysteine residues, exclusively located in the extracellular E1 domain, represents another mechanism of how an APP sub-fraction can dimerize within the cell. Additionally, mutational studies revealed that cysteines at positions 98 and 105, embedded in the conserved loop region within the E1 domain, are critical for interchain disulfide bond formation. Using a pharmacological treatment approach, we show that once generated in the oxidative environment of the ER, APP dimers remain stably associated during transport, reaching the plasma membrane. In addition, we demonstrate that APP isoforms, encompassing the KPI domain, exhibit a strongly reduced ability to form cis-directed dimers in the ER, whereas trans-directed cell aggregation of Drosophila Schneider (S2)-cells was isoform independent, mediating cell-cell contacts. Thus, suggesting that steric properties of KPI-APP might be the cause for weaker cis-interaction in the ER, compared to APP695. Finally, we provide evidence that APP/APLP1 heterointeractions are likewise initiated in the ER, suggesting a similar mechanism for heterodimerization. Therefore, dynamic alterations of APP between monomeric, homodimeric, and possibly heterodimeric status could at least partially explain some of the variety in the physiological functions of APP.rn

Molecular basis of Osteoarthritis and aspects of cellular senescence in disease

The aim of this study is to investigate on some molecular mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and in particular to the senescence of articular chondrocytes. It is focused on understanding molecular events downstream GSK3β inactivation or dependent on the activity of IKKα, a kinase that does not belong to the phenotype of healthy articular chondrocytes. Moreover, the potential of some nutraceuticals on scavenging ROS thus reducing oxidative stress, DNA damage, and chondrocyte senescence has been evaluated in vitro. The in vitro LiCl-mediated GSK3β inactivation resulted in increased mitochondrial ROS production, that impacted on cellular proliferation, with S-phase transient arrest, increased SA-β gal and PAS staining, cell size and granularity. ROS are also responsible for the of increased expression of two major oxidative lesions, i.e. 1) double strand breaks, tagged by γH2AX, that associates with activation of GADD45β and p21, and 2) 8-oxo-dG adducts, that associate with increased IKKα and MMP-10 expression. The pattern observed in vitro was confirmed on cartilage from OA patients. IKKa dramatically affects the intensity of the DNA damage response induced by oxidative stress (H2O2 exposure) in chondrocytes, as evidenced by silencing strategies. At early time point an higher percentage of γH2AX positive cells and more foci in IKKa-KD cells are observed, but IKKa KD cells proved to almost completely recover after 24 hours respect to their controls. Telomere attrition is also reduced in IKKaKD. Finally MSH6 and MLH1 genes are up-regulated in IKKαKD cells but not in control cells. Hydroxytyrosol and Spermidine have a great ROS scavenging capacity in vitro. Both treatments revert the H2O2 dependent increase of cell death and γH2AX-foci formation and senescence, suggesting the ability of increasing cell homeostasis. These data indicate that nutraceuticals represent a great challenge in OA management, for both therapeutical and preventive purposes.

Design of cell adhesive and angiogenic titanium surfaces for cellular stimulation

Die Förderung der Zelladhäsion durch sogenannte biomimetische Oberflächen wird in der Medizin als vielversprechender Ansatz gesehen, um Komplikationen wie z. B. Fremdkörperreaktionen nach der Implantation entgegenzuwirken. Neben der Immobilisierung einzelner Biomoleküle wie z. B. dem RGD-Peptid, Proteinen und Wachstumsfaktoren auf verschiedenen Materialien, konzentriert man sich derzeit in der Forschung auf die Co-Immobilisierung zweier Moleküle gleichzeitig. Hierbei werden die funktionellen Gruppen z. B. von Kollagen unter Verwendung von nur einer Kopplungschemie verwendet, wodurch die Kopplungseffizienz der einzelnen Komponenten nur begrenzt kontrollierbar ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines Immobilisierungsverfahrens, welches die unabhängige Kopplung zweier Faktoren kontrolliert ermöglicht. Dabei sollten exemplarisch das adhäsionsfördernde RGD-Peptid (Arginin-Glycin-Asparaginsäure) zusammen mit dem Wachstumsfaktor VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) auf Titan gebunden werden. In weiteren Experimenten sollten dann die pro-adhäsiven Faktoren Fibronektin, Kollagen, Laminin und Osteopontin immobilisiert und untersucht werden. rnDie Aminofunktionalisierung von Titan durch plasma polymerisierte Allylaminschichten wurde als Grundlage für die Entwicklung des nasschemischen Co-immobilisierungsverfahren verwendet. Für eine unabhängige und getrennte Anbindung der verschiedenen Biomoleküle stand in diesem Zusammenhang die Entwicklung eines geeigneten Crosslinker Systems im Vordergrund. Die Oberflächencharakterisierung der entwickelten Oberflächen erfolgte mittels Infrarot Spektroskopie, Surface Plasmon Resonance Spektroskopie (SPR), Kontaktwinkelmessungen, Step Profiling und X-Ray Photoelectron Spektroskopie (XPS). Zur Analyse der Anbindungsprozesse in Echtzeit wurden SPR-Kinetik Messungen durchgeführt. Die biologische Funktionalität der modifizierten Oberflächen wurde in vitro an Endothelzellen (HUVECs) und Osteoblasten (HOBs) und in vivo in einem Tiermodell-System an der Tibia von Kaninchen untersucht.rnDie Ergebnisse zeigen, dass alle genannten Biomoleküle sowohl einzeln auf Titan kovalent gekoppelt als auch am Bespiel von RGD und VEGF in einem getrennten Zwei-Schritt-Verfahren co-immobilisiert werden können. Des Weiteren wurde die biologische Funktionalität der gebundenen Faktoren nachgewiesen. Im Falle der RGD modifizierten Oberflächen wurde nach 7 Tagen eine geförderte Zelladhäsion von HUVECs mit einer signifikant erhöhten Zellbesiedlungsdichte von 28,5 % (p<0,05) gezeigt, wohingegen auf reinem Titan Werte von nur 13 % beobachtet wurden. Sowohl VEGF als auch RGD/VEGF modifizierte Proben wiesen im Vergleich zu Titan schon nach 24 Stunden eine geförderte Zelladhäsion und eine signifikant erhöhte Zellbesiedlungsdichte auf. Bei einer Besiedlung von 7,4 % auf Titan, zeigten VEGF modifizierte Proben mit 32,3 % (p<0,001) eine deutlichere Wirkung auf HUVECs als RGD/VEGF modifizierte Proben mit 13,2 % (p<0,01). Die pro-adhäsiven Faktoren zeigten eine deutliche Stimulation der Zelladhäsion von HUVECs und HOBs im Vergleich zu reinem Titan. Die deutlich höchsten Besiedlungsdichten von HUVECs konnten auf Fibronektin mit 44,6 % (p<0,001) und Kollagen mit 39,9 % (p<0,001) nach 24 Stunden beobachtet werden. Laminin zeigte keine und Osteopontin nur eine sehr geringe Wirkung auf HUVECs. Bei Osteoblasten konnten signifikant erhöhte Besiedlungsdichten im Falle aller pro-adhäsiven Faktoren beobachtet werden, jedoch wurden die höchsten Werte nach 7 Tagen auf Kollagen mit 90,6 % (p<0,001) und Laminin mit 86,5 % (p<0,001) im Vergleich zu Titan mit 32,3 % beobachtet. Die Auswertung der Tierexperimente ergab, dass die VEGF modifizierten Osteosyntheseplatten, im Vergleich zu den reinen Titankontrollen, eine gesteigerte Knochenneubildung auslösten. Eine solche Wirkung konnte für RGD/VEGF modifizierte Implantate nicht beobachtet werden. rnInsgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass mittels plasmapolymerisierten Allylamin Schichten die genannten Biomoleküle sowohl einzeln gebunden als auch getrennt und kontrolliert co-immobilisiert werden können. Des Weiteren konnte eine biologische Funktionalität für alle Faktoren nach erfolgter Kopplung in vitro gezeigt werden. Wider Erwarten konnte jedoch kein zusätzlicher biologischer Effekt durch die Co-immobilisierung von RGD und VEGF im Vergleich zu den einzeln immobilisierten Faktoren gezeigt werden. Um zu einer klinischen Anwendung zu gelangen, ist es nun notwendig, das entwickelte Verfahren in Bezug auf die immobilisierten Mengen der verschiedenen Faktoren hin zu optimieren. rn

A 2-dimensional computational model to analyze the effects of cellular heterogeinity on cardiac pacemaking

The mechanical action of the heart is made possible in response to electrical events that involve the cardiac cells, a property that classifies the heart tissue between the excitable tissues. At the cellular level, the electrical event is the signal that triggers the mechanical contraction, inducing a transient increase in intracellular calcium which, in turn, carries the message of contraction to the contractile proteins of the cell. The primary goal of my project was to implement in CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture, an hardware architecture for parallel processing created by NVIDIA) a tissue model of the rabbit sinoatrial node to evaluate the heterogeneity of its structure and how that variability influences the behavior of the cells. In particular, each cell has an intrinsic discharge frequency, thus different from that of every other cell of the tissue and it is interesting to study the process of synchronization of the cells and look at the value of the last discharge frequency if they synchronized.

Cellular actors, Toll-like receptors, and local cytokine profile in acute coronary syndromes

Inflammation plays a key role in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Toll-like receptors (TLR) on leucocytes mediate inflammation and immune responses. We characterized leucocytes and TLR expression within coronary thrombi and compared cytokine levels from the site of coronary occlusion with aortic blood (AB) in ACS patients.

Glucocorticoids protect renal mesangial cells from apoptosis by increasing cellular sphingosine-1-phosphate

Neutral ceramidase (NCDase) and sphingosine kinases (SphKs) are key enzymes regulating cellular sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels. In this study we found that stress factor-induced apoptosis of rat renal mesangial cells was significantly reduced by dexamethasone treatment. Concomitantly, dexamethasone increased cellular S1P levels, suggesting an activation of sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes. The cell-protective effect of glucocorticoids was reversed by a SphK inhibitor, was completely absent in SphK1-deficient cells, and was associated with upregulated mRNA and protein expression of NCDase and SphK1. Additionally, in vivo experiments in mice showed that dexamethasone also upregulated SphK1 mRNA and activity, and NCDase protein expression in the kidney. Fragments (2285, 1724, and 1126 bp) of the rat NCDase promoter linked to a luciferase reporter were transfected into rat kidney fibroblasts and mesangial cells. There was enhanced NCDase promoter activity upon glucocorticoids treatment that was abolished by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486. Single and double mutations of the two putative glucocorticoid response element sites within the promoter reduced the dexamethasone effect, suggesting that both glucocorticoid response elements are functionally active and required for induction. Our study shows that glucocorticoids exert a protective effect on stress-induced mesangial cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo by upregulating NCDase and SphK1 expression and activity, resulting in enhanced levels of the protective lipid second messenger S1P.

Cellular responses after exposure of lung cell cultures to secondary organic aerosol particles

The scope of this work was to examine in vitro responses of lung cells to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles, under realistic ambient air and physiological conditions occurring when particles are inhaled by mammals, using a novel particle deposition chamber. The cell cultures included cell types that are representative for the inner surface of airways and alveoli and are the target cells for inhaled particles. The results demonstrate that an exposure to SOA at ambient-air concentrations of about 10(4) particles/cm(3) for 2 h leads to only moderate cellular responses. There is evidence for (i) cell type specific effects and for (ii) different effects of SOA originating from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors, i.e. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) and alpha-pinene, respectively. There was no indication for cytotoxic effects but for subtle changes in cellular functions that are essential for lung homeostasis. Decreased phagocytic activity was found in human macrophages exposed to SOA from alpha-pinene. Alveolar epithelial wound repair was affected by TMB-SOA exposure, mainly because of altered cell spreading and migration at the edge of the wound. In addition, cellular responses were found to correlate with particle number concentration, as interleukin-8 production was increased in pig explants exposed to TMB-SOA with high particle numbers.

Quantitative evaluation of cellular uptake and trafficking of plain and polyethylene glycol-coated gold nanoparticles

This study addresses the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of 15-nm gold nanoparticles (NPs), either plain (i.e., stabilized with citrate) or coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), exposed to human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) at the air-liquid interface for 1, 4, and 24 h. Quantitative analysis by stereology on transmission electron microscopy images reveals a significant, nonrandom intracellular distribution for both NP types. No particles are observed in the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or golgi. The cytosol is not a preferred cellular compartment for both NP types, although significantly more PEG-coated than citrate-stabilized NPs are present there. The preferred particle localizations are vesicles of different sizes (<150, 150-1000, >1000 nm). This is observed for both NP types and indicates a predominant uptake by endocytosis. Subsequent inhibition of caveolin- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD) results in a significant reduction of intracellular NPs. The inhibition, however, is more pronounced for PEG-coated than citrate-stabilized NPs. The latter are mostly found in larger vesicles; therefore, they are potentially taken up by macropinocytosis, which is not inhibited by MbetaCD. With prolonged exposure times, both NPs are preferentially localized in larger-sized intracellular vesicles such as lysosomes, thus indicating intracellular particle trafficking. This quantitative evaluation reveals that NP surface coatings modulate endocytotic uptake pathways and cellular NP trafficking. Other nonendocytotic entry mechanisms are found to be involved as well, as indicated by localization of a minority of PEG-coated NPs in the cytosol.

Cellular immune responses to HCV core increase and HCV RNA levels decrease during successful antiretroviral therapy

Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of morbidity in HIV infected individuals. Coinfection with HIV is associated with diminished HCV-specific immune responses and higher HCV RNA levels. Aims To investigate whether long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) restores HCV-specific T cell responses and improves the control of HCV replication. Methods T cell responses were evaluated longitudinally in 80 HIV/HCV coinfected individuals by ex vivo interferon-γ-ELISpot responses to HCV core peptides, that predominantly stimulate CD4+ T cells. HCV RNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR in 114 individuals. Results The proportion of individuals with detectable T cell responses to HCV core peptides was 19% before starting cART, 24% in the first year on cART and increased significantly to 45% and 49% after 33 and 70 months on cART (p=0.001). HCV-specific immune responses increased in individuals with chronic (+31%) and spontaneously cleared HCV infection (+30%). Median HCV RNA levels before starting cART were 6.5 log10 IU/ml. During long-term cART, median HCV-RNA levels slightly decreased compared to pre-cART levels (−0.3 log10 IU/ml, p=0.02). Conclusions Successful cART is associated with increasing cellular immune responses to HCV core peptides and with a slight long-term decrease in HCV RNA levels. These findings are in line with the favourable clinical effects of cART on the natural history of hepatitis C and with the current recommendation to start cART earlier in HCV/HIV coinfected individuals.

Posttraumatic stress disorder and soluble cellular adhesion molecules at rest and in response to a trauma-specific interview in patients after myocardial infarction

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and circulating cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) predict cardiovascular risk. We hypothesized a positive relationship between PTSD caused by myocardial infarction (MI) and soluble CAMs. We enrolled 22 post-MI patients with interviewer-rated PTSD and 22 post-MI patients with no PTSD. At 32±6months after index MI, all patients were re-scheduled to undergo the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) interview and had blood collected to assess soluble CAMs at rest and after the CAPS interview. Relative to patients with no PTSD, those with PTSD had significantly higher levels of soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 at rest and, controlling for resting CAM levels, significantly higher sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 after the interview. Greater severity of PTSD predicted significantly higher resting levels of sVCAM-1 and soluble P-selectin in patients with PTSD. At follow-up, patients with persistent PTSD (n=15) and those who had remitted (n=7) did not significantly differ in CAM levels at rest and after the interview; however, both these groups had significantly higher sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 at rest and also after the interview compared to patients with no PTSD. Elevated levels of circulating CAMs might help explain the psychophysiologic link of PTSD with cardiovascular risk.

Fast kinase domain-containing protein 3 is a mitochondrial protein essential for cellular respiration

Fas-activated serine/threonine phosphoprotein (FAST) is the founding member of the FAST kinase domain-containing protein (FASTKD) family that includes FASTKD1-5. FAST is a sensor of mitochondrial stress that modulates protein translation to promote the survival of cells exposed to adverse conditions. Mutations in FASTKD2 have been linked to a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy that is associated with reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity, an essential component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. We have confirmed the mitochondrial localization of FASTKD2 and shown that all FASTKD family members are found in mitochondria. Although human and mouse FASTKD1-5 genes are expressed ubiquitously, some of them are most abundantly expressed in mitochondria-enriched tissues. We have found that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of FASTKD3 severely blunts basal and stress-induced mitochondrial oxygen consumption without disrupting the assembly of respiratory chain complexes. Tandem affinity purification reveals that FASTKD3 interacts with components of mitochondrial respiratory and translation machineries. Our results introduce FASTKD3 as an essential component of mitochondrial respiration that may modulate energy balance in cells exposed to adverse conditions by functionally coupling mitochondrial protein synthesis to respiration.

Coupling biomechanics to a cellular level model: An approach to patient-specific image driven multi-scale and multi-physics tumor simulation

Modeling of tumor growth has been performed according to various approaches addressing different biocomplexity levels and spatiotemporal scales. Mathematical treatments range from partial differential equation based diffusion models to rule-based cellular level simulators, aiming at both improving our quantitative understanding of the underlying biological processes and, in the mid- and long term, constructing reliable multi-scale predictive platforms to support patient-individualized treatment planning and optimization. The aim of this paper is to establish a multi-scale and multi-physics approach to tumor modeling taking into account both the cellular and the macroscopic mechanical level. Therefore, an already developed biomodel of clinical tumor growth and response to treatment is self-consistently coupled with a biomechanical model. Results are presented for the free growth case of the imageable component of an initially point-like glioblastoma multiforme tumor. The composite model leads to significant tumor shape corrections that are achieved through the utilization of environmental pressure information and the application of biomechanical principles. Using the ratio of smallest to largest moment of inertia of the tumor material to quantify the effect of our coupled approach, we have found a tumor shape correction of 20\% by coupling biomechanics to the cellular simulator as compared to a cellular simulation without preferred growth directions. We conclude that the integration of the two models provides additional morphological insight into realistic tumor growth behavior. Therefore, it might be used for the development of an advanced oncosimulator focusing on tumor types for which morphology plays an important role in surgical and/or radio-therapeutic treatment planning.