Osteologia de Synbranchus marmoratus (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae)

O gênero Synbranchus, principal grupo representante da família Synbranchidae no Brasil é composto por três espécies: Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795, com distribuição do Norte da Argentina até o México; Synbranchus madeirae Rosen e Rumney, 1972, encontrado no Rio Madeira, Bacia Amazônica; e Synbranchus lampreia Favorito et al., 2005, encontrada no Rio Goiapi, Ilha de Marajó. Após a descrição de S. marmoratus (primeira espécie descrita para o gênero) outras doze espécies foram descritas para o grupo até o início do século XX. Em função da imprecisão das descrições e/ou ausência de holótipos conhecidos, Günther (1870) e Ringuelet (1967) colocaram-as em sinonímia com S. marmoratus. Incrédulos da distribuição geográfica tão ampla da espécie Norte da Argentina até o México e fundamentados na imprecisão das descrições, trabalhos posteriores verificaram a presença de outras espécies sobrepondo certos sítios de distribuição da espécie Synbranchus marmoratus. Como resultado, foram descritas as espécies Synbranchus madeirae e Synbranchus lampreia, além de uma nova espécie para o gênero Ophisternon, O. aenigmaticum Rosen e Greenwood, 1976. Ainda hoje, acredita-se que a espécie Synbranchus marmoratus seja, na realidade, formada por um complexo de espécies (ROSEN e GREENWOOD, 1976). Em função da escassez de estudos osteológicos completos e de caracteres diagnósticos bem definidos, as espécies do gênero Synbranchus são difíceis de serem distinguidas e a espécie S. marmoratus é frequentemente confundida com a espécie O. aenigmaticum. Além disso, trabalhos anteriores (FAVORITO-AMORIM, 1992, 1998) revelaram a existência de espécimes do gênero Synbranchus que não possuem algumas características diagnósticas para esse gênero. O presente estudo apresentou, pela primeira vez, a osteologia completa da espécie Synbranchus marmoratus, comparou exemplares dessa espécie oriundos de diferentes localidades e examinou alguns dos caracteres diagnósticos definidos para o gênero Synbranchus e suas espécies. Não foi possível encontrar diferenças significativas entre os espécimes provenientes de diferentes localidades, que justificasse a separação destes em espécies distintas. O resultado mostrou que alguns dos caracteres diagnósticos para o gênero Synbranchus não são exclusivos para esse grupo ou são extremamente variáveis entre os espécimes, reiterando a necessidade de uma rediagnose para esse gênero, anteriormente proposta por Favorito-Amorim (1992,1998) e Favorito et al. (2005). O resultado do exame dos caracteres diagnósticos das espécies do gênero Synbranchus apresentou um resultado semelhante, revelando que diversas características utilizadas para a distinção das espécies são, na realidade compartilhadas ou sobrepõem-se. Os resultados sugerem que a descrição completa da osteologia se S. marmoratus revelou-se uma importante ferramenta taxonômica e mostrou que faz-se necessária a realização de estudos osteológicos envolvendo as demais espécies do gênero Synbranchus.

苏铁研究与园林规划

首先回顾了以往苏铁研究，在此基础上，对苏铁的区系地理、苏铁中种皮形态、台湾苏铁的模式产地与海南苏铁的名实问题、从叶绿体DNA matK序列及应用Trn L(UAA)序列资料分析苏铁目系统发育关系等方面进行了深入的研究。 提出了我国西南及印度支那地区和澳大利亚及太平洋岛屿为现代苏铁两大分布中心，前者是苏铁科的演化中心，而后者是次生的分化中心。首次提出钉羊齿（Rhaphidopteris）可能是现代苏铁科近祖的观点。 首次系统研究了27种苏铁属植物中种皮的形态，据此把苏铁属种子分为苏铁型、台湾苏铁型、韦德苏铁型、拳叶苏铁型、斯曼苏铁型及粉种苏铁型等6个类型。对苏铁亚属中种皮纹饰的演化趋势以及其与种间亲缘关系进行了探讨。 对台湾苏铁（Cycas taiwaniana）的模式产地进行了深入的考证，认为其来自福建厦门一带的栽培植株，而非其他学者认为的广东汕头或台湾高雄。海南苏铁（C.hainanensis）应作为台湾苏铁的异名处理。 描述了苏铁科一新亚属奥苏铁亚属Subgen. Media，二新组台湾苏铁组Sect. Taiwanianae及韦德苏铁组Sect. Wadeanae。 分子研究表明托叶铁属（Stangeria）与波温铁属（Bowenia）并不构成一个单系类群;大泽米铁属（Macroz以mia）与非洲铁属（Encephalartos）关系最近，而与鳞叶铁属（Lepidozamia）稍远。 其次，在园林规划方面，对广东省江门市白水带风景区的森林植被进行深入的研究，在此基础上开展了白水带植物景观规划与植被改造规划。在跨越林学与园林两大学科方面做了开拓性的尝试，大气势、大手笔营造森林植物景观。以小班为单位进行规划，植被改造依据植物群落演替原理，模拟南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林，将种类贫乏、结构简单的人工林逐步改造为种类丰富、结构复杂的异龄复层混交林。首次以四季不同种类的花色变化的大范围森林景观来营造南亚热带平常并不明显的季相变化;而专类园的规划注意生态与景观的结合，从植物的生态学特性、群落学特性和景观要求出发进行配置，从而克服一般北京植物园注重品种收集，按分类系统或地理分布来布置而轻视植物生态习性与景观效果的通病。对现有的海金沙(Lygodium Japonicum)等层片或单优群落加以整理形成自然且景观优美的特色层片以及以江门的乡土植物与优秀外引植物营造独木成林、万雀迎宾、层峦叠嶂、孔雀开屏、仙鹤望天等景观的规划思想为国内首创;在国内首先提出规划建设热带雨林、冷色北京植物园、佛教北京植物园、国树国花园等专类园。 在白水带规划的同时，就江门市的人居环境进行了深入的调研。对国内城市生态环境建设普遍存在的一些倾向与问题进行了反思，在总结江门城市环境建设得失的基础上提出了营造可持续发展的人居环境七个方面的战略性意见。

锡林河流域一个放牧草原群落土壤呼吸及其影响因子的研究

本文综述了草原群落土壤呼吸研究的理论、方法、最新进展和主要成果。从2001年6月5日到10月15日，在内蒙古锡林河流域的一个典型草原群落放牧地段用气相色谱法对土壤呼吸进行了测定，并同期观测相应的环境因子，分析了它们之间的相互关系，并根据根系生物量和土壤呼吸的相关性外推出根系呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例。同时，采用碱液吸收法对该草原群落和一个沼泽化草甸群落的土壤呼吸进行了比对测定，比较在不同生境下土壤呼吸速率的差异。另外，重点比较了两种常用的土壤呼吸测量方法——碱液吸收法和气相色谱法对典型草原群落土壤呼吸的测量效果。主要研究成果如下： 1．在草原群落，生物量（包括地上和地下生物量）、温度（包括气温和土壤温度）和水分及土壤呼吸的季节变化均呈不规则的波动曲线;土壤呼吸与土壤湿度高度相关，与温度尤其是土壤温度以及地下生物量之间存在着一定的相关性，但和地上生物量及绿色生物量之间几乎没有关系。 2．草原群落和草甸群落土壤呼吸的季节动态基本一致，均出现了两个峰值，分别出现在6月底和7月底，它们的变化范围分别为312.8~1738.9 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1 和 354.6 ~2235.6 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，日平均土壤呼吸速率分别为785.9 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1 和1349.6 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，草甸群落的土壤呼吸速率明显高于草原群落; 3．土壤水分是草原群落土壤呼吸的主要限制因子，但对草甸群落的土壤呼吸变化却基本没有影响;草甸群落中，地上总生物量与土壤呼吸速率间没有显著的相关关系，但地上部分绿色生物量与土壤呼吸间存在着显著的幂函数关系，而在草原群落中，土壤呼吸速率与地上活生物量或地上总生物量的相关关系均很弱。 4．在草原群落，根系呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例为60.7% - 93.3%，平均为82%; 5．碱液吸收法和气相色谱法的测定结果具有很高的相关性（R2=0.7563），它们的季节动态基本一致，变化范围分别为从249.3~1795.1 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1和从312.8~1738.9 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，平均值分别为634.2 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1和802.7 mg C﹒m-2﹒d-1，碱液吸收法的测量值是气相色谱法的约1.4倍。

Compressor wake/leading-edge interactions at off design incidences

In this paper, the effects of wake/leading-edge interactions were studied at off-design conditions. Measurements were performed on the stator-blade suction surface at midspan. The leading-edge flow-field was investigated using hotwire micro-traverses, hotfilm surface shear-stress sensors and pressure micro-tappings. The trailing-edge flow-field was investigated using hotwire boundary-layer traverses. Unsteady CFD calculations were also performed to aid the interpretation of the results. At low flow coefficients, the time-averaged momentum thickness of the leading-edge boundary layer was found to rise as the flow coefficient was reduced. The time-resolved momentum-thickness rose due to the interaction of the incoming rotor wake. As the flow coefficient was reduced, the incoming wakes increased in pitch-wise extent, velocity deficit and turbulence intensity. This increased both the time-resolved rise in the momentum thickness and the turbulent spot production within the wake affected boundary-layer. Close to stall, a drop in the leading-edge momentum thickness was observed in-between wake events. This was associated with the formation of a leading-edge separation bubble in-between wake events. The wake interaction with the bubble gave rise to a shedding phenomenon, which produced large length scale disturbances in the surface shear stress. Copyright © 2008 by ASME.

Shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) production in brackishwater ponds applied varying fertilizer combinations

Details are given of the production of Penaeus monodon in the Philippines reared in brackishwater earthen ponds applied with different fertilizer combinations, namely diammonium phosphate, urea and chicken manure. Results show that the shrimp showed higher yields in fertilized ponds, but increasing the concentration of fertilizers did not give a marked increase in yield - the excess fertilizer was wasted.

“蛇毒凝血酶”及“去纤酶”的联产工艺

止血灵(蛇毒凝血酶)及去纤酶的联产工艺，它包括蛇毒溶解、柱层析分离得粗分去纤酶及止血灵组分，再经柱层析纯化得精制的去纤酶及止血灵溶液，再经脱盐得去纤酶及止血灵原液，直至制得注射用去纤酶止血灵成品等工艺。本法简便易行，而且能同时得到抗凝、溶栓的去纤酶及促凝的止血灵，其产率均较高，其去纤酶的产率与单一生产去纤酶的产率无明显差异。本法不仅充分利用了药源，降低成本，其经济效益显著；而且同时为两种难治疾病(血栓病与出血病)提供了新的药物疗法，其社会效益也是非常显著的。

锗对水稻的生态毒理效应及临界指标

土壤添加 Ge盆栽试验研究表明 ,低浓度 Ge(<4 m g/ kg)对水稻根和地上生物量、叶绿素 a含量有促进作用 ,并整体提高了作物抗氧化酶能力 ,使 MDA下降 ,SOD、CAT、POD、GSH- Px活性相应提高。而高浓度 Ge(>15 mg/ kg)对水稻根和地上生物量、叶绿素 a含量有明显的抑制作用 ,对抗氧化酶系统产生胁迫效应 ,使 POD明显上升 ,MDA上升 ,SOD、CAT酶活性明显下降。在高浓度 Ge胁迫下 ,植物细胞中抗氧化作用酶系统的受损打破了植物细胞内活性氧产生与清除间的正常平

Lyapunov functions for stable cascades and applications to global stabilization

This paper generalizes recent Lyapunov constructions for a cascade of two nonlinear systems, one of which is stable rather than asymptotically stable. A new cross-term construction in the Lyapunov function allows us to replace earlier growth conditions by a necessary boundedness condition. This method is instrumental in the global stabilization of feedforward systems, and new stabilization results are derived from the generalized construction.

Investigating vibration dyanmics of cross-coupled MEMS resonators for reduced motional resistance

This paper investigates the vibration dynamics of a closed-chain, cross-coupled architecture of MEMS resonators. The system presented here is electrostatically transduced and operates at 1.04 MHz. Curve veering of the eigenvalue loci is used to experimentally quantify the coupling spring constants. Numerical simulations of the motional resistance variation against induced perturbation are used to assess the robustness of the cross-coupled system as opposed to equivalent traditional open-ended linear one-dimensional coupling scheme. Results show improvements of as much as 32% in the motional resistance between the cross-coupled system and its one-dimensional counterpart. © 2013 IEEE.

Dietary-morphological relationships of fishes in Liangzi Lake, China

Species in Liangzi Lake were clustered into four trophic groups: Hemiramphus kurumeus and Hemiculter bleekeri bleekeri fed predominantly on terrestrial insects; Carassius auratus auratus and Abbottina rivularis on non-animal food; Hypseleotris swinhonis, Ctenogobius giurinus, Pseudorasbora parva and Toxabramis swinhonis on cladocerans or copepods; Culterichthys erythropterus on decapod shrimps. Gut length, mouth width, mouth height, gill raker length and gill raker spacing, varied widely among species. With the exception of three species pairs (H. swinhonis, C. glurinus; C. erythropterus, H. kurumeus; T. swinhonis, H. bleekeri bleekeri), principal components analysis of morphological variables revealed over-dispersion of species. Canonical correspondence analysis of dietary and morphological data revealed five significant dietary-morphological correlations. The first three roots explained > 85% of the total variance. The first root reflected mainly the relationship of gut length to non-animal feud, with an increase in gut length associated with an increase in non-animal food. The second root was influenced strongly by the relationship of the gill raker spacing to consumption of copepods, with an increase in gill raker spacing associated positively with copepods in the diet. The third root was influenced by the relationship of mouth gape to consumption of fish and decapod shrimps, with an increase in mouth gape associated with more fish and decapod shrimps in the diet. These significant dietary-morphological relationships supported the eco-morphological hypotheses that fish morphology influence food use, and morphological variation is important in determining ecological segregation of co-existing fish species. (C) 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Structural and optical investigation of Mn-doped ZnS nanocrystals

Using a solution-based chemical method, we have prepared ZnS nanocrystals doped with high concentration of Mn2+. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a zinc blende structure. The average size was about 3 nm. Photoluminescence spectrum showed room temperature emission in the visible spectrum, which consisted of the defect-related emission and the T-4(1)-(6)A(1) emission of Mn2+ ions. Compared with the undoped sample, the luminescence of the ZnS:Mn sample is enhanced by more than an order of magnitude, which indicated that the Mn2+ ions can efficiently boost the luminescence of ZnS nanocrystals.