Survey of veterinery drug residues, environmental contaminants and mycotoxins of cultured shirmp in Iran

Economical achievement of optimal growth in developing countries may lead to sustainable poverty reduction. Agricultural activities play an important role in economy and human being welfare, which leads to establishment of food security and quality. Aquaculture products in developing countries share 51.4 percent of total agricultural production and 241 percent in developed countries. Therefore undoubtedly food production by means of quality and quantity has to be increased .The history of shrimp production goes back to 500 years ago. Today 50 countries of the world produce shrimp. In Islamic Republic of Iran shrimp production started since 1992 in the coastal region of Persian Gulf. The shrimp culture farms can be classified in to 4 different categories; extensive, semi-extensive, intensive and super intensive. Global ecological maintenance is one of the major concerns of authorities Human manipulation of nature is the most destructive activity. Industrial sewage leakage in to the rivers and water sources is a big issue that causes reduction in the aquatic population. Heavy metals have an inhibitory effect in the production and growth of sea life. Human intake of food treated with anti-microbial cause's allergy, hypersensitivity and develops microbial resistance. Organochlorine compounds contamination may found in hepatopancreatic tissue of aquatic products, Arsenic may transfer to man via plant and animal product contamination.

Study of bacterial agents on external lesions of cultured Sturgeons in Sngar zone of Gilan Province

This study was carried out to isolate and determine bacterial agents in outer lesions of sturgeons in Shahid Dr. Beheshti sturgeon propagation and rearing center in Gilan province. Five species of sturgeons were studied from viewpoint of lesions. A number of 167 specimens of Beluga, 76 specimens of Persian sturgeon, 27 specimens of Russian sturgeon, 42 specimens of stellate and finally 23 specimens of ship had bacterial lesions in different outer parts of their bodies. After sampling and purification, bacterial cultures and biochemical tests were done. After the isolation of bacteria from lesions, Edwardsiella tarda was selected by means of PCR. To obtain molecular acceptance, a pair of E. tarda special primer, forward primer ETa2-351 and reverse primer (Edwsp-780r) were reproduced. A number of 12 E. tarda DNA sample were identified by PCR. After molecular diagnosis, Persian sturgeon challenged with E. tarda for determination of pathogenesis. Challenge method was done by means of injection of different dilutes of E. tarda into dorsal muscle. Sampling of hematopoietic organs (kidney, spleen and liver) were carried out and located in Boin's fixator to perform pathology survey. Also, in order to survey of existence and effect of E. tarda, sampling of kidney for bacterial culture was done by molecular and biochemical methods. Results showed that the most lesions in all five species belonged to abdominal surface. Skin and scutes of this part were involved in comparison with other parts. Also, It was removed some samples from lesions to pathological survey. Microscopic observations showed some levels of destruction of epidermis layers, necrosis of dermis cells and destruction of muscular layer of skin. On the other hand, invasion of inflammatory cells and haemorrhagic in dermis were clear. Based on biochemical results, Aeromonas sobria, A cavia . A. hydrophila , Acinetobacter lowffii , A.baumanni , A.cakoaceticus, Pseudomonas putida , P fluorescens , P.aeruginosa , Serratia marcescens , Escherichia coli , Enterobacter aerogenes , Edwardsiella tarda , Proteus mirabilis , kelebsiella oxytoca and Staphylococcus sp. were isolated from outer lesions. Results of PCR confirmed that E. tarda was before and after challenge in 200 bp range. LD50, 96h was determined 1.2 x 10^5 (CFU/ml). Pathological experiments showed lesions in the kidney, including hemorrhages, degeneration of glumeruli and tubular epithelia, degeneration and necrosis of interestitium tissue, accumulation of protein casts in the tubular lumen. It was observed haemorhages, engorged blood vessels, congestion of sinusoids, increased of melanine, melano macrophage centers, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes in the liver. In the spleen, it was recorded congestion, degeneration, necrosis changes in the white and red pulpa, blood engorged and detachment of ellipsoid wall.

An investigation on benthic macro-invertebrates species diversity as bio-indicators of environmental health in Bahrekan Bay

The purpose of this study was to evaluate benthic macro-invertebrates species diversity as bio-indicators of environmental health in Bahrekan bay (in the Northwest of Persian gulf). Seasonal sediments sampling along 5 transects, 15 stations at 4 replicates (3 replicates for macrobenthos and 1 replicate for sediment analysis) was done from November 2008 to August 2009 by 0.025 m2 Van Veen grab sampler. Physical and chemical parameters of water, grain size analysis, %TOM and Ni and Va concentrations of sediments were assessed through four seasons. Macrobenthic communities after staining and sorting, using stereomicroscope have been identified. Their density in every station and every season calculated. For using of AMBI index, identified macrobenthos according to their sensitivity to stressors and pollutants, categorized into 5 ecological groups and for using of Bentix index categorized into 3 ecological groups. The diversity indices and indicators that showing ecological status were calculated. Also, the differences between physiochemical parameters of sea water, sediments TOM% and grain size, diversity indices in stations and seasons were recorded (P=0.05). The correlation coefficient determined for all parameters. According to the results of grain size analysis, bottom grain size categorized as clay. Highest percent of TOM was belong to autumn (36.39±.075) and lowest was belong to summer (19.01±0.51). Also there was positive correlation (p=0.01) between %TOM and %Clay that showing sediments with lowest size containing highest amounts of organic matters. Ni concentrations in sediments (87.80±21.25)mg/kg showed the amounts over than standards levels but Va concentrations in sediments (53.54±17.60)mg/kg showed the amounts lower than standards level. The highest density of macrobenthos was recorded for summer (8254±485) N/m2 and the lowest density was recorded for spring (3775±172)N/m2. The highest annual density was belong to mollusca (81%) and then polycheates (13%), Others (4%) and crustaceae (2%). The highest diversity was recorded for winter (Simpson index: 0.13±0.01, H':3.47±0.06) and the lowest diversity recorded for autumn (Simpson index: 0.16±0.01, H':3.17±0.06). in all stations, the highest amount of Shanon index was belong to T2S3 station in summer (4.11± 0.32) and the lowest amount was belong to T1S1 station in autumn (2.42± 0.41). The annual mean of Simpson diversity index: (0.15 ±0.04) and Shanon diversity index (3.36±0.03), illustrated that macrobenthos in Bahrekan bay have a good variation. The results of Brilluin and N1 (Number of equally common species) indices confirm the results of Simpson index. For study on the regions that diversity has a little difference between stations, with use of Ni index, the degree of differences could be better ono recognizable. According to the results of AMBI index in all seasons (autumn: 0.46±0.03; summer: 0.22±0.01; annual mean:0.31±0.01) and standards (0.0

Detection of viral diseases in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in Iran with emphasis on white spot disease prevention by using marine alga extract

Nowadays, following was expanded shrimp breeding and culture; viral diseases have been main problem which threatened shrimp industry in the country. Therefore, shrimp samples were obtained from different stages of Litopenaeus vannmei life cycle (larval, post larval, juveniles, adults and broodstocks) based on clinical signs in the breeding center and shrimp farming from Bushehr, Khozestan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces. Viral diseases were detected by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), histopathology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. Results of the PCR were indicated present white spot virus (WSV) in juveniles, sub adults and adults shrimp with medium intensity from three provinces, but it was not showed in larval and post larval stages. Histopathological sections were indicated hypertrophy and basophilic Cowdry type A formation in nucleus cells of gill, haematopoietic, lymphoid and epithelial's cuticles and intestinal tissues which was associated with small vacuoles increased in B cells of hepatopancreas tissue of infection shrimps. Transmission electronic microscopic studies were demonstrated that the length and diameter virus was detected, respectively, 300 ± 20 nm and 75 ± 5 nm. Considerable, results of the PCR were only displayed IHHNV in juvenile, adult and broodstock shrimps from breeding and farming center of Bushehr province. The main lesion pathology was formed eosinophilic Cowdry type A in nucleus cells of gill, haematopoietic, lymphoid and epithelial's cuticles and intestinal tissues. Whereas penaeid shrimps are lack specific immune system, hence, in the present study was used of marine alga (Lurensia snideria) collected from along costal Persian Gulf of Bushehr province for viral diseases were prevented. Powder alga extract were added with a ratio of 1 % to shrimp diet. Total haemocyte count (THC) and total protein plasma (TPP) were increased after 5 days of oral administration diets. When shrimps were infected by with spot virus experimentally, THC and TPP gradually were increased in both two groups (shrimps fed with diet containing alga extract and without alga extract) after 48h. Nevertheless; THC, TPP and survival of shrimp fed with diet containing alga extract were more than shrimp control in 15 days. So, oral administration Lurensia snideria extract was capable prevention infected L. vannamei via stimulant specific immune system.

Biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic) of secondary metabolites of Ircinia spp.

Sponges are the most primitive of the multicellular, These organisms don’t have any mechanical defense system, so their early appearance in evolution has given them a lot of time for the development of advanced secondary metabolites as chemical defense system. Sponges have the potential to provide drugs from chemical components against diseases. In this investigation the sponge samples, which it is Ircina spp., were collected at depth of 15- 24 meter, from locations on the coastline of Island Kish in Persian Gulf of Iran. For identifying natural components, methanolic and diethyletter were used as extraction solvents, after removal of the solvents, the GC/MS spectra of the fraction were obtained. Then in vitro cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antifungal were identified. In vitro cytotoxity screening, by XTT assay, against KB/ C359 and HUT-56/ C365 cell line, was conducted in this study in 1 - 544 μg/ml. IC54 for winter diethyletter extract was 325 μg/ml, winter methanolic extract was 364 μg/ml, IC54 for summer diethyletter extract was 544 μg/ml, and summer methanolic extract was 454 μg/ml in HUT-56. IC54 for winter diethyletter extract was 454 μg/ml, winter methanolic extract was 444 μg/ml, IC54 for summer diethyletter extract was 344 μg/ml, and summer methanolic extract was 424 μg/ml in KB. In vitro antimicrobial activity by Broth Dilution Methods against clinical gram-positives and gram negatives (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis). The results conducted that the MIC values of winter diethyletter extract for Escherichia coli 24mg/ml, the MIC values of winter diethyletter extract for Escherichia coli 24mg/ml, the MIC and MBC values of winter diethyletter extract for Staphylococcus aureus was 2mg/ml and 24mg/ml. The MIC and MBC values of winter diethyletter extract for Bacillus subtilis was 1.5 mg/ml and 2mg/ml. In vitro antifungal activity by Broth Dilution Methods against clinical pathogens; Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. The results conducted that the aqueous extracts didn’t have any antifungal activities on pathogens, the MFC of the summer and winter diethyletter extract was 30 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml A. fumigates, the summer and winter methanolic extract was 0722 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml A. fumigates, the summer and winter methanolic was 4/75mg/ml, MFC 5 mg/ml on C. albicans.

Field study and numerical simulation of developing red tide in the northern Strait of Hormuz

The catastrophic event of red tide has happened in the Strait of Hormuz, the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman from late summer 2008 to spring 2009. With its devastating effects, the phenomenon shocked all the countries located in the margin of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman and caused considerable losses to fishery industries, tourism, and tourist and trade economy of the region. In the maritime cruise carried out by the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman Ecological Research Institute, field data, including temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and algal density were obtained for this research. Satellite information was received from MODIS and MERIS and SeaWiFS sensors. Temperature and surface chlorophyll images were obtained and compared with the field data and data of PROBE model. The results obtained from the present research indicated that with the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HAB), the Chlorophyll-a and the dissolved oxygen contents increased in the surface water. Maximum algal density was seen in the northern coasts of the Strait of Hormuz. Less concentration of algal density was detected in deep and surface offshore water. Our results show that the occurred algal bloom was the result of seawater temperature drop, water circulation and the adverse environmental pollutions caused by industrial and urban sewages entering the coastal waters in this region of the Persian Gulf ,This red tide phenomenon was started in the Strait of Hormuz and eventually covered about 140,000 km2 of the Persian Gulf and total area of Strait of Hormuz and it survived for 10 months which is a record amongst the occurred algal blooms across the world. Temperature and chlorophyll satellite images were proportionate to the measured values obtained by the field method. This indicates that satellite measurements have acceptable precisions and they can be used in sea monitoring and modeling.

Labroidaes dimidiatus (Valenciennes, 1839)

Labroides dimidiatus, is one of several species of cleaner wrasses found on coral reefs from Eastern Africa and the Red Sea to French Polynesia, for the first time from Iran (Persian Gulf, Kish Island). Like other cleaner wrasses, it eats parasites and dead tissue off larger fishes’ skin in a mutualistic relationship that provides food and protection for the wrasse, and considerable health benefits for the other fishes. Some fish mimic cleaner wrasses. For example, a species of blenny called Aspidontus taeniatus has evolved the same behavior to tear small pieces of flesh from bigger fish. Cleaner wrasses are usually found at cleaning stations. Cleaning stations are occupied by different units of cleaner wrasses, such as a group of youths, a pair of adults, or a group of females accompanied by a dominant male. When visitors come near the cleaning stations, the cleaner wrasses greet the visitors by performing a dance-like motion in which they move their rear up and down. The visitors are referred to as "clients". Blue streak cleaner wrasses clean to consume ectoparasites on client fish for food. The bigger fish recognise them as cleaner fish because they have a lateral stripe along the length of their bodies and by their movement patterns.

Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787)

The Striped Catfish can be recognized by its striped coloration, barbels around the mouth, and its body shape which tapers to a point posteriorly. Small juveniles are black and large adults may be less distinctly striped. Plotosus lineatus can reach a maximum length of 32 cm (13 in) and about 40cm in Persian Gulf. The body is brown with cream-colored or white longitudinal bands. The most striking feature of this species is in the fins; in fact the second dorsal, caudal and anal are fused together as in eels. In the rest of the body is quite similar to a freshwater catfish: the mouth is surrounded by four pairs of barbells, four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw. The first dorsal and each of the pectoral fins have a highly venomous spine. They may even be fatal. Juveniles of P. lineatus form dense ball-shaped schools of about 100 fish, while adults are solitary or occur in smaller groups of around 20 and are known to hide under ledges during the day. Adult P. lineatus search and stir the sand incessantly for crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and sometimes fish. Striped eel catfish is an oviparous fish; this species has demersal eggs and planktonic larvae. This species has evolved long ampullary canals in its electrosensory organs.

Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831

Electric rays, thought to be the most primitive of the skates and rays, have stout tails but have rather expansive disc. This group is distinguished by the presence of powerful electric organs, derived from branchial muscles in head region. Torpedo sinuspersici found inshore in sandy bottoms, and well offshore from the surf zone down to 200 m. Also on or near coral reefs (like Kish Island in Persian Gulf). Common in shallow sandy areas. Occasionally hooked by anglers, more often seen by divers; can deliver a strong shock. Flesh is edible. T. sinuspersici can survive for hours after being stranded on the beach. Little is known of the life history of the Gulf torpedo. It is a sluggish predator of bony fishes. At night it actively hunts for food, sculling slowly through the water about a meter above the bottom; during the day it usually rests on the bottom and opportunistically ambushes unwary prey. It uses its broad pectoral fins to envelop the target fish before delivering an electric shock to stun it. Usually solitary, they may form groups during the mating season. Reproduction is a placental viviparous, with the developing embryos initially surviving on their yolk sacs, and then on enriched uterine fluid produced by the mother. Litters of 9-22 young are birthed in the summer. Newborns measure about 10 cm wide; males mature at a disc width of 39 cm and females at 45 cm.

Chrysiptera unimaculata Cuvier, 1830

Chrysiptera unimaculata, an algivorous species also living on the coral reef flat and being territorial but not considered as a strict farmer in this location. Maximum length is 8 cm in Persian Gulf. It is living in close association with macrophytes. Adults are found solitarily or in small groups among coastal algal reefs, rubble or over open beach-rock of reef flats exposed to moderate surge and feeds mainly on benthic algae. C. unimaculata is oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding. Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate. Males guard and aerate the eggs.

Koumansetta hectori Smith, 1957

Many aquarists know this fish as Ambylgobius hectori but accepted name is actually Koumansetta hectori. K. hectori, Hector's goby, is a species of goby native to the Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea), first record from Persian Gulf (Kish Island, Iran) to the islands of Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean. It can be found on sheltered coral reefs at depths of from 3 to 30 meters (though usually between 5 to 20 meters). This species reaches a length of 8.5 centimeters (3.3 in) SL. This attractive little fish measures only 2” at maturity and spends its time hovering over rocks and substrates out in the open water column. Known for their bold yellow stripes, peaceful disposition, the diminutive Hector’s Goby is a nano reef favorite. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

Pempheris vanicolensis (Cuvier, 1831)

Pempheris vanicolensis has reported for the first time from Persian Gulf (Kish Island). Various aspects of the biology of P. vanicolensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, a recent Lessepsian (Suez Canal) immigrant into the Mediterranean, are given. Red Sea and Mediterranean populations were compared, and the results indicate that the spawning season is shortened in the Mediterranean, continuing from April to September, as opposed to year-round in the Red Sea. Descriptions of a ripe ovary and post-larva from the Mediterranean are given. Individuals reach a mean size of 10.8 cm in their first year, and 14.4 cm in the second year. Little change has occurred in the diet of the immigrant population, and both populations feed nocturnally, chiefly on larval and adult stages of planktonic crustaceans. Direct underwater observations on the diurnal behavior of the species show that the fish leave their daytime cave shelter at sunset, congregate at a nearby site and then migrate inshore and disperse into small groups to feed. Before dawn, they reassemble at the cave's entrance, and finally enter it at sunrise, after the school has built up. Observations on Persian Gulf sweepers show that the fish are segregated into size groups, ranging 15–18 cm adults at depths of 3 m.

Investigation on water and sediment quality variation from coast to off shore and its relation to bent hoses biodiversity: case study Bandar tahery

This paper deals with the qualification of water and sediment particularly those of benthos, as well as their interaction results, through careful laboratory researches within 24 experimental sites around the bank of Bandar Taheri, Persian Gulf water of Iranian borders, under 13th phase south Pars project. Samples were carried to the laboratories and careful experimental tests such as physical chemical, heavy metal, nitrate ammoniac, toc and other biologic tests including various type of benthos count were performed. Data gained through Shanon and Dankan statistical analyses were also studied to determine the water, sediment and pollution rate. Resulted information would classify the area as less polluted area which is rather away from critical environmental zone, another word the area could be liable to change to an undesired one while the density rates of principal metals follows the Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>N pattern.

Sequence stratigraphy and sea-level history of Kangan formation in south pars field

Dehram group includes Faraghan, Dalan and Kangan formations. Kangan formation ages lower terias. That is one of the important reservoir rocks of southern Iran and Persian Gulf. In this research Kangan formation is studied in two A and B wells. Based on 75 studies on thin section, four carbonate litho acies association A, B, C, D with 12 subfacies are identified. A lithofacies association includes 4 subfacies: A1, A2, A3 and A4. B lithofacies association consists of 3 subfacies: B1, B2 and B3. C lithofacies association consists of 3 subfacies: C1, C2, C3 and D lithofacies association includes 2 subfacies: D1 and D2. On the base of studies lithofacies association of Kangan formations are formed in 3 environments of: Tidal Flat, Lagoon and Barrier Shore Complex in a Carbonated Platform Ramp type. Diagenetic processes have effected this formation. The most important Diagenetic processes are: Cementation, Anhydritization, Micrization, Neomorphism, Bioturbation, Dissolution, Compaction, Dolomitization and Porosity. Sequence staratigraphy studies were performed base on the vertical and horizontal relationship of lithofacies association and well logging in gamma ray and sonic type that causes the identification of two sedimentary sequences: First sedimentary sequence includes: Transgressive System Tract (TST) and High Stand System Tract (HST). The lower boundary of this sequence is in Sequence Boundary 1 (SB1) which shows unconformities of Dalan and Kangan that are Permian-terias unconformities. The upper boundary is in Sequence Boundary 2 (SB2) type that is identified by carbonate facies associated by anhydrite nodular. Second sedimentary sequence includes: TST and HST. Lower and upper boundaries of these sequences are both in SB2 type. The lower and upper boundary is made of carbonate facies with anhydrite nodular.

Un pasaje controvertido en los Annales de Eutiquio de Alejandría. El ataque judío a la ciudad de Tiro

En los Annales compuestos por el patriarca Eutiquio de Alejandría encontramos algunos pasajes originales, que no están presentes en otras fuentes, por lo que muchos estudiosos han descartado su verosimilitud. No obstante, hay que tener muy presente el contexto h istórico en el que este personaje vivió, en contacto tanto con musulmanes como con judíos. Un ejemplo de esto es el relato que hace del ataque de los judíos contra la ciudad fenicia de Tiro durante la guerra romano-persa (603-628), calificado como fantasioso. Sin embargo, cambia la perspectiva cuando se lo relaciona con textos apocalípticos de la tradición hebrea.