958 resultados para Cairo (Egypt)--Intellectual life--15th century--Early works to 1800


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This cultural history of Argentine crime fiction involves a comprehensive analysis of the literary and critical traditions within the genre, paying particular attention to the series of ‘aesthetic campaigns’ waged by Jorge Luis Borges and others during the period between 1933 and 1977. The methodological approach described in the introductory chapter builds upon the critical insight that in Argentina, generic discourse has consistently been the domain, not only of literary critics in the traditional mould, but also of prominent writers of fiction and specialists from other disciplines, effectively transcending the traditional tripartite ‘division of labour’ between writers, critics and readers. Chapter One charts the early development of crime fiction, and contextualises the evolution of the classical and hardboiled variants that were to provide a durable conceptual framework for discourse in the Argentine context. Chapter Two examines a number of pioneering early works by Argentine authors, before analysing Borges’ multi-faceted aesthetic campaign on behalf of the ‘classical’ detective story. Chapter Three examines a transitional period for the Argentine crime genre, book-ended by the three Vea y Lea magazine-sponsored detective story competitions that acted as a vital stimulus to innovation among Argentine writers. It includes a substantial treatment of the work of Rodolfo Walsh, documenting his transition from crime writer and anthologist to pioneer of the non-fiction novel and investigative journalism traditions. Chapter Four examines the period in which the novela negra came to achieve dominance in Argentina, in particular the aesthetic counter-campaigns conducted by Ricardo Piglia and others on behalf of the hard-boiled variant. The study concludes with a detailed analysis of Pablo Leonardo’s La mala guita (1976), which is considered as a paradigmatic example of crime fiction in Argentina in this period. The final chapter presents conclusions and a summary of the dissertation, and recommendations for further research.

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Background: This thesis explored men’s experiences of becoming a father of a child with an intellectual disability in the early years. In Ireland, it is estimated that there are almost 97% (n= 9,914) children with intellectual disabilities living at home in the care of parents, siblings, relatives or foster parents. While mothers and fathers are the primary caregivers, mothers’ experiences are well documented in comparison to the dearth of reports on fathers’ experiences. This descriptive narrative study aims to redress this gap in knowledge and understanding of men’s experiences of becoming a father of a child with an intellectual disability in the early years. Method: Narrative inquiry was employed for this study as it allows stories told by fathers to be collected as a means of exploring men’s transition to becoming a father of a child with an intellectual disability. A sample of 10 fathers of children with intellectual disabilities aged between thirteen months and five years of age were recruited from a large intellectual disability Health Service Provider (HSP) in the South of Ireland. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews which were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using a narrative thematic approach. Findings: Findings are presented in four themes: i) ‘becoming a father’, ii) ‘something wrong with my child’, iii) ‘entering the world of disability’ and iv) ‘living a different life’. For all 10 fathers the time of being told that their child had an intellectual disability was laden with negative emotional responses irrespective of whether the diagnosis was at birth or more gradual over the child’s early developmental period. When fathers found out that ‘something was wrong’ they spoke of ‘moving on’ and entering the world of disability. In their narratives, becoming the father of a child with an intellectual disability had changed their lives and would inevitably change their futures. Fathers’ positivity was clearly evident with many fathers identifying that the diagnosis of their child with an intellectual disability was not a life ending event but rather a life changing event. Conclusions: Healthcare professionals have a critical role in supporting fathers during the transition to becoming a father of a child with an intellectual disability. Factors which require consideration include recognising that each father’s experience is unique; that fathers require support; and that fathers achieve personal growth because of their experiences of their transition to becoming a father of a child with an intellectual disability in the early years.

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In the early 19th century the London Missionary Society’s activities in South Africa were the subject of great scandal and a source of disrepute. The behaviour and attitudes of the first wave of LMS missionaries had challenged, and caused outrage, to both the political and moral norms of the colony. The radical attitudes and unconventional private lives of many of the early missionaries had also clearly shocked the Directors in Europe. In these controversies, and in the manner that the Society dealt with them, there can be read a contestation about not only the character, but also the purpose of mission activity. Was the Missionary task to work for political stability, to spread European values and help prepare a compliant and educated workforce? Or was it to save ‘lost souls’ and turn people away from idolatry and sin? Or, again, was it to fight for the oppressed, to liberate slaves and oppose tyranny? These debates were framed in complex and contradictory ways by a larger discussion that was informed by the new ideas and agendas that had emerged in the 18th century, commonly referred to as ‘The Enlightenment’. This paper traces the contours of an engagement between ‘Evangelical’ values and ‘Enlightenment’ principles through an exploration of the issues of the day such as: abolitionism, women’s rights, civilization and savagery. [From the Author]

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This article seeks to explore a notion of 'British outer space' in the mid 20th century with reference to the British Interplanetary Society and the works of Patrick Moore and Arthur C. Clarke. Geographies of outer space have been examined following early work by Denis Cosgrove on the Apollo space photographs. Cosgrove's work has encouraged a growing body of work that seeks to examine both the 'Earth from space' perspective as well as its reciprocal, 'space from Earth'. This article aligns itself with the latter viewpoint, in attempting to define a national culture of 'British outer space'. This is found to have an important connection with the British Interplanetary Society, founded in 1933 near Liverpool, which went on to influence the works of Patrick Moore, who edited the magazine Spaceflight and presented the television programme The Sky at Night, and Arthur C. Clarke, who became known as a science fiction writer through his early novels in the 1950s. The themes of audience participation and human destiny in outer space are examined in a close reading of these two case studies, and further engagement with cultures of outer space in geography is encouraged. © The Author(s) 2012.

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The distribution of eogenetic alterations in shoreface-offshore and coarse-grained deltaic, calcarenite to hybrid arenites of the Mheiherrat Formation (lower Rudeis), Early Miocene, the Gulf of Suez, Egypt) can be constrained within a sequence stratigraphic framework. The bioclast-rich, shoreface (trangressive systems tract; TST) and shoreface (highstand systems tract; HST) arenites, particularly those below the parasequence boundaries and maximum flooding surface, are cemented by grain-coating microcrystalline, circumgranular isopacheous acicular and columnar, and coarse-crystalline calcite (δ18OVPDB = -3.6 to -0.3 ‰; δ13CVPDB = -2.3 to -0.7 ‰), non-Ferro an dolomite (δ18OVPDB = -3.9 to +0.9‰; δ13CVPDB = -2.5 ‰ to -0.7 ‰), and pyrite. Zeolite, palygorskite and gypsum occur in the HST shoreface arenites, being enhanced by aird climatic condations. The coarse-grained deltaic LST deposits are pervasively cemented by coarse-crystalline, pore-filling calcite and small amounts of microcrystalline calcite (δ18OVPDB = -4.4 to -2.3 ‰; δ13CVPDB = -2.8 to -1.3 ‰) and non-ferroan dolomite (δ18OVPDB = -4.8 to -2.5 ‰; δ13CVPDB = -3.3 to -1.5 ‰). Thus, this study demonstrates that changes in pore-water chemistry, which induced changes in the texture, composition and extent of cementation in the Miocene arenites was controlled by changes in the relative sea level and by the paleo-climatic conditions during deposition of the HST arenites.

Sequence stratigraphy related distribution of diagenetic alterations In Miocene deltaic and shoreface arenites, the Suez Rift, EGYPT.. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264545153_Sequence_stratigraphy_related_distribution_of_diagenetic_alterations_In_Miocene_deltaic_and_shoreface_arenites_the_Suez_Rift_EGYPT [accessed Apr 15, 2015].

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This article uses women's letter-writing from the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to explore the home as a site of female intellectual endeavour. Far from representing a static backdrop to the action of domestic life, the home played a dynamic role in women's experiences of the life of the mind and shaped the ways in which women thought and wrote. Letters were penned in dining rooms, parlours and closets, by firesides, and on desks and laps. In their letters, women projected images of themselves scribbling epistles to friends in order to maintain their mental intimacy. Space was both real and imagined and the physical realities of a hand-written and hand-delivered letter gave way to the imaginative possibilities brought by networks of epistolary exchange and the alternative spaces of creative thought. By reinstating the home more fully in the history of female intellectual experience, a more nuanced view of the domestic arena can be developed: one that sees the home not as a site of exclusion and confinement, but as a space for scholarship and exchange. 

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En el presente ensayo la autora reflexiona sobre varios aspectos de Los poderes omnímodos, de Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco. Primero, el equilibrio entre las historias personales y la historia del país, más que de la vida del presidente Velasco Ibarra, parece ocuparse por reconstruir la memoria de una época de trágica importancia en el Ecuador, en el contexto de la historia mundial. Por otro lado, el personaje Pablo Canelos representa el arquetipo de una conciencia intelectual crítica, atenta, a veces incluso apegada al sentimiento, aunque padece de cierto desarraigo afectivo. En tercer lugar, los personajes femeninos por momentos parecen, otra vez, arquetipos, se destacan varios rasgos de Juanita Rincón: sus sentimientos casi siempre confusos respecto de sus relaciones y sus búsquedas afectivas, marcada por el parricidio y la orfandad materna temprana. Balbina Carrillo, construida a partir de valores femeninos tradicionales: afectuosa, sensible y sentimental, movida a complacer y a hacer feliz al hombre más allá de sus propias necesidades, pulsiones y deseos. Finalmente, en lo temático se reflexiona sobre el desencanto de los ideales revolucionarios frustrados. La novela puede considerarse una representación de cómo los ecuatorianos de la primera mitad del siglo XX enfrentaban la historia y la vida intelectual, política y social de su tiempo.

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In many plant species, the genetic template of early life-stages is formed by animal-mediated pollination and seed dispersal and has profound impact on further recruitment and population dynamics. Understanding the impact of pollination and seed dispersal on genetic patterns is a central issue in plant population biology. In my thesis, I investigated (i) contemporary dispersal and gene flow distances as well as (ii) genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure (SGS) across subsequent recruitment stages in a population of the animal-pollinated and dispersed tree Prunus africana in Kakamega Forest, West Kenya. Using microsatellite markers and parentage analyses, I inferred distances of pollen dispersal (father-to-mother), seed dispersal/maternal gene flow (mother-to-offspring) as well as paternal gene flow (father-to-offspring) for four early life stages of the species (seeds and fruits, current year seedlings, seedlings ≤ 3yr, seedlings > 3yr). Distances of pollen and seed dispersal as well as paternal gene flow were significantly shorter than expected from the spatial arrangement of trees and sampling plots. They were not affected by the density of conspecific trees in the surrounding. At the propagule stage, mean pollen dispersal distances were considerably (23-fold) longer than seed dispersal distances, and paternal gene flow distances exceeded maternal gene flow by a factor of 25. Seed dispersal distances were remarkably restricted, potentially leading to a strong initial SGS. The initial genetic template created by pollination and seed dispersal was extensively altered during later recruitment stages. Potential Janzen-Connell effects led to markedly increasing distances between offspring and both parental trees in older life stages. This showed that distance and density-dependent mortality factors are not exclusively related to the mother tree, but also to the father. Across subsequent recruitment stages, the pollen to seed dispersal ratio and the paternal to maternal gene flow ratio dropped to 2.1 and 3.4, respectively, in seedlings > 3yr. The relative changes in effective pollen dispersal, seed dispersal, and paternal gene flow distances across recruitment stages elucidate the mechanisms affecting the contribution of the two processes pollen and seed dispersal to overall gene flow. Using the same six microsatellite loci, I analyzed genetic diversity and SGS across five life stages, from seed rain to adults. Levels of genetic diversity within the studied P. africana population were comparable to other Prunus species and did not vary across life stages. In congruence with the short seed dispersal distances, I found significant SGS in all life stages. SGS decreased from seed and early seedling stages to older juvenile stages, and it was higher in adults than in late juveniles of the next generation. A comparison of the data with direct assessments of contemporary gene flow patterns indicate that distance- or density-dependent mortality, potentially due to Janzen-Connell effects, led to the initial decrease in SGS. Intergeneration variation in SGS could have been driven by variation in demographic processes, the effect of overlapping generations, and local selection processes. Overall, my study showed that complex sequential processes during recruitment contribute to the spatial genetic structure of tree populations. It highlights the importance of a multistage perspective for a comprehensive understanding of the impact of animal-mediated pollen and seed dispersal on spatial population dynamics and genetic patterns of trees.

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Mr. Gajevic traced the development of literacy and literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 12th to the 19th in relation to other south Slavic literatures and civilisations, studying their interrelations, links and influences. From the 12th to the 15th centuries, literature in this area developed under strong influence from the neighbouring South Slavic countries, which were directly connected with more developed foreign cultures and civilisations. The literatures of these countries had differing religious and cultural backgrounds, some developing under Byzantine and Orthodox influence and others as a part of Latin civilisation and the Catholic religion. This led to different and sometimes contradictory literary, religious and other influences on Bosnia and Herzegovina, making spiritual and religious unity for the country virtually impossible. Under the influence of the Bosnian state and church, however, there were signs of a search for compromise, leading to some mixing of the difference traditions. Following the Turkish conquest, however, three denominational communities (Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim) developed in Bosnia and Herzegovina and this became the general framework for life, including literature. This led to three separate literary traditions - Serb-Orthodox, Croat-Catholic and Bosniac-Islamic. This internal disintegration of Bosnian literature did however facilitate the process of integration of some of its denominational traditions with similar traditions in other countries. The third aspect considered in the research was the genesis and expansion of vernacular and folk literature from Bosnia and Herzegovina throughout the South Slavic areas and its contribution to the language and literature integration of four peoples - Serbs, Croats, Bosniacs and Montenegrins. Of special interest here were the aspirations of the Catholic church to establish the Bosnian language as the common South Slavic literary language for its religious and propaganda activities, and the contribution of Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic to the effort to establish the "Bosnian language" as the common literary language of the South Slavic peoples.

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Throughout the last millennium, mankind was affected by prolonged deviations from the climate mean state. While periods like the Maunder Minimum in the 17th century have been assessed in greater detail, earlier cold periods such as the 15th century received much less attention due to the sparse information available. Based on new evidence from different sources ranging from proxy archives to model simulations, it is now possible to provide an end-to-end assessment about the climate state during an exceptionally cold period in the 15th century, the role of internal, unforced climate variability and external forcing in shaping these extreme climatic conditions, and the impacts on and responses of the medieval society in Central Europe. Climate reconstructions from a multitude of natural and human archives indicate that, during winter, the period of the early Spörer Minimum (1431–1440 CE) was the coldest decade in Central Europe in the 15th century. The particularly cold winters and normal but wet summers resulted in a strong seasonal cycle that challenged food production and led to increasing food prices, a subsistence crisis, and a famine in parts of Europe. As a consequence, authorities implemented adaptation measures, such as the installation of grain storage capacities, in order to be prepared for future events. The 15th century is characterised by a grand solar minimum and enhanced volcanic activity, which both imply a reduction of seasonality. Climate model simulations show that periods with cold winters and strong seasonality are associated with internal climate variability rather than external forcing. Accordingly, it is hypothesised that the reconstructed extreme climatic conditions during this decade occurred by chance and in relation to the partly chaotic, internal variability within the climate system.

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Crossed-arch vaults are a particular type of ribbed vaults. Their main feature is that the ribs that form the vault are intertwined, forming polygons or stars and leaving an empty space in the middle. The firsts appear in Córdoba in the second half of the 10th Century. Afterwards, the type diffused through Spain and North Africa, 11th_13th Centuries. These vaults reappear in Armenia in the 13th Century. In the 14th and 15th Century a few examples are found both in England (Durham, Raby) and Central Europe (Prague, Landshut, Vienna). At about the same time, Leonardo da Vinci produced designs for the Tiburio (Ciborium) of Milan cathedral with a cross-arched structure and proposed tests to assess the strength; he also, made use of the same pattern of vault for Renaissance centralized churches. Eventually, the type can be tracked through the 17th (Guarini) and 18th (Vittone) Centuries, until Spanish post war architecture in the 1940-60s (Moya). Some questions arose, which so far, have not been answered. How was it possible that a particular type of vault had such enormous geographical spread? How was it transmitted from Córdoba to the Caucasus? The matter is one of transfer of knowledge, ideas, and technology; it relates both aesthetics and construction.

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Se recoge en esta tesis doctoral la definición y clasificación de los edificios cuya finalidad es proporcionar espacios para escuchar y producir música. Se centra en aquellos construidos a lo largo del siglo XX, en el área geográfica y cultural que forman Europa occidental y Estados Unidos. Se analizan edificios construidos en el pasado, en una serie que se origina a mediados del siglo XIX y que se culmina terciado el propio siglo XX. Son edificios que contienen espacios pensados para músicas que, sin embargo, en su mayoría fueron creadas en un periodo anterior, desde mediados del siglo XVIII hasta las primeras décadas del siglo pasado. Un auditorium es un edificio cuya idea conlleva la compleja herencia de los múltiples lugares, abiertos y cerrados, que han alojado la música a lo largo del tiempo. Es un edificio que es útil a la sociedad y que ocupa un lugar significativo dentro de la ciudad, y es consecuencia del campo de fuerzas que constituyen los avances técnicos, el progreso de las sociedades urbanas y la evolución del arte, al compartir estrechamente, música y arquitectura, el interés por hallar la expresión de una nueva relación con la naturaleza. Se parte de la hipótesis de que el auditorium puede constituir un tipo arquitectónico con entidad suficiente para generar una tipología. Entendida ésta como una herramienta que dota de conocimientos útiles a quien va a proyectar un edificio para la música y también que permita abrir el campo de pensamiento sobre el espacio musical, sin necesidad de recurrir a modelos previos, aunque se hayan manifestado útiles y precisos. Se comienza con una aproximación a una definición del término «auditorium » y se analizan a qué funciones responde y en qué es distinto de otros edificios, a través de determinar las características formales propias. Para ello se articula la tesis en varios bloques de análisis. I Elementos para una tipología Se indaga en los atributos que determinan la naturaleza de los auditorios para definir cómo son estos edificios y qué características y condiciones tienen, no sólo las salas sino también los edificios que las contienen, buscando el origen de los espacios musicales y su relación con las personas que allí se han reunido para celebrar, a través de la música, acontecimientos colectivos. Relación que ha comportado desplazamientos por los distintos espacios que ha compartido, supeditada a otras actividades, hasta que finalmente, la música ha reclamado espacios propios. Pero también se establece otra relación física entre las distintas posiciones que ocupan en el espacio cuantos intervienen en la celebración del hecho musical, músicos y público. De otra parte se analiza cómo son sus espacios interiores, salas y vestíbulos, y los volúmenes y formas de los edificios en relación con la ciudad. Su conexión con la idea del paisaje abierto y con el carácter originario de la cueva. II Cinco tiempos Los edificios sobre los que se van explorar estas capacidades son en muchos casos arquitecturas divulgadas y conocidas. Sin embargo no todas han tenido desde su aparición el mismo grado de aprecio ni reconocimiento, y sólo el paso del tiempo ha confirmado su excelencia. El estudio se estructura en los periodos marcados por los acontecimientos bélicos y las grandes crisis que sacudieron Europa y Norte América desde comienzos del siglo XX. La identificación de los elementos significativos de la tipología se hace a través del análisis de distintos tiempos que agrupan casos heterogéneos, tiempos entendidos unas veces como la relación entre edificios coetáneos y otra como proyectos pensados por un mismo arquitecto y se detiene, entre otros, en cuatro excepcionales edificios que condensan la experiencia de varias décadas y demuestran su plenitud arquitectónica, por haber evolucionado de modelos precedentes o por su novedosas aportaciones. El Royal Festival Hall (1951), el Kresge Auditorium (1954), el Kulttuuritalo (1958) y la Philharmonie de Berlín (1963), sirven de base para una clasificación del auditorium. III Cronología gráfica Este apartado es fundamentalmente gráfico y consta un inventario de más de 100 archivos correspondientes a otros tantos auditorios y sus salas, en orden cronológico. Cada archivo cuenta con una imagen del exterior del edificio y otra del interior de la sala. Se han incorporado en cada uno de los archivos, dos dibujos a la misma escala. El primero muestra la planta de la sala con tres parámetros: la ocupación del público en referencia al lugar que ocupa la orquesta, la relación de tamaño entre la sala y las de los cuatro auditorios de referencia y la distancia al foco de sonido, la orquesta, mediante una escala en metros. Estos tres parámetros están superpuestos al que he considerado espacio audible, un rectángulo de 60 por 90 metros, en el que el foco está desplazado, por considerar que el sonido de una orquesta tiene una componente directional y que en esas dimensiones la energía sonora no decae. En el friso bajo el dibujo, aparecen cuatro iconos que informan de la relación formal de la sala con la del auditorium. Puede ser una sala dentro de un edificio sin correspondencia formal, un edificio en el que se manifiesta exteriormente el volumen de la sala, un edificio que tiene la forma de la sala y resuelve el resto del programa funcional sin manifestarlo exteriormente o, finalmente un edificio complejo cuya forma absorbe dos o más salas de música. El segundo dibujo es la sección longitudinal de la sala, recortada sobre un fondo negro para destacar su forma y proporción, todas están a la misma escala y en la misma dirección respecto del escenario para facilitar su lectura y comparación. En el parte inferior de la sección, aparecen cuatro esquemas de la forma y distribución en planta sobre el que destaca la de cada caso de estudio. La forma del techo de las salas de música de los auditorios, expresada a través de la sección longitudinal, es uno de los elementos que caracteriza el espacio musical. El perímetro de la sección, determina su superficie y por tanto, el volumen total interior. Es una herramienta técnica que permite dirigir el sonido reflejado en él, hasta cualquier lugar del interior de la sala, garantizando una distribución homogénea y evitando concentraciones perjudiciales o «sombras acústicas», lugares donde no llegan las primeras reflexiones. IV Geometría de las salas El análisis efectuado permite la elaboración de paralelos de tres de los elementos fundamentales de la tipología de las salas de los auditorium y que definen el espacio musical. El perímetro de la sección y su superficie que establecen el volumen total interior, que es un factor determinante en la reverberación de una sala. La forma y superficie del techo, que interviene directamente en el cálculo de la absorción del sonido, en función de la cualidad reflejante o absorbente del material con el que está construido, y por otra parte en la distribución del sonido en el espacio. Y por último, la forma del suelo de las salas también expresada a través de la sección longitudinal, es otro de los elementos que caracteriza el espacio musical. El modelado del suelo permite mediante distintas pendientes garantizar la correcta visión del escenario y por tanto permite también una buena audición, puesto que la llegada directa del sonido está asegurada. La otra limitación dimensional es el ancho de la grada. Cuando se ha buscado incrementar al máximo la capacidad de una sala, se han establecido graderíos en balcones en voladizo para no penalizar la distancia al escenario, de manera que algunas partes del graderío quedan cubiertas, en detrimento de su calidad acústica al privarlas de las primeras reflexiones que proceden del techo. V Auditórium y ciudad El auditorium es un edificio singular que establece con la ciudad una relación particular y que contiene en su interior una o varias salas especiales destinadas a oír y ejecutar música, a las que se accede a través de otros espacios de carácter social. Han ido evolucionando y modificándose de manera ininterrumpida, dando lugar a edificios de diversa complejidad en su programa y a salas cada vez mas especificas para cumplir mejor su cometido, perfeccionando su sonido y buscando la más elevada musicalidad. Estos edificios disponen de otros ámbitos de relación, son los espacios interiores, vestíbulos y escaleras, generalmente generosos en superficie y espacialidad, previos al espacio musical, corazón del auditorium donde suena la música en condiciones acústicas precisas. También el lugar donde se construyen los auditoriums en las ciudades tiene un especial significado, porque generalmente han buscado interponer espacios abiertos o ajardinados que suavicen el contacto directo con la ciudad y que implican, por otra parte, una preparación de las personas que asisten para escuchar los conciertos. Con el paso del tiempo, la aceptación generalizada de formas afianzadas en la ciudad, será uno de los vehículos que permita contaminar a otros tipos de edificios y alcanzar una libertad formal renovadora de los paisajes urbanos. Conclusiones La disolución del espacio musical convencional pregonado por el pabellón Philips del año 1958, no ha impedido que hoy siga vivo para el arquitecto el reto del proyecto y construcción del auditorium. Hoy conviven experiencias musicales totales; imagen, luz y movimiento, ocupando todo tipo de espacios públicos, cerrados o al aire libre, con la voluntad de conseguir espacios capaces de crear la intimidad y las precisas condiciones ambientales que hagan posible la recreación de las músicas del pasado en una especie de emocionante museo sonoro vivo. Como edificios urbanos, los auditoriums han conseguido un lugar destacado en la iconografía urbana después de un largo camino hasta conseguir el reconocimiento social. Se puede, así, establecer que estos edificios han introducido en la ciudad una nueva manera de expresarse la arquitectura. Que lo inesperado de sus formas y volúmenes en el espacio urbano, o la sorpresa de sus interiores altamente técnicos, justificados para satisfacer las nuevas necesidades impuestas por una audiencia cada vez más y más experta, obtienen la aceptación urbana por su utilidad social y por su capacidad de establecer una relación distinta entre las personas, la ciudad y la naturaleza. Coda Finalmente, el epílogo habla de la metamorfosis del espacio musical y de la convivencia de distintos espacios musicales en la actualidad. Desde la creación de las primeras y sencillas salas de música hasta las grandes salas filarmónicas que se construyen en las últimas décadas, la arquitectura ha proporcionado lugares adecuados para contener y disfrutar la música, espacios que se han modificado según cambiaban las formas musicales. Sin embargo el sonido parece mostrarse reticente a ser encerrado en el espacio y busca aliarse con el tiempo para conseguir un desplazamiento permanente. Seguramente es en el pabellón Philips de Bruselas en 1958 donde se presenta el último intento de la arquitectura de contener la música, que impulsada por tecnologías absolutamente nuevas, se mueve como dardos que atraviesan el espacio en todos los lugares y en todas las direcciones. Desde aquellas décadas centrales del pasado siglo, y superando los mas optimistas intentos de distribuir masivamente la música a través de incipientes tecnologías, se puede afirmar que vivimos en una inmersión sonora universal. Anexos Incluyen, una colección de mapas de la geografía de los auditorios europeos y norte-americanos, referenciados a los periodos de su construcción, y una relación de los auditorios estudiados con referencias bibliográficas. ABSTRACT This doctoral thesis does not only look at the ways in which architecture and music relate with one another; it also seeks to be an exact, scientific study of auditoriums, a building type that first appeared in the 20th century as a place in which to produce and listen to music. It studies concert halls, raised in Europe and the United Stated in the 20th century, for the purpose of recreating older music, that were the result of the evolution of various ancient building types. Auditoriums have a complex heritage of architecture of all times, openair and covered alike, and occupy important spots in cities. They incorporate the technical innovations of their times, and are reflections not only of the music played within them, but also of the societies that built them. Music and architecture share an interest in connecting with nature. Auditorium, a 20th-century Typology tries to define this building typology, and with that, be a practical tool in designing and constructing spaces for music, besides exploring the relationship between the two disciplines, architecture and music, and establishing the foundations for an entire school of thought. It is organized in five chapters, each focusing on a particular aspect of auditoriums, all towards defining a possible typology: I Typology elements. A study of the origin of auditoriums, and of how the different parts of these buildings —the actual concert hall, the foyer, the open spaces— relate with the city and with nature, which is ever present in music and in the origin of auditoriums. II Five sequences. A chronological journey through the 20th century, in periods marked by the two world wars and the consequent crises, with case studies of four exceptional buildings: the Royal Festival Hall (1951), the Kresge Auditorium (1954), the Kulttuuritalo (1958), and the Berlin Philharmonie (1963). III Graphic chronology. A methodical sequence looking at a hundred auditoriums, with each entry presenting images of the concert hall and the building as a whole, and two drawings on the same scale. Each concert hall floor plan shows how the orchestra relates with the audience, and it is compared to the floor plans of the four case-study examples named above. We also see how the hall is set into the building. The second drawing is the longitudinal section of the hall. Ceiling shape much determines the character of concert hall spaces, while technical data like air volume and the amount of absorbent and reflecting materials used have a direct bearing on the reflection of sound and on the overall musical quality of the auditorium. IV Geometry of concert halls. Graphic analysis of the key elements of a music space: the ceiling and the floor plan. The section is a necessary tool for determining the reverberation time of a concert hall, and is closely linked to the shape of the floor plan. In concert halls, there is a strong connection between the ceiling, the walls, and the floor, as there is between different musical instruments. It also includes maps showing where these European and American buildings are located geographically as well as in time. V The auditorium in the city. This chapter presents a series of maps showing the location of auditoriums in the city. They are often located in squares and gardens, open public spaces that serve to emotionally prepare the listener for an imminent musical experience. Time has shown that concert halls have changed the urban landscape and city life. Conclusions As a building type, auditoriums —though «dissolved» by the Philips Pavilion in 1958— remain valid spaces for listening to music. As intimate and unique spaces for social gathering and musical creation, they have done their part in transforming cities. Acoustics play a key role in these technical interiors, but just as important is the rapport that is struck between the musicians and the audience, and between musical works of the past, present, and future. Auditoriums are urban buildings that have been very successful throughout history. They have enriched our cities with surprising shapes and volumes, introduced new interiors in architecture, and struck new relationships between people, the city, and nature. As such, they are necessary. Coda Finally, the epilogue presents the evolution of the music space, from the early simple music halls to the highly complex philharmonic halls of recent years. Architecture has produced spaces for the enjoyment of music that have been modified for new musical creations, while remaining useful for the historical repertoire. Sound, and thus music, has as complex a relationship with space as it does with time. The coda of this thesis is the Philips Pavilion of 1958, perhaps the last attempt to propose a new kind of architecture for music with the latest technology. Annexes The thesis includes a collection of site maps of European and American auditoriums, complete with completion dates and descriptions.

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La tesis afronta el análisis del itinerario vital de Fernando Távora, una vida entregada apasionadamente a una causa de refundación estética y conceptual de una arquitectura portuguesa condenada a la mediocridad y al ostracismo en el momento en que empieza a ejercer la profesión. La investigación se adentra en todos los aspectos que convergen en su dedicación al logro de aquella misión, pues la que él mismo probablemente llamaría orteguianamente su circunstancia, resulta inseparable de su pensamiento y de su obra. Se pretende establecer la riqueza y complejidad de la figura de Fernando Távora y su importancia como punto de inflexión en la evolución de la arquitectura portuguesa, que ha llegado a alcanzar el reconocimiento internacional en las últimas décadas, fundamentalmente a partir de la consagración de Álvaro Siza Vieira y la denominada Escuela de Oporto. Desde una posición de absoluta autonomía respecto de lo que acontece dentro y fuera de las fronteras portuguesas, su labor se distinguirá por su singularidad teórica y arquitectónica, no dejando por ello de influir decisivamente en su entorno cercano. Dos manifiestos escritos, el juvenil O problema da Casa Portuguesa y el posterior Da Organização do Espaço son elementos estructurantes de un pensamiento teórico que germina en una obra construida inseparable de aquel, de cuya coherencia dan testimonio los aquí considerados verdaderos manifiestos proyectuales del arquitecto. Efectivamente, se analizarán detalladamente como tales la Casa sobre o Mar –manifiesto inicial-, el Pabellón de Tenis –manifiesto de confirmación- y la Casa dos 24 -manifiesto final-, proyectos que vieron la luz en diferentes etapas de su trayectoria y constituyen la aplicación práctica de sus teorías en una sintaxis magistral. En estos tres proyectos es donde verdaderamente la tesis cobra cuerpo, pues suponen el reflejo de la verdadera aportación del arquitecto al pensamiento arquitectónico europeo, la foto fija de la proclamación de resultados de un proyecto arquitectónico integral en momentos muy significativos de su itinerario vital, cuya complejidad se entiende a través de las fases más descriptivas de este documento. Se mostrará cómo para acometer su proyecto integral de arquitectura, una causa de regeneración de la arquitectura portuguesa a partir de la síntesis entre modernidad y tradición, entre universalidad y localidad, tomaría de sus dos personajes más admirados, Le Corbusier y Pessoa, la fuerza moral y la energía que le permitieron acometer apasionadamente tamaña misión. En una infatigable búsqueda en lo global y lo local, Távora conseguirá prestar gran atención al contexto del lugar de intervención sin renunciar a sus convicciones modernas, introduciendo la historia y el dibujo como herramientas de conocimiento del mismo y posteriormente del proceso creativo. El método proyectivo resultante de este modelo, que transmitirá a través de su ejercicio docente a sucesivas generaciones de arquitectos, se convertirá en elemento estructurante de una tendencia surgida de las aulas portuenses, que la crítica internacional acabará denominando Escuela de Oporto en un sentido más amplio. Por su importancia dentro del itinerario profesional del[os] arquitecto[s] portuense[s], las fases más destacadas de su evolución a partir de los años 50 se analizarán en paralelo a una serie de obras representativas de diferentes momentos de la trayectoria de Fernando Távora. En este itinerario vital, a pesar de la originalidad de su pensamiento y su obra, se atisban ciertos paralelismos con grandes arquitectos del siglo XX, que esta tesis afronta. Se puede distinguir entre influencias pasajeras de algunos maestros modernos en los que Távora buscaba la confirmación a sus propias teorías, similitudes con arquitectos coetáneos cuya obra conoció y a los que se encontró cercano por la convergencia de algunos de sus criterios e incluso sorprendentes coincidencias con arquitectos desconocidos para él, entre las que cabe destacar la de los maestros de la Escuela de Madrid Alejandro de la Sota y Javier Sáenz de Oiza. Por último, en una alegoría con los heterónimos de Fernando Pessoa, se analiza desde una perspectiva personal fruto de la investigación y de las entrevistas mantenidas con todos ellos, la importante labor de Álvaro Siza Vieira, Alexandre Alves Costa y su hijo José Bernardo Távora como agentes coadyuvantes en la consecución del proyecto integral de arquitectura [y vida] de Fernando Távora. Sin lugar a dudas, Álvaro Siza constituye el personaje fundamental e imprescindible para que la arquitectura portuguesa alcanzase la privilegiada consideración que en la actualidad ostenta en la escena internacional. Un arquitecto consagrado que ocupa ya, y ocupará siempre, un lugar privilegiado en la breve lista de maestros míticos e irrepetibles de la arquitectura contemporánea. Con todo, cabe afirmar con la paráfrasis bíblica que da título a la tesis que ‘En el principio era Távora...’ ABSTRACT This thesis addresses the analysis of Fernando Távora’s life journey, a life that was passionately devoted to the cause of aesthetically and conceptually overhauling Portuguese architecture, which was doomed to mediocrity and ostracism at the time when he started practicing professionally. This research delves into all aspects converging in his dedication to achieving that mission, since what he himself would probably call his circumstance – in the manner of José Ortega y Gasset – is inseparable from his thinking and his work. This thesis seeks also to establish the richness and complexity of Fernando Távora’s figure and his importance as a turning point in the evolution of Portuguese architecture, which has gone on to achieve international recognition in recent decades, especially after the consecration of Álvaro Siza Vieira and the so-called School of Oporto. From an absolutely autonomous position with regard to what is happening within and outside Portuguese borders, his work will stand out due to its theoretical and architectural uniqueness – this not being a reason to prevent its decisive influence on his close surroundings. Two written manifestos, his early O problema da Casa Portuguesa and his subsequent Da Organização do Espaço, become structural elements of the theoretical thinking that develops into works which are built in parallel with the former. The coherence of this thinking is reflected on the hereby considered the architect’s true project manifestos. Indeed, we will analyse as such the Casa sobre o Mar (initial manifesto), the Tennis Pavilion (confirmation manifesto) and Casa dos 24 (final manifesto), projects which saw the light at different stages of his career and constitute the practical application of his theories in a masterful syntax. These are the three projects where the thesis takes shape, as they become the reflection of the architect’s true contribution to the European architectural school of thought; the still picture of the results proclamation of a whole architectural project at highly significant moments in his life journey, whose complexity can be understood through this document’s most descriptive phases. This study will show how, in order to carry out his architectural project – regenerate Portuguese architecture by synthesizing modernity and tradition, universality and locality –, Távora would take the moral strength and energy from his two most admired figures, Le Corbusier and Pessoa, allowing him to passionately undertake such a colossal mission. In a tireless search within the global and the local, Távora will manage to pay more attention to the context of the intervention place without compromising his modern convictions, by introducing history and drawing as knowledge tools of the place and eventually of the creative process. The resulting projective method of this model, which he will transmit to successive generations of architects through his teaching, will become a structural element of a trend emerged from the Oporto classrooms which international critique will end up denominating School of Porto in a broader sense. Due to its importance within Porto architect[s]’ professional career, the most prominent phases of its evolution as of the 50s will be analysed in parallel to a series of representative works from different moments in Fernando Távora’s career. Despite the originality of his thinking and his work, certain parallelisms with great architects from the 20th century can be found in Távora’s life journey, which this thesis will address. Amongst temporary influences of some modern masters in whom Távora sought confirmation of his own theories, similarities can be spotted with contemporary architects whose work he knew and to whom he felt close because of the convergence of some of his views. It is also possible to see surprising coincidences with architects he did not know, such as Alejandro de la Sota and Javier Sáenz de Oiza, masters from the School of Madrid. Finally, in an allegory with Fernando Pessoa’s heteronyms, this thesis studies – from a personal perspective based on research and the interviews held with all of them – the important work of Álvaro Siza Vieira, Alexandre Alves Costa and his son Jose Bernardo Távora as auxiliaries in the achievement of Fernando Távora’s complete architectural [and life] project. Without the slightest doubt, Álvaro Siza constitutes the essential figure thanks to whom Portuguese architecture would reach the advantaged position it holds nowadays in the international arena. An acclaimed architect, Siza already holds a privileged spot in the brief list of legendary and unrepeatable masters of contemporary architecture. Nevertheless, with the biblical paraphrase that entitles this thesis it can be claimed that ‘In the beginning was Távora…’

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First published in London in 1952 under title: Daily life in the early church.