991 resultados para CONFLICTO ARMADO - SIERRA LEONA - 2002-2003


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This article offers a theoretical interpretation of the dispositions on land restitution contained in the famous “Victims’ Bill”, which was debated in the Colombian Congress during the year 2008. The bill included specific mechanisms aimed at guaranteeing the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict. At the time, the bill was endorsed by all the main political actors in the country –notably the government and the elites that support it, on the one hand, and victims’ and human rights organizations and other opposition groups, on the other–. The fact that the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict was being considered as a serious possibility by all political actors in the country seemed to indicate the existence of a consensus among actors whose positions are ordinarily opposed, on an issue that has traditionally led to high levels of polarization. This consensus is quite puzzling, because it seems to be at odds with the interests and/or the conceptions of justice advocated by these political actors, and because the restitution of land faces enormous difficulties both from a factual and a normative point of view, which indicates that it may not necessarily be the best alternative for dealing with the issue of land distribution in Colombia. This article offers an interpretation of said consensus, arguing that it is only an apparent consensus in which the actors are actually misrepresenting their interests and conceptions of justice, while at the same time adopting divergent strategies of implementation aimed at fulfilling their true interests. Nevertheless, the article concludes that the common adherence by all actors to the principle of restorative justice might bring about its actual realization, and thus produce an outcome that, in spite (and perhaps even because) of being unintended, might substantively contribute to solving the problem of unequal land distribution in Colombia. Even though the article focuses in some detail on the specificities of the 2008 Bill, it attempts to make a general argument about the state of the discussion on how to deal with the issue of land distribution in the country. Consequently, it may still be relevant today, especially considering that a new Bill on land restitution is currently being discussed in Congress, which includes the same restitution goals as the Victims’ Bill and many of its procedural and substantive details, and which therefore seems to reflect a similar consensus to the one analyzed in the article.

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How do we justify the practice of corrective justice for losses suffered during armed conflicts? This article seeks to show the force and relevance of this question, and to argue that, in cases of massively destructive wars, social justice should gain priority over corrective justice. Starting from a liberal Rawlsian conception of the relationship between corrective and social justice, it is argued that, paradoxically, the more destructive a war is, the less normative force corrective rights have and the higher priority policies of social justice, which guarantee basic rights to all citizens, should have.

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The armed conflict in Chiapas began in 1994 after the armed uprising of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN). Until now the Mexican government do not recognize the existence of an armed conflict there, for what they call inter-ethnic violence that happens in different municipalities in Chiapas. This study aims at demonstrating that, first, the Mexican state of Chiapas has an armed conflict since the mid-nineties, which has intensified and transformed over sixteen years. It is in this transformation that have emerged paramilitary groups seeking to destabilize the state, generating dynamics of appropriation and control of territory through different practices such as forced displacements, selective assassinations and terror spread within populations who are the targets of their attacks (mainly community support of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation). This work studied the "Peace and Justice" paramilitary group operating in different parts of the state of Chiapas, mainly in the Northern Zone. This case-study will look at the changes it has undergone Mexican democracy, which will be analyzed at two points: first, the failure of federal and Chiapas state to allow or endorse the creation of paramilitary groups and not to punish their actions; on the other, the consequences of the actions of such actors in democratic institutions, and democracy itself. Will seek to demonstrate that indeed both the permissiveness of the Mexican state and its complicity has weakened democracy in Mexico, since they are not able to manage conflict so that they do not degenerate into violence.

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Globalization and liberalization of the economies have produced among others drastic effects on the human mobility, generating confusion, enhancing discrimination and a lack of respect to the rights of several migrant collectives. In this article we analyse several challenges for the study of these phenomena, based on the case of the neglected health rights of Colombian women, who have been forced to displace by the country's internal conflict, and are thus pushed to cross the border to Ecuador. The article identifies several knowledge gaps that could allow and advance a better understanding of these critical subjects. The paper - a think piece -is based upon a general review of documents and studies on the relation between migration and health. The supporting theory on the research comes from international organisations such as the WHO and IOM, NGOs, grass-roots organisations and academic research. This paper shows the need for focusing on the reality of supra states which globalization has generated, and t e urgency of securing the access to essential health preconditions to migrant populations. These issues can no longer be neglected and should be included on agendas at international level, widening the approach of programs to the displaced/immigrant population by taking into account the need to ensure the essential health preconditions (equity), prevention, and protection. Further, it is clear that women and children require a better protection with enhanced prevention and responding measures to sexual abuse, stigmatisation, violence and the respect of their rights.

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El artículo analiza el surgimiento y la caída de un movimiento de contraguerrilla (“La Contra”) en Nicaragua. Ubica este movimiento dentro de la Revolución Sandinista (1979 – 1990) y el programa de reformas estructurales del gobierno sandinista, trazando el inicio y el desarrollo del proceso de exclusión y alienación de segmentos de la población, especialmente en cuanto a los pueblos étnicos de la costa atlántica y al campesinado medio de la región fronteriza con Honduras. Enfatiza el papel de fuerzas ajenas (las FFAA argentinas, la CIA) en materia de entrenamiento y financiación y analiza el desarrollo de las campañas sociales y militares dentro del conflicto armado que surgió. Termina con el efecto principal: el desangramiento de la Revolución Sandinista tras la derrota militar de la Contra y la pérdida electoral en 1990 como consecuencia.

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El presente artículo realiza una aproximación al sistema de alertas tempranas que se han constituido en un importante instrumento para evitar el escalamiento de las disputas y sus consecuencias. Los autores realizan un estudio sobre la aplicación de este sistema preventivo en el caso colombiano, analizando el papel del Estado en la implementación de estos mecanismos. Destacan la complejidad del caso colombiano en tanto que el Estado adquiere la doble característica de juez y parte en la implementación de este sistema preventivo, dado que es actor del conflicto y a la vez responsable de su implementación. Así mismo, describen algunas de las dificultades, propias de un contexto de conflicto armado, que tiene la fuerza pública para prestar asistencia pronta y eficaz a las comunidades ante amenazas o ataques de los grupos armados ilegales.-----This article approaches the early alert system, a valuable instrument for avoiding growing conflicts and their consequences. The authors study the implementation of such a system in Colombia by analyzing the role that the State plays in its application. They point out the complexity of the Colombian situation, insofar as the State plays a double role as judge of and participant in the implementation of this preventive system, since it is involved in the conflict and is also responsible for its implementation. In addition, the authors describe some of the difficulties, often found in an armed-conflict context, that the army and the police must face in order to assist communities on time and effectively when the latter are threatened or attacked by illegal armed groups.

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Este estudio de caso explica la influencia del poder aéreo en la asimetría de poder entre las FF.MM y las FARC-EP a partir de la Operación Vuelo de Ángel. Se pretende analizar y describir cómo el poder aéreo cambió la balanza de poder en el conflicto armado colombiano. Teniendo en cuenta la definición conceptual de Steven Metz sobre asimetría, se va a partir de la base que esta supone la maximización de las ventajas y explotación de las debilidades de los actores, con el fin de alcanzar un objetivo ya sea político o militar. El resultado de la investigación documental afirmará que la Operación Vuelo de Ángel, se convirtió en el punto de inflexión del conflicto colombiano. Mediante el análisis documental y las entrevistas, se comprobará que efectivamente el poder aéreo tiene la capacidad de alterar las diferencias que se presentan entre las FF.MM y las FARC-EP

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el Estado colombiano no cumple con todas sus funciones u objetivos, debido a factores económicos, políticos y en ocasiones sociales, desconociendo las necesidades de los colombianos o de algunos grupos de la población nacional

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se hace necesario proponer un protocolo con el que se pretende dar las pautas para la valoración fisioterapéutica inicial y final del paciente ambulatorio que ingresa a un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca Fase II, ésta incluye la aplicación de pruebas para evaluar la capacidad funcional, la calidad de vida y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Esta evaluación, facilitará el planteamiento de objetivos y la implementación deestrategias de intervención de acuerdo a las necesidades encontradas, así como permitir el seguimiento de los resultados alcanzados. Este análisis puede servir comoherramienta de motivación para el paciente porque es un modo de resumir susprogresos, poniendo de manifiesto tanto aquellas áreas en las que el paciente hahecho un buen trabajo, como aquellas en las que el paciente debe realizar suscambios adicionales para acercarse más al objetivo.

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El proceso andino de integración se sustenta, de esta forma, en dos grandes ejes temáticos: crecimiento económico y desarrollo social, razón por la cual nace la necesidad imperante de la consolidación de una Agenda Social Comunitaria.

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El objetivo principal de la presente investigación es establecer en que medida los condicionamientos impuestos por los Estados Unidos, a través del proceso de Certificación al Gobierno de Colombia, han contribuido a la profesionalización de las Fuerzas Militares en el deber de proteger al Estado y a sus ciudadanos en defensa de sus derechos humanos.

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El núcleo central es el aspecto de política exterior y comercial colombo-venezolana y su influencia en el comercio bilateral de lácteos, enmarcados en el periodo presidencial 2000-2004.

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Esta monografía estudia las transformaciones políticas y económicas de lacooperación internacional para Colombia, haciendo un énfasis especial en el periodopresidencial de Álvaro Uribe Vélez.

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Resumen de los autores en catalán

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Resumen en catalán del autor