Masa y energía dentro de la teoría de la relatividad.

El presente artículo ofrece un doble interés. Por un lado, asomarnos a un planteamiento formal de la dinámica relativista y, por otro, captar los nuevos principios y concepciones sobre el universo que la nueva teoría establece. El estudio del tema hay que dividirlo en dos partes: primero, una breve exposición de las bases conceptuales y operativas de la teoría de la relatividad y segundo, estudio específico de la masa. El fin es conseguir una idea clara de la equivalencia entre masa y energía. A fines del siglo XIX se comprueba la constancia de la velocidad de la luz. A partir de aquí Einstein elabora la teoría de la relatividad restringida en 1905. la Ley de propagación de la luz era distinta según el sistema de referencia en que nos situamos. Concepto tetradimensional del espacio tiempo. Lo que tiene sentido en el espacio es el acontecimiento mismo. Todas las leyes físicas del universo deben tener una forma semejante cualquiera que sea el lugar del mismo o el sistema de referencia que yo utilice para observarlas. La masa es una propiedad intrínseca de la partícula. La masa y la energía están unidas entre si y son proporcionales. Se corre peligro al exponer el concepto de energía relativista fuera propiamente de la formulación tetradimensional. Conceptos no fundamentales en la teoría pueden dar lugar a interpretaciones erróneas.

Teoría de la relatividad sin el segundo postulado.

Reflexión sobre la Teoría de la Relatividad. Se pretende llenar un hueco presentando una deducción a partir de las transformaciones de Lorentz, pero con la peculiaridad de prescindir del famoso segundo postulado de Einstein, es decir, de la invariancia de la velocidad de la luz, en su demostración. Se hace especial mención a la teoría de la relatividad, a las transformaciones de Lorente sin el segundo postulado, a la masa en relatividad, y como último elemento, al límite de la mecánica relativista.

Relatividad especial, relatividad general (1905-1923) : orígenes, desarrollo y recepción por la comunidad científica.

Dentro de un programa más amplio que intenta favorecer los estudios de reflexión, análisis e historia en torno a las Ciencias Físicas, el presente trabajo intenta ser un curso de promoción de profesorado que ofrece una perspectiva histórica y epistemológica de la obra de Einstein, así como las repercusiones que ha tenido. Trabajo teórico de revisión. Fuentes documentales primarias y secundarias. Trabajo teórico de análisis histórico y epistemológico de la obra de Einstein para elaborar material didáctico destinado a cursos de formación. Aspectos tratados: - Marco cultural y científico. Positivismo lógico. Operacionalismo. - Marco teórico de referencia: electrodinámica. - Teoría del electrón. - Teoría de la relatividad: contexto sociocultural en el que surge. Interpretación de la teoría. - Teoría especial. - Conceptos de espacio-tiempo y reinterpretación de la gravedad. - Teoría de la relatividad general. Desarrollos posteriores. Fuentes documentales. Análisis histórico y teórico. El trabajo presenta la teoría de la relatividad en un contexto de producción científica que incluye no sólo la problemática específica de la Física del momento, sino el marco sociológico y los problemas metodológicos y epistemológicos que rodearon su surgimiento. Igualmente se incluyen datos biográficos de Einstein que favorecen la comprensión de su obra. Por último, se destaca la pureza metodológica y el rigor científico de su descubridor.

La nueva reflexión de los hombres de ciencia.

Título anterior de la publicación: Boletín de la Comisión Española de la UNESCO

Talento emprendedor, inteligencia, creatividad y sistema educativo

Se pretende realizar un an??lisis de t??rminos relacionados con el talento, el emprendimiento y la creatividad por entender que estos conceptos deben estar presentes en las sociedades que pretenden seguir creciendo en lo cultural, en lo social y en lo econ??mico. Ya dec??a Einstein que es dif??cil encontrar ni??os que sigan siendo creativos al terminar la escuela. El sistema educativo debe afrontar este reto si quiere ser ??til a la sociedad, favorecer personas cr??ticas y creativas, con pensamientos divergentes, capaces de aprender y desaprender, de reinventarse varias veces a lo largo de su vida.

El Geocamp: un portal informàtic interuniversitari i una eina d'autoedició per les activitats de camp en geologia

GEOCAMP(http://einstein.uab.es/_c_gr_geocamp/geocamp) és una proposta d'innovació educativa desenvolupada per un equip de professors universitaris vinculats a tres universitats catalanes (UdG, UAB i UPC). GEOCAMP és un portal d'Internet que engloba material docent desenvolupat específicament per optimitzar el procés d'aprenentatge en les activitats de camp de Geologia. El GEOCAMP ha estat emprat abastament per estudiants de les universitats en les quals l'equip d'autors imparteix docència. La seva potencialitat i lliure disposició ha permès que el seu ús es generalitzi a d'altres centres i nivells educatius tant a la resta de l'estat com a l'estranger

Linking Canadian Harvested Juvenile American Black Ducks to Their Natal Areas Using Stable Isotope (δD, δ13C, and δ15N) Methods

Understanding source-sink dynamics of game birds is essential to harvest and habitat management but acquiring this information is often logistically and financially challenging using traditional methods of population surveys and banding studies. This is especially true for species such as the American Black Duck (Anas rubripes), which have low breeding densities and extensive breeding ranges that necessitate extensive surveys and banding programs across eastern North America. Despite this effort, the contribution of birds fledged from various landscapes and habitat types within specific breeding ranges to regional harvest is largely unknown but remains an important consideration in adaptive harvest management and targeted habitat conservation strategies. We investigated if stable isotope (δD, δ13C, δ15N) could augment our present understanding of connectivity between breeding and harvest areas and so provide information relevant to the two main management strategies for black ducks, harvest and habitat management. We obtained specimens from 200 hatch-year Black Duck wings submitted to the Canadian Wildlife Service Species Composition Survey. Samples were obtained from birds harvested in Western, Central, and Eastern breeding/harvest subregions to provide a sample representative of the range and harvest rate of birds harvested in Canada. We sampled only hatch-year birds to provide an unambiguous and direct link between production and harvest areas. Marine origins were assigned to 12%, 7%, and 5% of birds harvested in the Eastern, Central, and Western subregions, respectively. In contrast, 32%, 9%, and 5% of birds were assigned, respectively, to agricultural origins. All remaining birds were assigned to nonagricultural origins. We portrayed probability of origin using a combination of Bayesian statistical and GIS methods. Placement of most eastern birds was western Nova Scotia, eastern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and southern Newfoundland. Agricultural birds from the Central region were consistent with the Saguenay region of Québec and the eastern claybelt with nonagricultural birds originating in the boreal. Western nonagricultural birds were associated with broad boreal origins from southern James Bay to Lake of the Woods and east to Cochrane, Ontario. Our work shows that the geographic origins, landscape, and habitat associations of hatch-year Black Ducks can be inferred using this technique and we recommend that a broad-scale isotopic study using a large sample of Canadian and US harvested birds be implemented to provide a continental perspective of source-sink population dynamics.

The Influence of Summer Climate on Avian Community Composition in the Eastern Boreal Forest of Canada

Understanding the relative influence of environmental variables, especially climate, in driving variation in species diversity is becoming increasingly important for the conservation of biodiversity. The objective of this study was to determine to what extent climate can explain the structure and diversity of forest bird communities by sampling bird abundance in homogenous mature spruce stands in the boreal forest of the Québec-Labrador peninsula using variance partitioning techniques. We also quantified the relationship among two climatic gradients, summer temperature and precipitation, and bird species richness, migratory strategy, and spring arrival phenology. For the bird community, climate factors appear to be most important in explaining species distribution and abundance because nearly 15% of the variation in the distribution of the 44 breeding birds selected for the analysis can be explained by climate. The vegetation variables we selected were responsible for a much smaller amount of the explained variation (4%). Breeding season temperature seems to be more important than precipitation in driving variation in bird species diversity at the scale of our analysis. Partial correlation analysis indicated that bird species richness distribution was determined by the temperature gradient, because the number of species increased with increasing breeding season temperature. Similar results were observed between breeding season temperature and the number of residents, short-distance and long-distance migrants, and early and late spring migrants. Our results suggest that the northern and southern range boundaries of species are not equally sensitive to the temperature gradient across the region.

Use of Large Clear-Cuts by Wilson’s Warbler in an Eastern Canadian Boreal Forest

Wilson’s Warbler (Cardellina pusilla; WIWA) has been declining for several decades, possibly because of habitat loss. We compared occupancy of territorial males in two habitat types of Québec’s boreal forest, alder (Alnus spp.) scrubland and recent clear-cuts. Singing males occurred in clusters, their occupancy was similar in both habitats, but increased with the amount of alder or clear-cut within 400 m of point-count stations. A despotic distribution of males between habitats appeared unlikely, because there were no differences in morphology between males captured in clear-cuts vs. alder. Those results contrast with the prevailing view, mostly based on western populations, that WIWA are wetland or riparian specialists, and provide the first evidence for a preference for large tracts of habitat in this species. Clear-cuts in the boreal forest may benefit WIWA by supplying alternative nesting habitat. However, the role of clear-cuts as source or sink habitats needs to be addressed with data on reproduction.

Temperature and moist-stability effects on midlatitude orographic precipitation

Idealized, convection-resolving simulations of moist orographic flows are conducted to investigate the influence of temperature and moist stability on the drying ratio (DR), defined as the fraction of the impinging water mass removed as orographic precipitation. In flow past a long ridge, where most of the air rises over the barrier rather than detouring around it, DR decreases as the surface temperature (Ts) increases, even as the orographic cap cloud becomes statically unstable at higher Ts and develops embedded convection. This behaviour is explained by a few physical principles: (1) the Clausius–Clapeyron equation dictates that the normalized condensation rate decreases as the flow gets warmer, (2) the replacement of ice-phase precipitation growth with warm-rain processes decreases the efficiency by which condensate is converted to precipitation, thereby lowering precipitation efficiency, and (3) embedded convection acts more to vertically redistribute moisture than to enhance precipitation. Over an isolated mountain, the effects of (1) and (2) are counteracted by moisture deflection around the barrier, which is stronger in the colder, more stable flows.

A review of the theoretical basis for bulk mass flux convective parameterization

Most parameterizations for precipitating convection in use today are bulk schemes, in which an ensemble of cumulus elements with different properties is modelled as a single, representative entraining-detraining plume. We review the underpinning mathematical model for such parameterizations, in particular by comparing it with spectral models in which elements are not combined into the representative plume. The chief merit of a bulk model is that the representative plume can be described by an equation set with the same structure as that which describes each element in a spectral model. The equivalence relies on an ansatz for detrained condensate introduced by Yanai et al. (1973) and on a simplified microphysics. There are also conceptual differences in the closure of bulk and spectral parameterizations. In particular, we show that the convective quasi-equilibrium closure of Arakawa and Schubert (1974) for spectral parameterizations cannot be carried over to a bulk parameterization in a straightforward way. Quasi-equilibrium of the cloud work function assumes a timescale separation between a slow forcing process and a rapid convective response. But, for the natural bulk analogue to the cloud-work function (the dilute CAPE), the relevant forcing is characterised by a different timescale, and so its quasi-equilibrium entails a different physical constraint. Closures of bulk parameterization that use the non-entraining parcel value of CAPE do not suffer from this timescale issue. However, the Yanai et al. (1973) ansatz must be invoked as a necessary ingredient of those closures.

Decoration of au and ag nanoparticles on self-assembling pseudopeptide-based nanofiber by using a short peptide as capping agent for metal nanoparticles

The surface of a nanofiber that is formed from a self-assembling pseudopeptide has been decorated by gold and silver nanoparticles that are stabilized by a dipeptide. Transmission electron microscopic images make the decoration visible. In this paper, a new strategy of mineralizing a pseudopeptide based nanofiber by gold and silver nanoparticles with use of a two-component nanografting method is described.